Content Validity Index Values Research Articles

Development of An Instrument for Measuring the Student Learning Outcomes: A Content Validation Process

Content validation is a critical phase in scale development. It provides the preliminary evidence on construct validity of an instrument. The content validation process followed in developing a scale designed to measure the student learning gains is explained in detail. Content validation involves two stages, identification of the content domain and item generation, and determining the content validity. A mixed deductive-inductive method was adopted for item generation. The content validity was assessed in two rounds, in the first round the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) was computed and the items with CVR critical value of 0.407 or above were accepted and subjected to computation of Content Validity Index (CVI) in the second round. Modified kappa values were determined to overcome the chance factor. The Item-Content Validity Index (I-CVI) values were computed to finalise the items in the final scale while the Scale-Content Validity Index (S-CVI) was determined to check for stability of each dimension as well as the scale as a whole. The CVI value above 0.78 was considered fit for the scale.

Curtailing of myths and misconceptions regarding oral health among Indian adult population through health education and promotion: Cross sectional survey

Background/Aim: Myths related to oral diseases and oral health-related practices are very common among the population. Inadequate knowledge along with the persisting myths regarding the etiology, course and outcome of oral diseases makes it difficult to initiate health behavioural changes. Present study scrutinizes various myths and misconceptions regarding oral health among the outpatients. The aim of this study was to assess myths and misconceptions about oral health and imparting education regarding the same. Material and Methods: The calculated sample size was 200. A pre -tested closed ended questionnaire was prepared in both English and local language (Kannada). It comprised of four sections with 24 questions. The Content validity index value of 0.9 suggested a good validity. A Chi square test was applied and significance level was fixed at p< 0.05. Results: We had 100% response rate. In our study half of the participants visited dental hospital for the very first time (57.5%). About 45.2% of subjects believed 3rd molar eruption is the sign of intelligence, while 64.8% had a notion that all dental procedures are painful. Conclusions: Myths and misconceptions related to oral health are still prevalent among the population. However, small steps like compulsory education about oral health in the school curriculum, available and affordable oral care also effective use of mass media could be the steps to reduce oral health burden to the society.

Development & Validation of Urdu Receptive Language Scale (URLS).

Objectives:To develop “Urdu Receptive Language Scale (URLS)” for Urdu speaking Pakistani children of age 0-6 years.Methods:This exploratory study was done at mainstream schools and day care centers on children with normal language development between the ages of 0-6 years from 1st March 2016 to 31st August 2016, by using convenient sampling technique. Firstly, the items for the questionnaire were constructed from four sources: literature review, experts, parents and direct observation of 384 Children of same age. Secondly the constructed test items were sent to the field experts (SLP’s) for the purpose of improvement. Thirdly, after incorporation of suggestions, the improved items were securitized by Urdu experts and finalized. In the next step, these items were tested for Relevance, Ambiguity, Clarity and Simplicity from field experts. The developed scale was then analyzed for reliability and validity by SPSS Version-18.Results:Study resulted in a 59 items Urdu Receptive Language Scale with each age range having different test items distribution. The mean of the relevance, clarity, simplicity, and ambiguity of test items was 3.89. The Item content validity index value was one for each of the 59 items. The content validity index for the entire scale was also one. The Cronbach’s alpha was 0.948, which indicates a high level of internal consistency.Conclusion:The developed 59 Item Urdu Receptive Language Scale is reliable and valid tool for language assessment of Urdu speaking Pakistani children of 0-6 years age.

VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF REBT MODULE CREATIVE GUIDANCE ON IRRATIONAL THINKING, AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR, AND SELF-ESTEEM

Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy (REBT) Module - Creative Guidance is designed to prevent irrational thoughts, lower aggressive behavior, and increase self-esteem. This module contains seven sub-modules based on behavioral approaches based on the theory of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) by Albert Ellis (1955) and integrated with creative Guidance. It combines elements of Music, technology, and play. To measure the validity of the content, the certification method by five experts was used while 40 primary school students aged 11 years were selected to follow the guidance program using this module. It is run for two weeks in a row. The findings of the study show that the REBT-Creative Guidance Module has a content validity index value of 80%., The cost of Cronbach's Alpha coefficient of Creative REBT-Guidance Module is high at .978. Reliability with an amount.930 In conclusion, new contributions to guidance and counseling teachers in Malaysia. It is also suitable for use in a local context focused on primary school students. Counselors can also use this module, Teachers or facilitators as one of the alternative interventions for primary school students throughout Malaysia, especially on the Development and Development of Student Personality, Improving Student Discipline, Improving Student Careers and Psychosocial and Mental Well-Being.

Development of interactive multimedia based on lectora inspire in kingdom monera material

Interactive multimedia based on Lectora inspire referred to in this research was learning media of based ICT created to use the Lectora inspire computer program. This research aims to develop learning media and determine students' responses to interactive multimedia based on Lectora inspire that appropriate to be used as learning media in the kingdom monera. This research was the ADDIE development model consisting of five stages of analyzing, design, develop, implement, and evaluate. The students response questionnaire consisted of 3 aspects namely cognitive, affective, and conative consisting was 22 items. Research subjects is students of class XI in SMA Negeri 2 Pontianak, SMA Negeri 10 Pontianak, and MAN 1 Pontianak. The results of interactive multimedia based on Lectora inspire validation for the eligibility to obtain a Content Validity Index value was 1.00 and declared valid. A small-scale trial consisting of 18 students received an average rating is a good category. Whereas a large-scale trial consisting of 36 students obtained an average score in the very good category. The results obtained it was concluded that interactive multimedia based on Lectora inspire was suitable for use as a medium in schools and there needs to be implemented to see acheviement.Keywords: Kingdom monera, lectora inspire, interactive multimedia, response

Validity and Reliability Assessment of Attitude Scales for Hepatitis B Vaccination Among Parents in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

BackgroundAttitudes and beliefs could be associated with the low number of vaccinations in low- to middle-income countries such as Vietnam. This study aims to describe ways to develop and assess the attitudes towards Hepatitis B vaccination.MethodsA mixed-method study was carried out between April 2015 and July 2017. Qualitative data were gathered via semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions. The data were then analyzed thematically into four domains of the Health Belief Model (HBM) in order to design the structured questionnaire. The quantitative strand was followed by the evaluation of the reliability and the construct validity, for which data were obtained after interviewing 768 parents whose children aged from 12 to 24 months, who were receiving the vaccines as part of the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) schedules at the Commune Health Centers.ResultsThe findings showed the content validity index value of 13 items ranged from 0.86 to 1.00. The factor analyses showed that 11 items remained in the final questionnaire after deleting 2 problematic items due to no relation to the total scales and revealed four factors (perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers) that jointly accounted for 62.1% of the observed variances. All four factors have good internal consistency with a total Cronbach’s alpha of 0.735. A confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated the proposed factor model which fits well in four domains of HBM.ConclusionAttitude scales for Hepatitis B vaccination based on HBM have been developed. This has confirmed to be a valid and reliable instrument that might be useful in assessing parents’ attitudes regarding Hepatitis B vaccination and may be used to promote interventions within the increasing vaccination coverage for Vietnamese children.

DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENT WORK SHEETS BASED PREDICT-OBSERVE-EXPLAIN ON CLASS IV NATURAL SCIENCE LESSONS

This study aims to produce teaching materials in the form of Predict-Observe-Explain-based student worksheets in class IV science lessons the theme of Always Saving Energy is valid, practical, and effective in improving understanding of concepts. The research approach uses mixed methods with the Research and Development (R and D) methodology with procedures consisting of 4 steps namely 1) define, 2) design, 3) develope, 4) disseminate. Furthermore, the data collection instruments used questionnaire sheets for product validation by experts, teacher response questionnaire sheets, and items about understanding the concept of science. Data collected sequentially were analyzed using the Content Validity Index (CVI), Descriptive Statistics, and Independent Sample t Test. The results obtained are Predict-Observe-Explain student worksheets: 1) content valid criteria with a CVI value of 0.9, 2) good practicality criteria with a percentage of 79.56%, and 3) effective criteria in increasing understanding of the concept of Natural Sciences with evidence of a significant difference between an increase in the average understanding of the concept of experimental class science by 21.3750 higher than the increase in understanding of the concept of science in the control class of only 16.2500.

Content Validity and Reliability of the Persian Version of School Function Assessment in Children With Cerebral Palsy Aged 7-12 Years

Objective: Cerebral Palsy is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in children. Due to the increase in the number of students with Cerebral Palsy (CP) entering ordinary schools and facing problems with independent functioning, there is a need for a valid and comprehensive assessment tool for their successful entry as well as providing a proper treatment plan. The School Function Assessment (SFA), by measuring many school-related functional skills, can identify the strengths and weaknesses affecting the students’ independence and participation in school assignments. It has 320 items and three main parts of participation, task support, and activity performance. The test score can be reported in general or based on each part, separately. The purpose of this study is to examine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the SFA in children with CP. Materials & Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with methodological design. The study population consists of all children with CP aged 7-12 years in Tehran. Of these, 120 were selected from exceptional public school using a convenience sampling method. The inclusion criteria were: CP diagnosed by a neurologist, age between 7 and 12 years, no other disabilities (e.g. deafness or blindness), and the willingness of children’s parents to participate in the study. A demographic form and the Persian SFA were used for data collection through interview. In order to measure the content validity, Content Validity Index (CVI) and Content Validity Ratio (CVR) were calculated according to the standard protocol of International Quality of Life Assessment. In this regard, 8 experts in the field of pediatrics completed the Persian SFA. To determine the test-retest reliability, the questionnaire was completed by the parents of children with a 4-week interval. The internal consistency and test-retest reliability were examined by using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC), respectively. Data was analyzed in SPSS V. 22 software. Results: Participants were 64 boys and 56 girls with CP (mean age= 9.4 years). The distribution of CP was as follows: 10% hemiplegic CP, 27.5% diplegic CP, 5.8% monoplegic CP, and 56.7% quadriplegic CP. Eighty hundred-eight percent of respondents were the mothers of students. The CVR and CVI values were in a range of 0.7-1 and 0.87-1, respectively indicating an acceptable validity. All the items had acceptable content validity. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was obtained 0.95 for participation, 0.95-0.99 for task support, 0.83-0.99 for activity performance, and 0.92 in total. Moreover, the ICC value was reported 0.90 for participation; 0.84-0.91 for task support; 0.84-0.97 for activity performance; and 0.89 for the overall test. Conclusion: The Persian version of SFA has acceptable content validity and reliability (internal consistency and test-retest) for children with CP. Therefore, it can be applied as a research and clinical tool to assess the school-related performance of these children.

Validity of an instrument to evaluate the immunobiological cold chain

Objective: To develop and to test the validity of content and layout of a multidimensional tool to evaluate maintenance of the cold chain for immunobiological conservation.Method: A methodological study carried out in three steps: integrative review; development of theoretical and logical model for the development of the tool; implementation of the Delphi Technique to test the validity of content and layout. The Content Validity Index (CVI) and Content Validity Ratio (CVR) were calculated considering appropriate those values greater than or equal to 75% and 0.4, respectively.Results: The instrument consisted of 7 questions about structure and 20 about process, subdivided into three components: Transportation/Reception (n=3); Storage/Handling (n=13); Supervision/Permanent education (n=4). The CVI value was 87.4%, with values equal to 85.7% and 89% in the structure and process dimensions, respectively. The process components obtained CVI values equal to 88.9, 88.9 and 89.2%, respectively. The CVR was 0.8, with values equal to 0.7 and 0.8 in the structure and process dimensions. As for the layout validation, the questionnaire was considered intelligible.Conclusion: The study provides an instrument with validity of content and layout for health professionals in charge of the supervision of activities of immunobiological conservation, ensuring the maintenance of the immunogenic quality of the products offered to the population.

Didactical design of Organic Light-Emitting Diodes based on the Nature of Science and Technology

Nature of science and technology (NOST) used to explain the phenomena of science and technology and to explore the relation of science, technology, and society. Organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) technology was one of the latest technologies that could be integrated into NOST aspects and could be used to improve the chemistry learning process. The purpose of this research was to develop the didactical design of OLED, including validity. The qualitative method was used in this study. The validation involved 5 experts (lecturers) as validators using a validation sheet that contain the relevancy of learning objectives, planned didactic situation, predictions of students’ responses, and the anticipation of educators. The validation analyzed using the content validity ratio (CVR) and the content validity index (CVI). The result showed that the didactical design of OLED obtained the CVR value of 1.00 and the CVI value of 1.00. Based on the results, it could be concluded that the didactical design of OLED was appropriate to be implemented in chemistry learning that integrated the chemical concepts with the latest technology.

Physical Activities and Incidence of Obesity among Adolescent in Medan, Indonesia

BACKGROUND: Obesity is a common problem among adolescents. The incidence of obesity is related to daily living activities.
 AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between physical activity and obesity among adolescents.
 METHODS: This research was a cross-sectional study. The study was conducted in September 2017 until June 2018 at Junior High School in Medan, Indonesia. The sample of this study consisted of 114 adolescents with consecutive sampling. The study instruments measured four things in obesity indicators that are: Weight scales, microtoise for body height, body mass index, and physical activity questionnaire for older children. The value validity test value of content validity index 1. Cronbach’s alpha reliability tested to value 0.88. The data areanalyzed using the Chi-square statistical test.
 RESULTS: The result showed that the adolescents whodid a moderate physical activity as many as 71 respondents (62.30%), mild physical activity as many as 35 respondents (30.70%), and heavy physical activity as many as eightrespondents (7.00%). The incidence of obesity in this study showed that 80 (70.20%) of respondents were not qualified as obese and 34 (29.80%) respondents were obese. There was a correlation between physical activity and obesity among adolescents withp = 0.00 (p <0.05).
 CONCLUSION: It is concluded that the importanceof physical activityassessmentsby the students for the early detection of obesity risk in the future. In addition, it is need to provide health education to adolescents about the importance of daily physical activity with routine activities, such as exercises and sports.

Identifying nurse managers' essential information needs in daily unit operation in perioperative settings.

AimTo identify nurse managers' essential information needs in daily unit operation in perioperative settings.DesignQualitative and quantitative descriptive design.MethodsThe study consisted of (I) generation of an item pool of potential information needs, (II) assessment of the item pool by an expert panel and (III) confirming the essential information needs of nurse managers in daily unit operation with a survey (N = 288). Content validity index values were calculated for the assessments by expert panel and in the survey. Internal consistency of the final item pool was explored with Cronbach's alpha. The data were collected from 2011–2015.ResultsDuring the study process, the number of essential information needs decreased from 92–41. The final item pool consisted of 12 subthemes, and they were categorized into four main themes: patient's care process, surgical procedure, human resources and tangible resources. The findings can be used to create a knowledge map for information system purposes.

Mobile Application Dictionary for Hearing Impaired Students

Mobile applications have been acknowledged by societies as a support tool that can be accessed everywhere via smartphone or any handheld device. The use of technology nowadays is not only limited to normal people; it can also be used by the disable community. Hearing-impaired people usually receive education via sign language and the dictionary is one tool used in schools to teach hearing-impaired students. There are several issues related to sign language dictionary such as the thickness of dictionary which makes it difficult to bring anywhere. Besides, teachers and students need to take longer time to access the targeted information. This research is conducted based on two main aspects: development of mobile application for the dictionary for the hearing-impaired and evaluation involving experts in the related research. This mobile application has been developed based on the Software Development Model of Mobile Application Dictionary. This model consists of five phases, which are analysis, design, development, prototyping and evaluation. The evaluation on mobile application for the dictionary involved four experts who have evaluated the interface design and learning design. The human computer interaction for mobile principles, dual coding theory, cognitive load theory, and multimedia theory have been used in the development of the dictionary. Based on the experts’ review, it is found that the value of content validity index is 0.91 for the features of interface design and 0.83 for learning design. Hence, this shows the value of content validity index is acceptable. The research aim is to improve the quality of sign language learning for hearing-impaired students and community related to them.

The development and psychometric evaluation of a new instrument to market healthy breakfast and snacks among adolescents.

The consumption of non-nutritious snacks instead of a proper breakfast is becoming more widespread among adolescents. It is expected that using the 4P (product, price, place, promotion) strategies of the social marketing (SM) model can help to better identify factors affecting healthy breakfast and snack consumption. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Healthy Breakfast and Snack Consumption Scale (HBSCS) using the SM model. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study that was conducted in 2017. First, a scale was developed using the results of a qualitative research based on the SM model. Then, its face, content and construct validities as well as its reliability were assessed. Construct validity was evaluated via exploratory factor analysis conducted on a random sample of 300 high school pupils selected from five girls' schools located in Isfahan, Iran, using the multistage cluster sampling method. Exploratory factor analysis was performed using the methods of principle components extraction and varimax rotation with eigenvalues greater than 1. A four-factor structure that explained 61.73% of the total variance of the HBSCS included healthy breakfast and snack preferences, readiness to pay the price, place preferences and communication channel preferences. Items with an impact score of less than 1.5 were removed. Additionally, items with content validity ratio values of less than 0.62 and content validity index values of less than 0.79 were deleted. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure value was 0.74 [chi-squared (χ2) = 2353.622; p-value < 0.001]. The Cronbach's α values of the scale and its four dimensions were 0.71 and 0.56-0.72, respectively. This scale has acceptable validity and reliability. School authorities and health professionals can use this scale to screen adolescents at risk of consuming unhealthy foods and snacks. Besides, the scale might be used as a framework for assessing, implementing and promoting healthy eating behaviors among pupils.

Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of caregiver self-assessment questionnaire

Objective: This study aims to translate the Caregiver Self-Assessment Questionnaire (CSAQ) into Turkish language and to test its reliability and validity in Turkish informal family caregivers.Materials and methods: This is a cross-sectional and methodological study. Eighty family caregivers (54.53 ± 12.07 years; range 25 to 77 years; 65 females, 15 males) were included in the study. Demographic properties of the participants (age, sex, education, occupation, marital status), relationship with care recipient, caregiving time, main diseases of the patients were recorded. After that CSAQ, Caregiver Well-Being Scale (CWBS) and Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS) were used for data collection. A test-retest interval of seven-days was used to assess the reliability. Internal consistency between the items was assessed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. For reliability; test-retest reliability, intraclass correlation coefficient, and paired sample t tests were used. Intercorrelation of variables was performed with Spearman’s rho tests. A ROC curve and sensitivity and specificity analysis were performed to determine the ability of the CSAQ to predict depression or anxiety.Results: Totally 80 participants completed test/retest procedures. Content Validity Index values of the Items were sufficient and all items were included in the questionnaire. During exploratory factor analysis, 1 factor with eigenvalues greater than 1 were extracted, explaining 62.36% of the total variance. The corrected item total correlation coefficients for Item 2 and Item 5 were found to be <0.3. Therefore, these two items were omitted. Cronbach's α value was found as 0.90 (excellent level). Test-retest reliability (Intraclass correlation coefficient values range: 0.93-0.97) of the CSAQ was found to be excellent. Statistically negative moderate correlations were detected between CSAQ total score and CWBA basic needs and activities of living sub scores (rho = −0.605, rho = −0.523, p < 0.001), while positive strong correlations were detected between HADS depression and anxiety scores (rho = 0.610, rho = 0.651, p < 0.001). CSAQ score of 9 or greater resulted in a sensitivity of 0.56 and a specificity of 0.87 for depression and sensitivity of 0.84 and a specificity of 0.83 for anxiety. According to the scoring instructions of CSAQ with the positivity of any one of four criteria, we found sensitivity of 0.87 for depression and 0.96 for anxiety.Conclusion: The Turkish version of the CSAQ is a valid and reliable questionnaire for evaluating stress-levels of informal family caregivers.Implications for rehabilitationMeasures of caregivers' psychological status are of clinical value.The Caregiver Self-Assessment Questionnaire functions as a screening measure for symptoms of depression and anxiety.The Turkish version of the Caregiver Self-Assessment Questionnaire is a valid and reliable questionnaire for evaluating stress-levels of informal family caregivers.

Designing and Evaluating the Validity and Reliability of the Persian Gambling Disorder Screening Questionnaire.

BackgroundGambling disorder (GD) and substance use disorder (SUD) have mutual impact and each could aggravate the effects of the other. This is the first study on GD among Iranian substance users to develop and validate a GD Screening Questionnaire-Persian (GDSQ-P).MethodsIranian male adults (n = 503) with SUDs were recruited via clustered sampling. Problem gambling screening instruments and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5th Edition (DSM-5) criteria for GD were used to develop the tool which was sequentially assessed for face validity, content validity index (CVI), content validity ratio (CVR), and reliability (Kuder-Richardson coefficient). To establish construct validity, interviews based on DSM-5 as a gold standard method were used. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was conducted to determine sensitivity and specificity.FindingsAfter removing items with low CVI values, 27 final items remained in GDSQ-P with impact score greater than 1.5. Card games (33.8%), dice gambling methods (26.6%), betting on sports teams and players (24.1%), and betting on horseback, rooster, pigeon, dog, or other animals (16.7%) were common gambling methods among participants. Overall Kuder-Richardson coefficient was 0.95. Cut-off threshold for GDSQ-P was calculated as 4.5 with 98.9% sensitivity and 98.3% specificity. The interviewers confirmed GD for participants based on DSM-5 as the gold standard. The prevalence of GD among participants was 17.9% based on GDSQ-P and 19.1% based on DSM-5 criteria.ConclusionGDSQ-P is a valid and reliable tool to screen for GD in SUD treatment centers and probably in the general population.

Development of a short and universal learning self-efficacy scale for clinical skills.

BackgroundLearning self-efficacy, defined as learners’ confidence in their capability to learn specific subjects, is crucial for the enhancement of academic progress, because it is positively correlated with academic achievements and effective learning strategy use. In this study, we developed a universal scale called the Learning Self-Efficacy Scale (L-SES) for Clinical Skills for undergraduate medical students and validated it through item analysis and content validity index (CVI) calculation.DesignThe L-SES was developed based on the framework of Bloom’s taxonomy, and the questions were generated through expert consensus and CVI calculation. A pilot version of the L-SES was administered to 235 medical students attending a basic clinical skills course. The collected data were then examined through item analysis.ResultsThe first draft of the L-SES comprised 15 questions. After expert consensus and CVI calculation, 3 questions were eliminated; hence, the pilot version comprised 12 questions. The CVI values of the 12 questions were between .88 and 1, indicating high content validity. Moreover, the item analysis indicated that the quality of L-SES reached the qualified threshold. The results showed that the L-SES scores were unaffected by gender (t = −0.049; 95% confidence interval [−.115, .109], p > .05).ConclusionThe L-SES is a short, well-developed scale that can serve as a generic assessment tool for measuring medical students’ learning self-efficacy for clinical skills. Moreover, the L-SES is unaffected by gender differences. However, additional analyses in relevant educational settings are needed.

Construção e validação de cartilha educativa para promoção da alimentação saudável entre pacientes diabéticos

Objective: To describe the process of construction and validation of the content of an educational booklet aimed at teaching about healthy eating for patients with diabetes mellitus. Methods: This is a methodological research with a bibliographical study that carried out the development and validation of the material by experts. The seven experts were specialized in diabetes and/or had at least two years of experience in the field: two nurses, one physiotherapist and four nutritionists. The booklet items evaluated were objective, content, language, relevance, illustrations, layout, and motivation and culture. Each item was analyzed separately using a Likert scale. The analysis of the validation of the educational technology was carried out using the Content Validity Index (CVI) with a recommended cutoff point higher than 0.78. Results: The educational booklet presented an overall CVI of 0.96. Only two items presented CVI values below the adopted limit. The experts recommended changes in the appearance and content for the refinement of the booklet that were included in the final version. Conclusion: The educational booklet for nutritional guidance of patients with diabetes mellitus was constructed and validated in terms of appearance and content by experts and should, therefore, be considered to improve adherence to nutritional therapy. Thus, the material will support professionals and patients with diabetes in overcoming the difficulties that permeate nutrition-related self-care for disease control.

Developing Taking Perspective Skills of Children Aged 5-8 Years Through Story Book Reading

Perspective taking is used by a child to understand the feelings or conditions of others and show affective response that is similar to what is felt by others. Children aged 5-8 are in the peak of developing their ability to recognize and understand others. As an attempt to develop such ability, teachers can perform the activities of picture story book reading that contain moral values to students. The present study aims to find out the differences in children’s perspective-taking skills before and after the activity of story book reading.The research used experimental design. The subjects were the students of TK Al Islam 1 Surakarta. The instrument used in this study was developed by the researchers. Prior to its implementation, construct validation was done resulted to the value of Content Validity Index (CVI) = 1.00. It showed that the instrument had good value and fulfilled the expected elements.The findings show the difference in the perspective-taking skills of children aged 5-8 years as indicated by the results of the pre- and post-experiment, with the mean X.1 = 21.75 &gt; X.0 = 19.28. It implies that the activity of story book reading is effective in enhancing the perspective-taking skills of a child.

Validity and Reliability of the Preventing Hookah Smoking (PHS) Questionnaire in Adolescents based on the Protection Motivation Theory

Background: Considering the importance of preventing smoking hookah in adolescents and the lack of a standard questionnaire in this field, this study aimed to develop and validate a Persian Preventing Hookah Smoking (PHS) Questionnaire in adolescents based on the Protection Motivation Theory. Materials and Methods: After conducting focus groups discussion, reviewing the literature and scientific resources, an initial self-administered questionnaire including 68 questions was designed and then validated. For face validity, the questionnaires were evaluated by 10 experts considering difficulty, inappropriateness, and ambiguity of the phrases. Both quality and quantity methods were used to evaluate the content validity. The content validity ratio (CVR) and the content validity index (CVI) were determined by a group of experts (10 people). Its internal consistency was estimated and its reliability was determined by the test-retest method. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was done using Amos 21.0. Results: From 68 questions in the initial questionnaire, eventually 64 questions remained in the final questionnaire. The CVR value for most questions, except for 3 questions, was above 0.79 and the CVI value of all questions was above 0.79. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.79-0.91 and the test-retest coefficient was 0.81-0.91. The results of CFA showed the following values, Chi-square (x2): 1254.712, degree of freedom (df): 3.456, adjusted goodness of fit index (AGFI): 0.964, the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA): 0.072 which indicates the appropriateness of the tool among Iranian adolescents. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that this Persian questionnaire about preventing hookah smoking in adolescents based on the Protection Motivation Theory has a good validity and reliability and can be used in investigating about prevention of hookah smoking in adolescents.