Reactive Oxygen Species Values Research Articles

Temporal and Dosage Impact of Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles on Grass Carp: Unveiling Oxidative Stress, DNA Damage and Antioxidant Suppression

Magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) have gained significant importance in biomedicine and variety of nanotechnology-based materials used in the agriculture and biomedical industries. However, the release of different nanowastes in the water ecosystem becomes a serious concern. Therefore, this study was executed to evaluate the toxic impacts of MgO NPs on grass carp. A total of 60 grass carp were randomly divided in three groups (G0, G1, and G2). Fish reared in group G0 were kept as control while fish of groups G1 and G2 were exposed to 0.5mg/L and 0.7mg/L MgO NPs respectively, mixed in water for 21 days. The 96h median lethal concentration (LC50) of MgO NPs was found to be 4.5mg/L. Evaluation of oxidative stress biomarkers, antioxidant enzymes, DNA damage in different visceral organs and the presence of micronuclei in erythrocytes were determined on days-7, 14, and 21 of the trial. Results revealed a dose and time-dependent significantly increased values of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation product, DNA damage in multiple visceral organs and formation of micronuclei in the erythrocytes of treated fish (0.7mg/L). The results on antioxidant profile exhibited significantly lower amounts of total proteins, catalase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase in visceral organs of the fish exposed to MgO NPs (0.5 and 0.7mg/L) at day 21 of trial compared to control group. In conclusion, it has been recorded that MgO NPs severely influence the normal physiological functions of the grass carp even at low doses.

Subpopulation composition and prooxidant activity of visceral adipose tissue cells in patients with metabolic syndrome

Purpose. The aim of the study was to investigate the subpopulation composition and prooxidant activity of adipose tissue cells in the big omentum of patients with metabolic syndrome.Material and Methods. A fragment of white adipose tissue obtained from the greater omentum during planned endoscopic cholecystectomy in 37 female patients aged 48 (34; 65) years was used as a material for the study. The main group was represented by patients with metabolic syndrome (n = 31) diagnosed according to current recommendations for management of patients with metabolic syndrome. Six patients without signs of metabolic syndrome, comparable with the main group in terms of age and gender, made up the comparison group. The subpopulation composition of the adipose tissue cells in the greater omentum was determined by immunohistochemical analysis. The content of reactive oxygen species in the isolated cell pools of adipocytes and mesenchymal stromal cells was identified using flow cytometry.Results. Comparison of the mean values in the groups showed a statistically significant prevalence in patients with metabolic syndrome only in the level of cells expressing CD68 (macrophage marker) on their surface (p < 0.05). Correlation analysis allowed to detect a positive relationship between morphometric indicators determining the severity of infiltrative changes of adipose tissue (the number of infiltrates) and the relative number of cells presenting CD3 (r = 0.357, p < 0.05), CD36 (r = 0.575, p < 0.05), and CD68 (r = 0.374, p < 0.05) on their surface, respectively. A comparative analysis of the level of reactive oxygen species in adipose tissue cells showed statistically significantly (p < 0.05) higher values of reactive oxygen species in patients with metabolic syndrome compared with the control group both in adipocytes and in mesenchymal stromal cells.Conclusion. The presence of a positive correlation between the relative numbers of cells presenting CD3, CD36, and CD68 markers and the morphometric parameters reflecting the severity of infiltrative manifestations suggested that the mentioned cell lymphocyte and macrophage populations were involved in the development of infiltration in the adipose tissue in metabolic syndrome. The pro-inflammatory phenotype of adipose tissue in metabolic syndrome was characterized not only by a number of morphological features, but also by enhanced prooxidant activity of the adipocytes and mesenchymal stromal cells.

Risk Assessment of Oxidative Stress Induced by Metal Ions Released from Fixed Orthodontic Appliances during Treatment and Indications for Supportive Antioxidant Therapy: A Narrative Review.

The treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances could have an important role in the induction of oxidative stress and associated negative consequences. Because of the simultaneous effects of corrosion, deformation, friction, and mechanical stress on fixed orthodontic appliances during treatment, degradation of orthodontic brackets and archwires occurs, causing higher concentrations of metal ions in the oral cavity. Corroded appliances cause the release of metal ions, which may lead to the increased values of reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to metal-catalyzed free radical reactions. Chromium, iron, nickel, cobalt, titanium, and molybdenum all belong to the group of transition metals that can be subjected to redox reactions to form ROS. The estimation of health risk due to the amount of heavy metals released and the level of selected parameters of oxidative stress generated for the time of treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances is presented. Approaches to avoid oxidative stress and recommendations for the preventive use of topical or systemic antioxidants during orthodontic treatment are discussed.

Physiological responses of the xerohalophyte Suaeda vermiculata to salinity in its hyper-arid environment

Few plants can survive and grow equally well in salty and salt-free substrates (i.e., habitat-indifferent halophytes). Such plants provide a good opportunity to understand physiological and biochemical mechanisms underlying salinity tolerance. In this study, we investigated the environmental salinity impacts on several physiological and biochemical features of Suaeda vermiculata, a habitat-indifferent halophyte. Samples of different organs were collected from S. vermiculata from both a highly saline marsh habitat (HSMH) and non-salty gravel plain (NSGP) for the determination of the following physiological and bio-chemical features: chlorophyll and carotenoids, proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), antioxidant enzymes (Catalase, CAT; guaiacol peroxidase, GPX; Ascorbate peroxidase, APX) activities. Elemental compositions in soil and plant samples from both habitats were also assessed. Results showed that plants from HSMH had significantly lower values of chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids and leaf biomass, compared to those from NSGP. Roots from HSMH attained higher levels of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, GPX, APX) and lower values of reactive oxygen species (MDA and H2O2), indicating that the enzymes are more likely scavenging the reactive oxygen species (ROS). The enzyme activities and ROS levels were much lower in the shoots of both HSMH and NSGP than in roots. Accumulation of sodium was higher in leaves and shoots than roots of S. vermiculata. This study indicates that Suaeda vermiculata is a salt tolerant plant with adaptations to different environments through down-regulation of different biochemical and physiological features to avoid oxidative stress.

Curcumin Loaded in Niosomal Nanoparticles Improved the Anti-tumor Effects of Free Curcumin on Glioblastoma Stem-like Cells: an In Vitro Study

Using a novel curcumin-loaded niosome nanoparticle (CM-NP), the present study was designed to evaluate the effect of curcumin on human glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSCs). CM-NP has a diameter of ~ 60 nm and a zeta potential of ~ − 35 mV with a constant physicochemical stability. The cytotoxic effects of free curcumin (CM) and CM-NP were investigated on GSCs obtained during the removal of a brain tumor. Both CM and CM-NP caused a dose-dependent decrease in cell proliferation and viability of GSCs. The IC50 values of CM and CM-NP on GSCs were 50 and 137 μg/ml after 24 h, respectively. CM-NP exerted significantly higher effects on GSC viability, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and the expression of Bax, a pro-apoptotic marker, compared with CM. In addition, the migration of GSCs was significantly impaired following the administration of CM-NP compared with CM. Furthermore, CM-NP significantly increased the values of reactive oxygen species and decreased the mRNA expressions of NF-κB and IL-6 of GSCs compared with CM. Our data also revealed that CM-NP could significantly reduce the invasiveness of GSCs compared with CM, possibly via MCP-1-mediated pathways. In addition, CM-NP exhibited a significantly greater inhibitory effect on colony formation of GSCs compared with CM. These data indicate that CM-NP exhibited stronger anti-tumor effects on GSCs than CM. Although further in vivo investigations are warranted, our results suggest that CM-NP could be an ideal carrier to deliver curcumin for potential therapeutic approaches into glioblastoma.

Protective effect of cabergoline on mitochondrial oxidative stress-induced apoptosis is mediated by modulations of TRPM2 in neutrophils of patients with endometriosis.

Calcium ion (Ca2+) signaling in endometriosis (ENDO) is associated with increased neutrophil activation and oxidative stress. A Ca2+ signaling modulator and antioxidant actions of cabergoline (CBG) in some cells were recently reported. TRPM2 cation channel is activated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Antioxidant action of CGB via inhibition of ROS may modulate the channel. We aimed to investigate the effect of CBG on TRPM2 inhibition in serum and neutrophils of patients with ENDO. The serum and neutrophil samples were grouped into healthy samples (no treatment), ENDO and ENDO + CBG treated groups (n = 10 in each). In some experiments, the neutrophils were also incubated with TRPM2 (ACA) and PARP-1 (PJ34) blockers. The values of intracellular ROS, Ca2+ concentration, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, lipid peroxidation, apoptosis, and caspase - 3, caspase - 9, PARP-1 and TRPM2 expressions were high in the neutrophils of patients with ENDO, although antioxidant levels (reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, vitamin A, and vitamin E) were low in the neutrophils and serum from these patients. However, markers for apoptosis, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction were reduced with CBG, ACA and PJ34 treatments, although the antioxidant levels were increased in the serum and neutrophils following treatment with CBG. Taken together, our current results suggest that CBG are useful antagonists against apoptosis and mitochondrial oxidative stress via inhibition of TRPM2 in neutrophils of patients with ENDO.

Study of reactive oxygen species and adiponectin for chronic HBV infection combined with nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases

Objective: To investigate the application value of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and adiponectin (ADPN) in the judgment of liver inflammation in chronic hepatitis B virus infection combined with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methods: A total of 159 cases with NAFLD (21 cases), chronic hepatitis B virus infection (57 cases), and chronic hepatitis B virus infection combined with NAFLD (81 cases) were collected between June 2016 to December 2018, and the visited patients diagnosis were confirmed by histopathological examination of the liver. ROS and ADPN level retained in serum was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Histopathological examination of liver tissue was used as the gold standard to discuss the diagnostic value of the serum in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection combined with NAFLD for the occurrence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. One-way analysis of variance was used for the comparison among multiple groups, and LSD-t test was used for pairwise comparison between groups. Measurement data for non-normal distributions were expressed as M (P25, P75). Comparisons between groups were performed using the Mann-Whitney U or Kruskal-Wallis H test. Chi-square test was used to compare the count data between groups. Correlation analysis was performed using Spearman correlation analysis. Histopathological grouping of liver tissue was used as the gold standard, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of the regression formula. Results: (1) In patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection combined with NAFLD, the levels of ROS in the non-hepatic steatosis group and the mild hepatic steatosis group were significantly lower than those in the moderate and severe hepatic steatosis group, while the ADPN level in the non-hepatic steatosis group was significantly higher than liver steatosis group, P < 0.05. (2) The results of correlation analysis showed that ROS was significantly correlated with NAS score, change in the degree of fatty liver and lobular inflammation (all P < 0.05).There was a significant negative correlation between ADPN and the change in the degree of fatty liver (P < 0.05). (3) Logistic regression analysis results showed that the diagnostic formula for chronic hepatitis B virus infection combined with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis was 0.02 × controlled attenuation index + 0.584 × white blood cells/10(9) + 0.587 × ROS-10.982. The area under receiver operating characteristic curve of the subject was = 0.896. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value were 97.1%, 71.2%, 64.2%, and 97.9%. Conclusion: ADPN and ROS have certain reference value in differentiating the change in the degree of fatty liver and inflammation in chronic hepatitis B virus infection combined with NAFLD and the diagnostic formula has higher application value in the diagnosis and exclusion of chronic hepatitis B virus infection combined with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.

Does supplementation of vitamin C, reduced glutathione or their association in semen extender reduce oxidative stress in bovine frozen semen?

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the addition of vitamin C, reduced glutathione and the association thereof to the bovine semen cryopreservation extender. The ejaculate from nine bulls were divided into four fractions, each corresponding to a treatment, namely: control group-semen diluted with Tris-yolk extender; vitamin C group-semen diluted in Tris-yolk extender supplemented with vitamin C (2.5mmol/mL); glutathione group-semen diluted in Tris-yolk extender supplemented with reduced glutathione (2.5mmol/mL) and associated group-semen diluted in Tris-yolk extender supplemented with vitamin C (1.25mmol/mL) and reduced glutathione (1.25mmol/mL). Afterwards, the semen was packed into French straws and submitted to cryopreservation using automated equipment. After cryopreservation, the semen was thawed and evaluated considering sperm motility, morphology, plasma membrane, acrosome, mitochondrial potential and oxidative stress, as well as the thermo resistance test. Extender’s supplementation with the association of vitamin C and reduced glutathione showed benefic effects on sperm motility and preservation of plasma and acrosomal membranes during semen cryopreservation, being also the group that showed higher values of reactive oxygen species. Thus, the association of both antioxidants contributed to the preservation of sperm cells in every analyzed characteristic, suggesting its use on bovine semen cryopreservation.

Oxidative state in the estrus cycle of the buffaloes: a preliminary study.

The oxidative status, the relationship between oxidizing agents (free radicals) and antioxidant system, is able to influence the correct performance of the estrus cycle. The aim of the experimentation was to define a first range of physiological values of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the biological antioxidant potential (BAP), found during the phases of the buffalo estrus cycle. In this study, blood samples were taken from 30 buffaloes in various phases of the estrus cycle (estrus, diestrus, anestrus), on which serum determinations, by a photometer, of BAP and ROS have been carried out. The highest ROS values were detected during estrus and this is due to the primary role they play in determining ovulation. The highest levels of BAP have been found in diestrus, when they perform protective action against oxidative damage in the ovaries and uterus.

The Evaluation of Oxidative Stress Levels in Obesity

The association between elevated values of reactive oxygen species and a decreased antioxidant capacity defines oxidative stress. Oxidative stress involvement is blamed in many diseases, including obesity. We evaluated oxidative stress levels by FORT (Free Oxygen Radical Testing � reactive oxygen species levels) and FORD (Free Oxygen Radical Defence � antioxidant capacity value) assays in obese subjects vs. controls. FORT values were high and FORD values were low in obese patients vs. controls, notably in obese subjects with comorbidities (diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, coronary heart disease, anaemia, hepatic steatosis). We found positive correlations between FORT values and total cholesterol, uric acid, triglycerides, LDL, body mass index, HDL/total cholesterol ratio, and negative correlations between FORT and age, HDL. FORD levels correlated oppositely to FORT. Our results suggest that obesity and oxidative stress are linked.

Entrainment effects of a small-scale diversion-type hydropower station on phytoplankton

Three diversion-type small-scale hydropower stations located in Jinggu County, Yunnan Province, China, were selected to study entrainment effects on phytoplankton. Samples were collected in May 2015 and November 2016, which were tested for the concentration of chlorophyll a, cell morphology structures, and the physiological and biochemical parameters of phytoplankton. Results showed that entrainment effects significantly resulted in approximately 20.63% decrease in phytoplankton biomass. Entrainment effects significantly increased the values of reactive oxygen species and fluorescein diacetate (p < 0.05), causing oxidative stress and activating the cell metabolism of the phytoplankton. Furthermore, the level of propidium iodide increased when algal individuals flowed through the hydropower station, indicating that the cell membrane integrity was damaged. Electron microscope observation results showed that parts of the algal cells were deformed through fractures and folding; some algae developed shrunken organelles, and cell walls and plasma membranes were fractured and broken. This research therefore demonstrates that small-scale hydropower stations can damage phytoplankton, but the negative impact of entrainment effects would recede if the stress diminished. However, a cumulative damage effect of the cascading diversion-type hydropower stations was not observed. This study provides a scientific proof for formulating ecological environment protection decisions when developing small-scale hydropower stations.

Reference values of reactive oxygen species in infertile men and controls

Reference values of reactive oxygen species in infertile men and controls

Barrett's esophagus: progression to adenocarcinoma and markers

The following on progression to adenocarcinoma and markers of Barrett's esophagus includes commentariess on the expression of claudin 4 in Barrett's adenocarcinoma; the role of acid and bile salts; the role of insulin-like growth factor; the value of reactive oxygen species; the importance of abnormal methylation; genetic alterations in stromal cells and genomic changes in the epithelial cells; the value of confocal laser endomicroscopy for the subsurface analysis of the mucosa; indications for statins as adjuvant chemotherapeutic agent; the sequence of molecular events in malignant progression in Barrett's mucosa; and the value of the macroscopic markers and of p53 mutations.

Evaluation of normal values of reactive oxygen species and total antioxidant defenses on cord blood of full-term healthy infants with a bedside method

Aim. We measured in parallel and with a bedside equipment, the reference values of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and of total antioxidant defenses (TAD) in healthy full-term infants at birth on cord blood.Type of study. Population study of consecutive patients.Patients and methods. One hundred infants with gestational age 37–42 wks without signs of fetal distress or perinatal asphyxia. ROS and TAD were measured on cord blood – together with blood gas analysis – immediately after birth with a bedside equipment (FORM plus, Callegari 1930, Italy).Results. The average time to the end of the exams was 19 min (5–55 min). After outliers' exclusion, ROS resulted meanly 117 ± 58.2 U.F. and TAD 1.31 ± 0.45 mmol/l Trol.eq., being the ROS' value lower and that of TAD in the same range than those of adult people. No relationship was found between cesarean and vaginal delivery and between male and female sex.Conclusion. The normal full-term infants present low values of ROS but normal values of TAD when compared to adult people. We speculate this is a defensive mechanism, a sort of preparation of the fetus to face the partial pressure of oxygen of the room-air, increased with respect to that present in the womb.

Oxidative Stress Profile in Graves’ Ophthalmopathy in Indian Patients

Purpose: To report the oxidative stress profile in patient of Graves’ ophthalmopathy and to study the effect of hormone level normalization on oxidative stress profile.Methods: All first time reporting patients with Graves’ ophthalmopathy to Department of ophthalmology CSM Medical University (erstwhile King George’s Medical University) Lucknow during the period January 2006 to December 2008 formed the cohort. Before initiating treatment a proforma directed detailed history, complete ophthalmological examination and investigations were done. Blood sample for pro/antioxidant enzyme were withdrawn for study after taking an informed consent. Patients were treated with antithyroid drugs alone to achieve a stable euthyroid status for at least 6 months following which a blood sample was again withdrawn to study the pro/anti oxidant enzyme status following treatment.Results: On normalization of thyroid status the values of reactive oxygen species decreased significantly (p<0.05) and levels of antioxidants also got corrected significantly (p<0.05). However both these values remained significantly (p<0.05) altered as compared to normal persons.Conclusion: We demonstrated that even after normalization of thyroid hormone level, the oxidative stress levels remain elevated. Moreover, activity of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione reductase (GSHR), Glutathione peroxidise (GPx) showed decrease which could be attributed to altered metabolism and already prevalent deficiency of essential micronutrients like zinc, copper, mercury, and selenium in the Indian population. Hence, this gives way to the thought that the supplementation of these nutrients may have a role as an adjuvant to hormonal therapy in patients with Graves’ ophthalmopathy.

Determining the contribution of different cell types in semen to the global values of the intracellular oxidants H 2O 2 and peroxynitrite using flowcytometry

OBJECTIVE: Sperm, leukocytes and round cells contribute to total oxidants production in semen. The Chemiluminescence assay provides a global value of reactive oxygen species in semen but provides no information on the contribution of different cell types. In this study we used flowcytometry to assess the global intracellular levels of the oxidants H2O2 and peroxynitrite in semen and the relative contribution of each cell type, simultaneously. DESIGN: Prospective study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Semen samples from 19 fertility men and 120 men undergoing fertility assessment were collected. After liquefaction, semen was centrifuged at 300 g for 7 min. The peletted cells were resuspended in phosphate buffered saline to achieve sperm concentration of 1.25×10/mL. Aliquots were incubated with DCFH-DA and DHR12 dyes to detect intracellular H2O2 and peroxynitrite, respectively, using flowcytometry. Gated analysis determined the relative contribution of sperm, leukocytes and round cells. RESULTS: The median percentage contributions of leukocytes and round cells to the global H2O2 and peroxynitrite intracellular levels were different (Table 1). For each cell type, there was significant positive interdependence between the percentage contribution to the levels of H2O2 and of peroxynitrite.Table 1Data summary.Median (25th, 75th centiles) contribution to global levels (%)Semen cell typesH2O2PeroxynitriteSpearman's r (P)∗Spearman's rank correlation.Sperm36 (19. 61)39 (18, 60)r =0.72 (P < 0.0001)Leucocytes8 (2, 19)27 (14, 44)r =0.42 (P < 0.0001)Round cells50 (29, 65)25 (19, 37)r =0.52 (P < 0.0001)∗ Spearman's rank correlation. Open table in a new tab CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that each cell type in semen contributed differently to the global intracellular levels of H2O2 and of peroxynitrite. However, in a semen sample, an increased production of H2O2 by one cell type was associated with a relative increase in its peroxynitrite production.

Cut-off Value of Reactive Oxygen Species for Predicting Semen Quality and Fertilization Outcome

Though the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in male infertility is widely investigated worldwide, there is a lack of adequate information on the cut-off value of ROS beyond which ART outcome may be adversely affected. The objective of the present study is to establish an upper level of ROS in semen samples which can be considered as a potential marker of good semen quality. Semen ejaculates were randomly collected from 338 male partners of infertile couples. The upper critical limit (UCL) of ROS was calculated from the control chart of normozoospermic patients and found to be 0.75×106 counted photons per minute (cpm)/10 million cells. This was further validated by estimating ROS in 17 proven fertile men and 38 patients undergoing intra cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). As expected, all abnormal semen samples exhibited higher ROS as compared to nomozoospermic and proven fertile samples. All semen samples from proven fertile volunteers were found to be <0.075×106 cpm/10 million cells. On the basis of the calculated UCL, ICSI patients were divided into two groups: Group I (<UCL) and Group II (>UCL). The semen parameters, fertilization rate and pregnancy outcome were found to be significantly affected in Group II. Significant difference in live birth-rates was observed between Group I (47.6%) and Group II (17.6%) while no live-birth was recorded for ROS level >0.1×106 cpm/10 million cells. It is concluded that the upper cut-off value of normal semen samples that correlates with good semen quality is, therefore, in the order of 0.075–0.1×106 cpm/10 million cells. In addition to the WHO [] semen analysis, this range is expected to assist andrologists and clinicians in predicting semen quality and fertilization outcome in patients with male factor infertility undergoing ICSI.

Follicular reactive oxygen species in relation to oocyte maturity and fertilization outcome

Objective: To measure the amount of reactive oxygen species in periovulatory follicular fluids and investigate the relationship to oocyte maturity and fertilization outcome. Design: Retrospective study. Materials and Methods: Clear follicular aspirates were collected at oocyte recovery from thirty women superovulated using the gonadotrophin releasing hormone analogue (GnRH-a)/ human menopausal gonadotrophin (HMG) regimen. Ninety aspirates were collected from separate follicles, examined for oocytes and immediately tested for reactive oxygen species using the Luminometer (AutoLumat LB 953) and a kinetics curve created for each sample. Measured data as total integral of measured signals and peak maximum in counted photons per second (cps) were correlated to oocyte maturity and fertilization. Results: No significant difference was found between reactive oxygen species in follicles yielding mature or immature oocytes nor between those yielding oocytes that fertilized, did not fertilize or showed polyspermic fertilization.However, there appeared to be a difference between the peak maximum value of reactive oxygen species in follicular fluids of fertilized oocytes compared to unfertilized oocytes but this did not reach statistical significance (p=0.075). Conclusion: This is the first report detecting follicular reactive oxygen species on a quantitative basis. However, further studies are still needed in this respect to define more precisely their role in follicular development, oocyte maturation and fertilization.