T-test Value Research Articles

The Effectiveness Of (Esa) Engage Study Activate Method On Student’s Speaking Ability At The Eight Grade Students Of Islamic Junior High School of Syech Abdul Qadir Al Jailani

The study investigates the effectiveness of the Engage-Study-Activate (ESA) method on the speaking ability of eighth-grade students at Islamic Junior High Schools. A quasi-experimental design was employed, involving a pre-test/post-test control group design. The study took place at Mts Sirajut Thalibin Racek Junior High School, which included two classes with a total of 48 students. Class VIII A, the experimental group, consisted of 24 female students, while Class VIII B, the control group, was made up of 24 male students. In this study, data collection was conducted using observation, tests (including pre-tests and post-tests), and documentation. Descriptive statistical analysis was employed to analyze the data. The statistical analysis aimed to determine the mean, frequency, total score, standard deviation, and percentage. The pre-test values for the experimental and control classes were 57.29 and 48.33, respectively, while the post-test values were 83.96 for the experimental class and 60.00 for the control class. The average scores reveal that the experimental group, taught using the ESA method, outperformed the control group, which did not employ the ESA method. Based on data analysis and research findings, it can be concluded that the ESA method significantly improved students' speaking abilities. This is evidenced by the experimental group's average score of 76.36 compared to the control group's average score of 61.82. The mean value of the experimental group is higher than that of the control group, and the t-test value is 3.754, with a 2-tailed significance of 0.001. This suggests that the ESA method can be effectively integrated into speaking instruction in Islamic Junior High Schools to enhance students' speaking proficiency. The study's implications include the importance of adopting learner-centered approaches in language instruction to foster better communication skills in students.

PENGARUH SOSIALISASI, SANKSI, DAN PENDAPATAN WAJIB PAJAK TERHADAP KEPATUHAN WAJIB PAJAK DALAM MEMBAYAR PAJAK BUMI DAN BANGUNAN

This research was conducted in order to measure the amount of sanctions, socialization, and income of taxpayers affecting taxpayer compliance in paying land and building taxes. Using a descriptive qualitative method and a Likert scale as a measurement, the research data was collected through questionnaires distributed. For data processing, the authors chose SPSS and 36 Pondok Suri housing residents as respondents. From the results of the study, the authors stated that only sanctions and income partially affected taxpayer compliance with a sanction t-test value of 4.747 and a significance of 0.000. Income t test is 2.347 with a significance of 0.026. While the socialization t test is only –2.342 with a significance of 0.025. In addition, the F test 17.147 > F table 2.86 with a significance of 0.000 indicates that the three independent variables affect taxpayer compliance simultaneously

Effectiveness of Betadine Versus Neem Extract Sitzbath on Episiotomy Wound Healing Among Post-Natal Mothers

Post-partum period lasts from delivery to six weeks afterward, it is also known as fourth trimester. The post-natal mothers experience various physiological and psychological changes when she makes the transition from the pregnant woman to a mother. Episiotomy wound can cause a considerable discomfort and pain the perineum is extremely tender area and the muscles of perineum are involved in many activities. e.g sitting, walking, controlling urination and defecation. This discomfort interferes with the rest and sleep. Sitzbath is one of the oldest, cheapestand safest treatments for curing many common ailments. The technique exploits the reaction of the body to hot stimulus. Povidine - Iodine is an antiseptic solution that is usually used in Iran for episiotomy wound healing. Neem extracts is a powerful insects repellent, anti- bacterial, anti- fungal, anti- viral, anti- inflammatory, anti- diabetic and also strengthens the body’s over all immune responses. Materials and Methods: Quasi-Experimental design, two groups pre-test, post-test only design was used to assess the effectiveness of Neem extract and Betadine sitz bath on episiotomy wound healing among post-natal mothers. The study conducted on 60 samples. Data was collected using structured interview schedule and REEDA scale assessment of episiotomy wound healing. Results: The findings shows that the mean wound healing score in experimental group I in before betadine sitzbath is 9.3 (SD±1.104) and after Betadine sitzhbath is 0.56 (SD±0.670) respectively. The paired t- test value is 38.870which is significant at P<0.05 level. And the mean wound healing score in experimental group II, before Neem extract sitzbath is 9.2 (SD±0.959) and after Neem extract sitzhbath is 0.23 (SD±0.424) respectively. The paired t-test value is 53.926which is significant at P<0.05 level.The mean post-test wound healing score in group I is about 0.56 (SD±0.670) and group II is about 0.23 (SD±0.424) respectively. The independent t-test value 2.537 which is significant at p<0.05. The results shows that there is a significant difference between the mean post test score of betadine sitzbath and mean post test score of neem extract sitzbath on episiotomy wound healing among postnatal mothers. Therefore it is clearly proved by this study that Neem Extract Sitzbath is effective more than betadine sitz bath on episiotomy wound healing. Conclusion: After the detailed analysis of the study findings showed that neem extract sitzbath is more effective in episiotomy wound healing than Betadine among postnatal mothers. Regarding the association the findings revealed that there was no significant association between the level of wound healing and their selected demographic variables in experimental group-I and experimental group-II..

Online Crossword Puzzle on Young Learners Vocabulary Knowledge

Vocabulary is one of the essential language components in learning the English language. Therefore, the learners must learn vocabulary to be able to master four skills, which are listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Teaching vocabulary to young leaners is considered difficult. As a result, the teacher can use one of the media that can be applied in teaching vocabulary to young learners using an online crossword puzzle game. The aim of this research is to find out the effect whether teaching vocabulary using online crossword puzzle games have a significant effect on vocabulary knowledge for young learners. The research is conducted to the fourth grade students of SDIT-At takwin Sukabumi. Random sampling technique is used to get sample from the population and there are two classes that become the sample in this research. There are 25 students from class IV B and 25 students from class IV C. In conducting the research, quasi-experimental method and one group pre-test and post-test design are used. The data was taken from pre-test and post-test by giving vocabulary test. The data are calculated by using t-test formula. Based on the data calculation, the result of tcalculated is 5.0813 while the level significant of ttable 1.677 and the level significant of 0.05 with the degree of freedom (df) of 48. Therefore, it can be concluded the t-test value is higher that the t-table value (5.0813 1.677). It means that alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted, which is the result shows that the students in learning vocabulary with the experimental group has significant effect after giving the treatments using online crossword puzzle game. The students can memorize the word easier because they understand the meaning of the word by engaging in language learning experiences through visual aids.

The Implementation of Vocabulary Learning Strategies In Students Vocabulary Size

Using vocabulary size as a teaching strategy to help students improve their vocabulary is the primary goal of this study (in term noun and verb). At SMPN 1 Bide Satap, this study was carried out. In the following academic year, which will be 2021. Twenty-five second graders participated in this study. Purposive sampling was used to choose the sample. Class VIII has 25 pupils. There were a total of 25 students in the study. This study used a pre-experimental design with a single group pre-test and post-test. It was decided that Class VIII would be the experimental class for vocabulary size teaching. A vocabulary exam was utilized to get the data. The nouns t-test value is 4.869 and the verb t-test value is 4.47 with a frequency of db = 25-1 = 24 at a 50 percent significance level obtained t-table = 2,640, according to inferential statistical analysis using the t-test method. The null hypothesis (H0) is rejected, and the alternative hypothesis (H1) is accepted, if the t test is greater than the t table. In other words, the final post-test data reveals a significant improvement. We conclude that students who utilize vocabulary learning methodologies are able to increase their vocabulary size significantly

The Use of Tutorial Video on YouTube as Alternative Media for Teaching Writing of Procedure Text

The objective of this research is to use tutorial videos to improve the students’ writing skills as ninth graders. In this study, students' understanding was focused on the content and organization forms. Pre-experimental is a research method with pre-test and post-test as research instruments. The population in this study were students in the ninth grade of SMP Muhammadiyah 10 Makassar. The researcher took one class, namely class IX, as a sample consisting of 18 students. The findings showed that the average results of pre-test and post-test scores increased students' average scores. The average pre-test score was 39 for content and 39 for organization. Following treatment, students' post-test average scores increased by 77 in terms of content and by 76,7 in terms of organization. Meanwhile, students' writing skills in the form of content improved by 97%. Then, 96.7% of students' writing skills improved in terms of organization. This is evidenced in the results of the significance test in finding writing skills focusing on the content with a t-test value of 16.81 > 2.110 and organization with a t-test of 30.95 > 2.110. It is used to determine the hypothesis that occurs in this study. The hypothesis (H0) which was declared insignificant was rejected and the hypothesis (H1) was accepted, because the results of the t-test value for both content (16.81) and organization (30.95) were greater than the t-table value (2.110).

Abstract 3577: A first assessment of CD8-PET/CT with 89Zr-Crefmirlimab as predictive biomarker for response to standard of care immunotherapy in patients with solid tumors

Abstract Background: Elevated levels of CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are associated with response to immunotherapy (IoT)1 in many indications. While immunohistochemistry (IHC) has been the method of choice to evaluate CD8+ tumor infiltration level, the utility of the CD8-PET/CT imaging method offers an attractive non-invasive alternative to biopsies, with the potential to account for both intra-patient tumor heterogeneity and lesion-specific response. Methods: Using the data from ImaginAb’s phase II trial2, we predict response to standard of care (SOC) IoT in patients with advanced solid malignancies. Solely based on CD8-PET/CT scan data, the novel method scores each identifiable lesion by using its volume as measured in the CT data, and mean CD8-PET uptake values before and 4 to 6 weeks after treatment start. All lesion scores are aggregated to compute the patient score, to be subsequently compared to the best standard RECIST evaluation. This methodology was defined and developed using data from 14 patients, and later evaluated using the whole cohort of 40 patients. Results: Despite the multiplicity of indications and SOC IoT in the patient cohort, the computed scores significantly identify and stratify responders (Complete or Partial Response, mean score = -0.78, 10 subjects) from non-responders (Stable or Progressive Disease, mean score = 0.088, 25 subjects): two sample t-test value = 5.378, p-value = 1e-05. RECIST evaluations remain too preliminary to report for 4 subjects. Furthermore, CD8-PET outcomes are available much earlier (median 35 days, median best of RECIST 105 days), which may facilitate important therapy decisions. In addition, the discriminative power between the response groups is reduced when restricting the method to either of the infiltration or lesion size measurements. This result highlights the complementarity of the two measurements. Conclusions: CD8-PET offers new non-invasive opportunities in the early discrimination of responders and non-responders to IoT as well as visualization of the heterogeneity of tumor responses to IoT, supporting its use pre-IoT and early on IoT for adult solid tumors. Acknowledgement: All the data used in this study come from clinical study 2. These data were acquired and discussed within the frame of a pre-competitive collaboration between AstraZeneca, Takeda, Pfizer and imaginAb. We want to thank the respective parties for fruitful discussions which helped us refine our analysis methodology.

Morphological analysis strategy used to enhance the student’s vocabulary acquisition and reading comprehension

This study aims to investigate the use of morphological analysis strategy in enhancing the student’s vocabulary acquisition and reading comprehension. The research was experimented in the English Department at Universitas Muhammadiyah Parepare, with a total sample of 28 students. This study was pre-experiment research with a pretest-posttest design. The result of this study indicated that: (1) in teaching vocabulary through vocabulary analysis strategy, there are significant differences between the mean score of the pre-test (58.57) and the mean score of the post-test (84.28). Besides that, the result of the t-test calculation shows that the t-test value (7.75) is higher than the t-table value (2.052) at a significance level 0.05 from df = 27. (2) In teaching reading comprehension through vocabulary analysis strategy, there are also significant differences between the mean score of the pre-test (54.64) and the mean score of the post-test (80.51). In addition, the result of the t-test calculation shows that the t-test value (9.75) is higher than the t-table value (2.052) at the significance level 0.05 from df = 27. Thus, the student’s vocabulary acquisition and reading comprehension significantly improve after they are taught using the morphological analysis strategy.

PENGARUH SISTEM INFORMASI LOGISTIK DAN AKUNTABILITAS KINERJA TERHADAP FUNGSI LOGISTIK KORPS MARINIR

The Navy Marine Corps (Kormar) is one of the TNI's Main Operational Commands (Kotama Ops) under the direct control of the TNI Commander. In the organizational structure of the TNI, which functions as Kotama Bin at the Navy Headquarters. In a war situation and the implementation of the tasks assigned to the Marine Corps, it is certain that continuous integrated logistics support (Integrated Logistic Support) is needed because success in a combat operation is largely determined by the smooth logistics support for operating units. The logistics function plays an important role for the Marine Corps (Kormar) in this case logistics functions to help smooth work and activities effectively and efficiently. One of the factors that affect Kormar's logistics function is the logistics information system. The decision-making process will not run well without the availability of information. Without comprehensive information it is difficult to make good decisions and if you are negligent in providing information accurately, effectively, and efficiently, it will hinder operational activities which in turn will prevent the organization from achieving the desired goals. Performance accountability of government agencies is one form of media to report the success or failure of a government agency on the implementation of organizational goals and objectives. The purpose of this study was to see how much influence the logistics information system and performance accountability had on the logistics function of the Marine Corps. The method used in this research is quantitative by processing the data from the questionnaire using the SPSS 25 application program. The sample used in this study is a member of the Marine Corps, totaling 76 people. The results in this study indicate that there is a positive and significant effect between the logistical information system variables on the logistics function of the Marine Corps. The t-test value is 3.731 and the t-table is 1.666. there is a positive and significant effect between the performance accountability variables on the logistics function of the Marine Corps. The t-test value is 7.607 and the t-table is 1.666. there is a positive and significant effect between the variables of logistics information systems and work accountability on the logistics function of the Marine Corps. The f test value is 34,734 and f table is 3,124. The value of the coefficient of determination or R2 48.8% Logistics Function can be explained by the Logistics Information System variable while the remaining 51.2% is influenced by other variables outside the model studied

PROFIL KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KREATIF PESERTA DIDIK KELAS VI DITINJAU DARI PRESTASI AKADEMIK

This study aims to determine the profile of the creative thinking ability of class VI students of SD Negeri Gandekan No. 230 Surakarta who have below-average and above-average academic achievements. This research includes quantitative research. Data are collected by means of observation, interviews, and tests. The study sample was 34 learners. To determine the profile of students' creative thinking ability, this study used discriptive analysis. Meanwhile, to find out the difference in creative thinking ability between students who have academic achievements above and below average, using an independent T-Test analysis. The results showed that the creative thinking of students in kategori was good (71.38). With the following details: fluency indicators in the good category (78), flexibility in the good category (75.5), originality in the good category (73) and elaboration in the sufficient category (61). The T-Test value is sig.0.52>0.05 which means that the ability to think creatively between outstanding learners ak ademik up and down is considered to have no significant difference.

Analisis Sentimen Wisatawan terhadap Kualitas Layanan Hotel dan Resort di Lombok Menggunakan SERVQUAL dan CRISP-DM

The era of digital transformation has sparked innovations in product and service marketing strategies in various sectors, one of which is the tourism sector. In the hospitality industry context, product marketing using website-based digital media allows consumers as hotel guests to review the products and services received. The Tripadvisor website is a digital marketing platform that provides review features for app users, especially consumers, to give ratings and reviews. This study aims to analyze the quality of hotel services using the Service Quality (SERVQUAL) framework based on the results of the classification of hotel guest sentiment data using the Naïve Bayes Classifier (NBC) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm by the stages of the Cross-Industry Standard Process for Data Mining (CRISP-DM). The CRISP-DM framework consists of six stages, namely: business understanding stage, data understanding stage, data preparation stage, modeling stage, evaluation stage, and deployment stage. The SERVQUAL framework consists of several dimensions: reliability dimension; responsiveness; assurance; empathy; tangibles. The review data that will be processed is the consumer review data of The Oberoi Beach Resort Lombok; Sheraton Senggigi Beach Resort; Sudamala Resort Sengiggi; Holiday Resort Lombok; Aston Sunset Beach Resort. The results of this study show that the SVM algorithm performs better than NBC, where the accuracy value is 98.57%, the precision value is 100%, the recall value is 97.14%, and the f-measure value is 98.54%. The AUC value is 100%, and the t-Test value is 98.6%. Unlike the case with the results of SVM's algorithm performance evaluation without using the SMOTE Upgrading Operator, where the accuracy value is 95.71%, the precision value is 95.71%, the recall value is 100%, and the f-measure value is 97.81%. In addition, the AUC value is 91.1%, and the t-Test value is 95.7%.

USING DICTOGLOSS AS AN EFFECTIVE METHOD TO IMPROVE STUDENT’S SKILL IN LISTENING NARRATIVE STORY

This research was conducted at SMP Negeri 1 Tinondo. The research purpose is to find out whether there is a significant effect of Dictogloss method on Listening skill of Narrative text at the second grade students of SMPN 1 Tinondo. The population of this research consists of 43 students. From the population, there were 22 students were taken as a sample of experimental class and 21 students were control class. The sample was taken using saturation sampling. The research method used in this research is a quantitative method using quasi experimental method. The data collected through pre-test and post-test. This aims to determine whether there is an effect of Dictogloss Method on the students' listening skill of narrative texts. The data analyzed by using t-test which showed that the value of t-test (to) was higher than t-table (tt), to > tt = 32.023 > 1,717 in a significant degree of 0,05 %. It means that the alternative hypothesis (ha) was accepted and the Null hypothesis (ho) was rejected. In conclusion, The Dictogloss method has an effect on students' listening skill.

Exploring theme-based tasks using familiar topics in promoting secondary learners’ speaking and writing skills

This study attempted to explore theme-based tasks using familiar topics in promoting learners’ productive skills namely speaking and writing skill at Indonesian secondary school context. This study was pre-experimental research undertaken in five junior secondary schools. There are eighty-six students participated as research respondents. Test and observation checklist used as research instruments. The research findings reported the mean scores on productive skills acquired by the students were getting improvement from pretest to posttest. In speaking skill, the mean score of posttest was 58.95 was better than 40.76 in pretest mean score. Similarly, the mean score of writing posttest was 76.85 was higher than 63.86 in pretest. It indicated that the progress of students’ score in speaking skill was 18.19 and the progress of students’ score in writing skill was 12.99. Although the gain scores in speaking and writing tests are slightly different, but it can be stated the students’ productive skills promote significantly. Then, the result of t-test value on students’ speaking skill posttest and pretest was 18.37, while the t-test value on students’ writing skill posttest and pretest was 16.42. The both of these values are higher than t-table value. It indicated there is a significant difference between pretest and posttest for both tests. The students’ English productive skills after treated by implementation of theme-based tasks were categorized as good achievement. Additionally, the majority of students’ learning activities in English class are categorized as good category. They participated positively in English learning activities in terms of good attention, high seriousness, and activeness in group work.Keywords: Familiar Topics, Improvement, Productive Language, Theme-Based Tasks

The Use Of Think Pair Share Technique In Writing Skill Descriptive Text For Grade Viii At Smp Negeri 1 Pematang Siantar

The main objective of this study is to find out the effectiveness of students’ ability in writing descriptive text that taught by using Think-Pair-Share technique. This research was conducted at SMP Negeri 1 Pematang Siantar Academic Year 2022/2023. In this research, the population is students in the eighth grade. The numbers of population were 175 students. In taking the sample, Class VIII A and VIII B was chosen by using purposive sampling technique. There were 20 students in Class VIII A and 20 students in Class VIII B. The total samples were 40 students. Quasi-experimental method was applied in this research with two group pre-test and post-test design. Class VIII A was chosen as experimental class that taught by using Think-Pair-Share technique, and Class VIII B was chosen as control class that taught by using Conventional method. The instrument used to collect data was writing test. The result of the research showed that the eighth-grade students of SMP Negeri 1 Pematang Siantar had “fair” score on pre-test with the mean score 46.6. After giving treatment the students got improvement, the got “good” score with the mean score 84.05. The result of the data analysis indicated that there was a significant improvement in the students’ writing ability after being taught using Think-Pair Share technique. It was proved by the result of the statistical analysis of the level significance P = 0.05 with degree of freedom(df) = 38 indicated that the t-test values of the students’ writing (3.99) were higher than t- table value (2,021). Based on the result analysis, the researcher then concludes that the using Think-Pair-Share technique is effective to improve the students’ writing, especially in writing descriptive text and Think-Pair-Share technique was effective to improve students’ writing ability at the eighth-grade students of SMP Negeri 1 Pematang Siantar.

Socket Preservation after Tooth Extraction: Particulate Autologous Bone vs. Deproteinized Bovine Bone.

The technique of socket preservation after tooth extraction allows for less volumetric decrease after tooth extraction. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate differences between alveolar socket preservation performed with deproteinized bovine bone graft and autologous particulate bone graft taken from the mandibular ramus. This retrospective study enrolled a total of 21 consecutive patients. A total of 11 patients underwent socket preservation with deproteinized bovine bone graft and collagen matrix (group A), and 10 patients underwent socket preservation performed with particulate autologous bone taken from the mandibular ramus and collagen matrix (group B). All patients received cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) before socket preservation and after four months. Alveolar bone width (ABW) values and alveolar bone height (ABH) values were measured at the first and second CBCT, and the reduction of the values in the two groups was compared. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test for independent variables, and p values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. There were no statistically significant differences between ABW reduction of group A and ABW reduction of group B (t-test value p = 0.28). There were no statistically significant differences between ABH reduction of group A and ABH reduction of group B (t-test value p = 0.10). In this retrospective study, no statistical differences were found between the group that received autologous particulate bone compared to the group that received deproteinized bovine bone in socket preservation.

Comparative application of derivative spectrophotometric and HPLC techniques for the simultaneous determination of lamivudine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in fixed-dose combined drugs

BackgroundLamivudine (LAM) and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) are part of a fixed-dose combination (FDC) therapy recommended by WHO. Both drugs exhibit similar solubility in many solvent systems and tend to have overlapping spectra with maxima at 260 and 270 nm, respectively, in the UV spectrum—thus making their spectrophotometric assay difficult in FDCs. A third-order derivative (D3, d3A/dλ3) spectrophotometric technique was applied to simultaneously evaluate TDF and LAM in FDC drugs, with amplitudes at 240 and 262.5 nm, respectively. Pharmacopoeia-recommended chromatographic method was also applied for comparative purpose.ResultsMethod performance by the proposed D3 technique showed linearity for LAM and TDF from 2–10 µg mL−1 to 8–24 µg mL−1, respectively (R2 ≥ 0.998), while for HPLC method both drugs ranged from 0.25 to 5.0 µg mL−1 (R2 ≥ 0.999). The intercepts and slopes of the regression equations were ≤ 1.62 × 10−4 and ≤ 3.58 × 10−5, respectively, while calculated standard errors were ≤ 8.04 × 10−5. Limits of detection and quantification for both methods were ≤ 0.46 μg mL−1 and ≤ 1.40 μg mL−1, respectively, for LAM, while corresponding limits for TDF were ≤ 2.61 and ≤ 7.90 μg mL−1. The percentage recovery for both drugs and methods ranged from 94.80 to 100.33%. The amount of LAM and TDF in brands I and II was ≥ 99.59 ± 1.19% and ≥ 99.39 ± 0.63%, respectively, for the proposed D3 spectroscopic method, while corresponding values for the HPLC method were ≥ 99.86 ± 0.50 and ≥ 99.87 ± 0.32%. Statistically, both methods were adjudged to have no significant difference at 95% confidence level as the student’s t-test values; experimental paired t- and F-test values were found satisfactory.ConclusionThe D3 spectrophotometric technique was time saving, cheap, simple and more environmental friendly and shows reliability, precision and accuracy and could be used for routine analysis of FDCs where HPLC is not available.Graphical abstract

Assessing Impact of Health Education in Improving Knowledge of Children on Child Sexual Abuse.

Every year, millions of children around the world face sexual abuse and exploitation. Sexual and reproductive health education is an important form of health promotion action against it. This study aims to assess the impact of health education program in improving knowledge of the children on child sexual abuse. A school based pre-experimental study was done among 120 lower secondary level students of a private school in Bharatpur municipality of Chitwan District, Nepal during March 2021. An interventional health education program imparting knowledge on child sexual abuse and its preventive measures was given to the children. Their knowledge was assessed and compared before and after intervention using paired t-test. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 17 software. The mean age of children was 13.77±0.65 years with 1:1.18 girls to boys ratio. The level of knowledge of the children on child sexual abuse and its preventive measures increased significantly post-intervention as compared to pre-intervention. The mean scores of post-test (29.80±4.53) was higher than pre-test (17.04±6.96). The intervention was proved effective with statistically significant t-test values (t=20.996, p=<0.001). About 6.7% children disclosed an experience of child abuse post-intervention. The school based health education program effectively increased the knowledge of the children on child sexual abuse, thus helping in preventing and protecting them from child sexual abuse and its harmful effects.

The Effect of Using Strategy Word Square Toward Students’ Vocabulary Mastery in Descriptive Text at MTS’S Darussalam Parmeraan Academic Year 2021-2022

Vocabulary is one of the elements in language. In English there four skills, they are listening, speaking, reading, and writing. In mastering English, the basic thing that students have to learn and understand is vocabulary, because the mastery of vocabulary influence to another skills in English. The objective of this research was to know whether using word square game is able or not to improve students’ vocabulary mastery at the second year of MTs S Darussalam Parmeraan. This research was aimed to find out the improvement of students’ vocabulary mastery after giving treatment using word square game.&#x0D; This research used pre-experimental design, with one group pre-test and post- test. The pre-test was given before treatment to know their prior vocabulary, while the post-test was given after treatment to know their vocabulary after getting treatment. The population of this research was the second year of MTs S Darussalam Parmeraan. The researcher took VII.3 as the sample which was consisting of 24 students.&#x0D; The result of this research was found that there was a significant between the pre-test and post-test. The mean score of pre-test was 53.8, while the mean score of posttest was 72.33. The result finding that score of t-test value was 8.73 higher than the score of t-table was 1.714 for the level significance 0.05 degree of freedom 23. Based on the result above, the researcher concluded that using word square game was able to improve students’ vocabulary mastery at the second year of MTs S Darussalam Pameraan.

The Lecturers and Students’ Voice about Digital Reading

This research attempts to determine whether digital reading has the same effect as traditional reading on students’ reading skill and to explain the lecturers and the students’ perceptions of digital reading. The writer applied mixed-method research. Sixty students participated as a research sample. Ten lecturers were also involved in this research. The instruments of this research were reading tests, questionnaires, and structured interviews. Reading tests were analyzed by using SPSS 22.0. The questionnaires were analyzed quantitatively using Microsoft Excel, and the structured interview was analyzed qualitatively. The writer found that digital and traditional reading does not affect students’ reading skills. It was evidenced by the t-test value being higher than the alpha (0.40 &gt; 0.05). In contrast to many lecturers’ opinions, students do not prefer digital reading because they need more explanations from their lecturer. Meanwhile, the lecturers revealed that digital reading is useful for ongoing virtual learning. They also were confident in their ability to employ these digital readings. Both lecturers and students agree that the availability of technological tools is the key constraint they must deal with. This research hoped to give meaningful information to the government so that online readers can be facilitated with high-quality online reading materials based on their needs, interests, and behavior.

Simplified shear equation of deep concrete beam considering orientation effect of opening and mechanical properties of fibre-concrete interface

In the present era of technology, the design of structural deep concrete beams is highly modernized through the use of computer-aided tools. However, theories for such design are the paramount aspects to be understood particularly when the beam has openings. To improve the mechanical properties of the deep beam with openings, recycled tyre steel fibres are required. To estimate the bond strength of the fibre-concrete interface, the concrete shrinkage strains for fibre lengths 30, 50 and 60 mm with a content of 0.5% were considered. To mitigate the conservativeness of some available shear models and improve the design of deep beams, the simplified shear equation model was developed. The model was established using a simplified compressive stress block, forces in steel reinforcement and shear stress at the fibre-concrete interface. The combined effect of opening height and length was also considered in the model. The results show that incorporating fibres in concrete increase the shear performance of deep concrete beams with openings due to high strains in the shear zone indicating high loads being transferred. For instance, beam BS2 had a strain of 0.0153 in the lower load path compared to 5.6 × 10−5 for beam BC2 There was a good correlation between measured and proposed shear capacities with t-test values of 0.46, 0.996 and 0.003 for beams without fibres, and with fibres and mesh respectively. Results also showed the model shear equation performed better compared to other equations with mean absolute error (MAE) and coefficient of variation (COV) of 9.3 and 18.9%, respectively for the control beams with openings. The model also showed a mean absolute error (MAE) and coefficient of variation (COV) of 11.6 and 7.4%, respectively for the beams with fibres. The COV and MAE for the proposed model were small than those in the database, therefore, the proposed model can provide the precise design of deep concrete beams with openings and fibres.