Content Validity Index Values Research Articles

Development and Psychometrics of Safe Anesthesia Evaluation. Three-Step Checklist (Pre-Induction of Anesthesia, Maintenance of Anesthesia, Post-Anesthesia): A Cross Sectional Study

Background: Patient safety is one of the main elements of the quality of health services. Our aim of this study was to compile a complete checklist for the three stages of anesthesia.
 Methods: This research was a cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study. First, an internet search was conducted in databases to identify checklists related to safe Anesthesia. The WHO Safe Anesthesia Checklist was designated as the main checklist. Then, a brainstorming session was held with experts and according to the determined fields, the initial draft was compiled. Face and content validity were conducted. The reliability of the checklist was measured with Cronbach's alpha and intra class correlation index (ICC) methods.
 Results: The initial draft was compiled with 34 items. 29 items scored higher than 0.79 in terms of CVI (content validity index) The value of CVI of 5 items was less than the permissible limit and the edge of the border, which was revised and corrected by the research group. 2 items were returned to the research process according to the survey of experts and their necessity CVR (content validity ratio) (value >0/62) and 3 items were removed from the research process. Cronbach's alpha was calculated as 0.876 for the first evaluator and 0.870 for the second evaluator, and the percentage of agreement between the evaluators was 0.956 (P<0.001).
 Conclusion: We developed and evaluated a checklist for the three stages of anesthesia through an evidence-based study. We hope this checklist can reduce and prevent clinical errors.

Psychometric testing of anesthesia nursing competence scale (AnestComp)

Background & AimThe competence of anesthesia nurse has a significant association with patient health and safety, reduction of medical errors, hospital infections, and postoperative complications. However, there is no instrument available to measure the competence of anesthesia nurse Iran. Anesthesia Nursing Competence Scale (AnestComp) is a self-assessment tool that measures the competence level of anesthesia Personnel. The present study sought to assess the psychometric properties of the Persian version of AnestComp in the Iranian anesthesiology community. Materials & MethodsThis cross-sectional study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of the Persian version of AnestComp in a sample of 362 anesthesia nurse from hospitals affiliated with the University of Medical Sciences. After translating the original version of the scale, the face, content, and structural validity as well as the reliability of the scale were evaluated. Data analysis was performed using SPSS-16 and AMOS-24 software. ResultsThe assessment of the face validity of AnestComp showed that the impact score for each item was greater than 3.13. Moreover, the average content validity ratio (CVR) for 38 items was 0.91 and the corresponding value for each item was greater than 0.54. The average content validity index (CVI) for 38 items was 0.93 and the related value for each item was greater than 0.73. In addition, item 39 was removed due to low CVR and CVI values. The construct validity of the scale was checked using confirmatory factor analysis and the factor loading values for the items varied from 0.82 to 0.91, confirming that the seven factors of the scale were within acceptable ranges. Moreover, the reliability of the scale was confirmed with Cronbach's alpha of 0.981 and the correlation of 0.94 between the scores from the re-administration of the scale, indicating that the scale has acceptable internal consistency. ConclusionThe Persian version of AnestComp has acceptable psychometric properties and it can be used as a valid tool to measure the competencies of anesthesia Personnel.

Psychometric properties of the Iranian version of the thirst distress scale and dietary sodium restriction questionnaire for the elderly with heart failure.

Recognizing thirst distress and sodium intake restriction using valid and reliable tools enable evidence-based care, and improve treatment outcomes for the elderly with heart failure (HF). The present study investigated the psychometric properties of the thirst distress scale (TDS-HF) and dietary sodium restriction questionnaire for Iranian's elderly with HF (DSRQ-HF). This crossectional study was conducted during 2021-2022. Two hundred and forty elderly people referring to the cardiology clinics and offices in the western region of Mazandaran, Iran were selected by the convenient sampling method. First, the two questionnaires were translated. Then, face, content, and construct validity were assessed. Several indices were used to evaluate, including the chi-square/degree-of-freedom ratio (CMIN/DF), parsimonious normed fit index (PNFI), comparative fit index (CFI), parsimonious comparative fit index (PCFI). The value of content validity index of all items of the two questionnaires was higher than 0.62. The fit indices, including PCFI=0.594, PNFI=0.582, CMIN/DF=1.987, and CFI=0.979, confirmed the one-factor construct of TDS. PCFI=0.724, PNFI=0.661, CMIN/DF=1.935, ad CFI=0.905, indicated the confirmation of the three-factor construct of DSRQ. The value of Cronbach's alpha of the two questionnaires were 0.86. The value of Ω of the TDS-HF and DSRQ-HF were 0.858, and 0.860, respectively. The value of θ of the TDS-HF and DSRQ-HF were 0.858, and 0.861, representing the suitability of both constructs. The TDS-HF and DSRQ-HF can be used to measure the psychometric effects of diet therapy and behaviors of the elderly with HF in relation to adherence to diet therapy.

Translation and Psychometric Evaluation of the Perceived Stress Scale–Child

Background: Precise assessment of chronic stress is a key prerequisite to effective stress management among children. Nonetheless, there are limited valid and reliable instruments for this purpose. This study was conducted to translate the Perceived Stress Scale–Child (PSSC) into Persian and evaluate its psychometric properties. Methods: This methodological study was conducted in 2020. The 14-item PSSC was translated into Persian using the forward–backward translation method. Item impact score was calculated for face validity assessment, and content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI) were calculated for content validity assessment. Construct validity was also assessed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. For factor analysis, 140 children were purposefully selected from two specialty psychology clinics in Sari, Iran, to complete PSSC. Reliability of PSSC was evaluated through the internal consistency and composite reliability methods. SPSS (v. 26.0) and the SmartPLS software were used for data analysis at a significance level of less than .05. Results: Most participants were male (50.7%) and aged 10–12 years (62.2%). The mean of participants’ age was 9.56 ± 1.68 years. The impact score, CVR, and CVI values of all PSSC items were more than 1.5, 0.42, and 0.79, respectively. Exploratory factor analysis indicated that the Persian PSSC had two factors that explained 67.24% of its total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis also confirmed this factor structure. Cronbach’s alpha values of PSSC and its two factors were 0.916, 0.840, and 0.824, respectively. Conclusion: The Persian PSSC has acceptable validity and reliability and can be used for stress assessment and screening among children.

Development and Usability of Games in Learning Mathematics

Game-based learning is important in helping teachers attract students’ interest in learning. Therefore, this study developed and investigated the usability of a game, namely Pirates Mathsdom, which was used to strengthen the students’ understanding of learning mathematics. The research design used is ADDIE model. A total of 30 pre-service mathematics teachers in Perak, Malaysia, were randomly selected. A questionnaire is developed to investigate the usability of Pirates Mathsdom and then analyzed using descriptive analysis and mean scores. Findings show that this game has a high validity and reliability value, with a Content Validity Index value of 1.00. Meanwhile, the level of usability is high, with the mean score values for each construct being 3.77 (design), 3.79 (ease of use), and 3.75 (satisfaction), respectively. The implication of the study is to promote games as one of the learning tools to attract students’ interest in mathematics.

Validação de cartilha de orientações fonoaudiológicas para pacientes oncológicos disfágicos

ABSTRACT Purpose: to validate the content and appearance of a booklet of speech therapy guidelines on dysphagia for adult oncology patients presented with dysphagia. Methods: a methodological study with a mixed approach, developed for the validation of a guidebook. The validation of the guidebook was made by five expert judges and eleven non-specialist ones. For validation, the Content Validity Index was used: CVI for each item, as well as for the general items. Results: the expert judges assigned the Content Validity Index value above 80% and of 92.20%, and the non-specialist judges attributed values above 90.9% and of 98.0%, which were considered excellent. Conclusion: the proposed guidebook was validated according to content and appearance. It is believed that this material can contribute to the understanding of the health-disease process, promote self-care and arouse the interest of other health professionals in the development of educational technologies in search of better health conditions for the target population.

Translation, and validation of Dysphagia Outcome and Severity Scale (DOSS): Swedish version

BackgroundSwallowing dysfunction (dysphagia) significantly impacts patient and medical outcomes. In Sweden, there is no comprehensive outcome measure for dysphagia that incorporates holistic assessment and dysphagia impact on a person’s impairment, function and participation. The Dysphagia Outcome and Severity Scale (DOSS) was developed and validated (in English) and incorporates the World Health Organisation’s (WHO) aforementioned, International Classification of Functioning (ICF) aspects. This study translated then evaluated the validity and reliability of the Swedish version, DOSS-S.MethodTranslation occurred based on WHO recommendations. The Content Validity Index (CVI) of the translated version (DOSS-S) was assessed twice by 11 (multi-professional) dysphagia experts. Criterion validity and rater reliability was calculated using 18 Speech Pathologists assessing patient cases from International Dysphagia Diet Standardization Initiative—Functional Diet Scale (IDDS-FDS) research.ResultsVery high CVI values (0.96–0.99) for the linguistic correlation, and high CVI values (0.84–0.94) for applicability correlation were achieved. High criterion validity of DOSS-S with IDDSI-FDS was demonstrated (rs = 0.89, p < 0.01), with very high inter and intra rater reliabilities (ICC > 0.90).ConclusionThe DOSS-S demonstrated very high validity values, and very high inter and intra rater reliability. This research contributes to improved dysphagia management by providing interprofessional dysphagia clinicians with a validated scale to identify patient progression, communicate dysphagia status between regions and countries, and document patient outcomes using an ICF framework.

Development and psychometric evaluation of TEXP-Q: a questionnaire measuring transition and transfer experiences in emerging adults with type 1 diabetes

BackgroundDuring transition to adulthood and transfer to adult healthcare, emerging adults with chronic conditions are at risk of deteriorating disease control, well-being, and acute, as well as long-term complications. Despite an increasing call for person-centred healthcare services attuned to young peoples’ needs, few validated instruments exist pinpointing adolescents’ and emerging adults’ experiences of preparation for transition and transfer. Thus, the overarching purpose of this study was to develop a person-centred, clinically applicable instrument (Transitional care EXPeriences Questionnaire, TEXP-Q) adjustable to different chronic conditions, although the focus in the present study was Type 1 Diabetes. The specific aim was, therefore, to describe the development and psychometric evaluation of TEXP-Q in emerging adults with Type 1 Diabetes.MethodsInitial development of the TEXP-Q was inspired by existing research. Items were formulated in accordance with consensus recommendations for developing patient-reported measures, and extra consideration was taken to ensure person-centredness. Psychometric evaluation comprised two phases: In phase I, data from cognitive interviews, content validity indexing, and judgement of an expert panel provided information on face and content validity. In phase II, data from a cross-sectional study conducted at eight adult diabetes outpatient clinics in Sweden (n = 163) allowed for explorative factor analysis (EFA), as well as calculation of content validity, reliability and responsiveness.ResultsCombining results from cognitive interviews, content validity index values and expert panel judgement, a test version of TEXP-Q was developed, the content and face validity of which were considered good. This version consisted of 17 items answered on a five-point Likert scale, and three open-ended questions answered in free text. During EFA, four items were removed, and a three-factor solution was recognised as most adequate, accounting for 60% cumulative variance and one single cross-loading. After EFA, the instrument comprised 13 questions, divided into three latent factors. Cronbach’s alpha for the complete instrument was 0.866, which indicates good internal consistency. Crohnbach’s alpha approximated to 0.8 for all factors respectively.ConclusionTEXP-Q is a newly developed, person-centred instrument which has proven to be both valid and reliable when applied to youths with T1D. The questionnaire fills a need for instruments focusing on emerging adults’ experiences of preparation for transition and transfer.

Application of the Delphi Method for Content Validity Analysis of a Questionnaire to Determine the Risk Factors of the Chemsex.

This study aimed to analyze, with the help of the Delphi method, the content validity of a new instrument to assess the risk of behaviors associated with the chemsex phenomenon. First, a bank of items identified from the literature was elaborated. Secondly, 50 experts with knowledge of the chemsex phenomenon at the national level were contacted. A Delphi group was formed with them to carry out two rounds of item evaluation. The linguistic evaluation (comprehension and appropriateness) was assessed using a Likert scale from 1 to 5 for each item. Items that did not reach a mean score of 4 were eliminated. Content assessment was calculated using each item's content validity index (CVI) and Aiken's V (VdA). A minimum CVI and VdA value of 0.6 was established to include the items in the questionnaire. A total of 114 items were identified in the literature. In the first round of Delphi evaluation, 36 experts evaluated the items. A total of 58 items were eliminated for obtaining a CVI or VdA of less than 0.6, leaving 56 items. In a second Delphi round, 30 experts re-evaluated the 56 selected items, where 4 items were eliminated for being similar, and 10 items were also eliminated for not being relevant to the topic even though they had values higher than 0.6, leaving the scale finally composed of 52 items. A questionnaire has been designed to assess the risk of behaviors associated with the chemsex phenomenon. The items that make up the questionnaire have shown adequate content and linguistic validity. The Delphi method proved to be a helpful technique for the proposed objective.

Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of the Children's Hope Scale in Indonesia: Adapting a Positive Psychosocial Tool for Adolescents With Thalassemia.

Background: Hope is regarded positively as a factor in achieving a higher quality of life, particularly in chronic disease patients. Objectives: This study aims to adapt, validate, and establish the reliability of the Children's Hope Scale (CHS) questionnaire in Indonesian adolescents with thalassemia. Methods: The current study used iterative mixed methods. The data collection procedure was divided into three stages: instrument translation and cultural adaptation, validation, and reliability. The Content Validity Index (CVI) was used to assess the translated instrument's content validity, importance, contextual relevance, and acceptability of wording. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to determine the factor structure of the CHS. Pearson correlation analyses were used to determine the associations between the two hope subscales. Cronbach's alpha coefficient and test-retest data were used to determine its reliability. Results: The CVI values ranged from 0.80 to 1.00. The CFA has shown that the two-factor model has adequate fitness factors. The Cronbach's alpha for the Indonesian CHS was 0.705, and the test reliability rate (CI 95%) was 0.81 (.73-.91). Conclusion: The CHS is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing hope in Indonesia. Additional research should be conducted to adapt and evaluate the CHS in other samples and social context in order to verify the factor consistency.

The validity and reliability of the Diabetic Foot Scale-Short Form (DFS-SF) in the Turkish population: a methodological study.

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) cause decreased quality of life due to prolonged hospital stay, loss of workforce, disabilities, psychological trauma, and increased healthcare costs. This study aims to assess the validity and reliability of the Diabetic Foot Scale-Short Form (DFS-SF) for Turkish-speaking individuals with DFUs. This was a methodological study conducted with 174 Turkish patients with DFUs from March 2020 to December 2020. Translation-back translation was performed for language equivalence and expert opinions were obtained for content validity. The scale's construct validity was tested with confirmatory factor analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and known-group validity. Cronbach's alpha was used to evaluate internal consistency. Correlation of the DFS-SF with the SF-36 was used to test criterion validity. The scale was then revised according to the TRIPOD checklist. The content validity index value was 0.93 and Cronbach's alpha ranged from 0.93 to 0.97. The scale maintained its six-factor structure and the factor loadings ranged from 0.52 to 0.86. The fit indices of the model revealed good validity. The correlations (r = 0.43-0.76, p < 0.001) and known-group comparisons supported the construct validity. The Turkish version of the DFS-SF is a reliable tool for measuring the quality of life of people suffering from DFUs.

Validation of the Korean Version of the Assessment of Strategies in Families-Effectiveness Scale.

Family health significantly affects society and the country. Health problems have been identified as the most important cause of family anxiety and conflict in South Korea. Because valid instruments to measure this concept are limited, using the Assessment of Strategies in Families-Effectiveness scale may provide precious insight into family health and nursing practice. This study was designed to translate and validate the Korean version of the Assessment of Strategies in Families-Effectiveness (K-ASF-E) scale. This scale was developed based on the framework of systemic organization for assessment and intervention use in the context of family nursing in South Korea. A methodological approach was used to verify the validity and reliability of the K-ASF-E. To determine validity, we first invited four experts to evaluate content validity. Next, we collected data from 1,028 participants using stratified random sampling that considered the background of each participant in terms of region, age, and gender. On the basis of the collected data, we determined the construct validity of the scale using exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Finally, we used Cronbach's alpha and intraclass correlation coefficient analyses to assess scale reliability. The K-ASF-E showed item-level content validity index and scale-level content validity index values of 1.00, as assessed by four experts. Using the principal component analysis method with varimax rotation, the exploratory factor analysis verified the validity of a K-ASF-E scale comprising four dimensions and 20 items, including system maintenance (seven items), system change (four items), coherence (six items), and individuation (three items). For confirmatory factor analysis, the fit indices of the factor structure of K-ASF-E indicate appropriate model fitness. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients for each of the subfactors centered on the target were .59-.86, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (range) was .56-.85. The K-ASF-E scale is the first attempt to develop a reliable and valid measurement tool for family effectiveness in South Korea. Initial testing was validated using a large number of stratified randomized clusters. The K-ASF-E scale accurately measures family effectiveness and may be used for family-related research, intervention, and training programs in community and clinical settings.

CONTENT VALIDATION AND APPLICABILITY OF A NURSING CARE PROTOCOL FOR BURN VICTIMS

Objective: To build and validate a nursing care protocol to adult patients who suffered burns in a public hospital in the North region of Brazil and evaluate its applicability. Method: Methodological study that followed the steps: construction of the instrument; content validation using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research &amp; Evaluation II (AGREE II) assessment tool; and applicability analysis with a semi-structured questionnaire with the nursing team and by agreement and Kappa test. Results: In the situational diagnosis stage, the protocol was elaborated based on the literature review and validated by the specialists through the AGREE II instrument with a general content validity index value of 0.93 and through the analysis of applicability with Kappa test analysis, obtaining a value of 0.81, with almost perfect agreement. Conclusion: The protocol was structured with quality to guide the nursing team in assisting burned patients. Therefore, its use is indicated.

The Eligibility of the Encyclopedia of Circulatory System Diseases and Disorders Based on Traditional Medicinal Plants for Hypertension as Learning Media

Learning media is an essential element to support the success of learning activities. It is used stimulate the thoughts, feelings, attention, and interest of students to learn. Learning media can be developed by adding concepts and photos from the results of a research. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of the encyclopedia of circulatory system diseases and disorders as a learning media. The content of encyclopedia contains the result from the inventory of medicinal plants for hypertension at Babane Village, Bengkayang, Indonesia. This study applied a research and development method. This development procedure refers to the Sugiyono development model, which consists of five stages namely potential and problems, data collection, product design, design validation, and design revision. The validity of the encyclopedia was obtained through content validation executed by five experts in the field of both biology and learning media. Encyclopedia validation is reviewed from four aspects: content, presentation, language, and graphics. Validation analysis applied the Lawshe's content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI) approach. The results showed that the average of CVR was 1.00 which result in the CVI value of 1.00 in the "valid" category. Based on the result, can be concluded that the encyclopedia was feasible as a learning media

Expert Evaluation on the Content Validity of the Novice Teachers’ Assessment Inventory (InPGN)

This study aims to evaluate the validity of the Novice Teachers' Assessment Inventory (InPGN) utilizing expert consensus perspectives and the Content Validity Index (CVI). A total of 97 items involved nine experts from assessment literacy, psychometrics, and language field by using purposive sampling. Validity tests found that InPGN has a CVI value of 0.98, indicating a very high level of instrument suitability. An implication of this remains expected to provide an excellent measurement tool in helping novice teachers improve their professional development in a more authentic assessment dimension.

VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY: QUESTIONNAIRES FOR UNDERSTANDING AND INTERPRETATION TOWARDS THE MALAYSIAN HEALTHIER CHOICE LOGO

Development and administration of the HCL by the Ministry of Health was a major step and initiative in reducing the number of non-communicable diseases related death cases in Malaysia. However, there needs to be more on how the consumers understand and interpret the HCL as it reflects the quality and uses of the invented HCL. Hence, this study aimed to develop a validated reliability questionnaire in assessing the understanding and interpretation of HCL among consumers. One set of questionnaires consisting of 26 questions was designed and validated by 13 experts. The content validity index (CVI) and content validity ratio (CVR) were decided in validating each question. As well as the reliability of the questions was determined by finding the internal consistency value and test-retest method. Eighteen (18) questions from the initial 26 questions made it through to the finalised questionnaire. Almost all the questionnaire’s items had CVR values above 0.54, except for the same for CVI value which only five questions had a value of below 0.79. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficients value for domain understanding and interpretation were 0.502 and 0.503, respectively. The ICC scores of the questions in the questionnaire ranged between 0.682 and 1.000 (moderate to excellent reliability). This study conveys the good validity and reliability of the questionnaire, which can be used in determining the understanding and interpretation of HCL among consumers in Malaysia.

Development and evaluation of simulation-based scenario education program for professional oral hygiene care in intubated patient.

This study was conducted to develop a professional oral hygiene care (POHC) simulation education program for intubated patients and to evaluate the suitability of education by evaluating the performance confidence (PC), critical thinking disposition (CT), and learning satisfaction (LS) of dental hygiene students. This study developed a POHC simulation education program (theory, skill training, scenario education, and debriefing) for intubated patients through expert validation and consisted of a single-group pre- and postexperiment design. The subjects were 3rd and 4th year students at the Department of Dental Hygiene in Wonju City, and a total of 30 people were enrolled. The collected data were analyzed using the PASW Statistics version 23.0. The content validity test was measured by the CVI (Content validity index) value, and the PC, CT, and LS of the subjects before and after participating in the program were analyzed using a paired t-test. The significance level (α) was based on .05. After the program, the PC improved from 4.29±0.43 to 4.54±0.44, and there was a significant difference (p=.004). CT improved from 3.73±0.36 to 3.84±0.36, but there was no significant difference (p=.062), and prudence improved from 4.21±0.33 to 4.43±0.27, and there was significant difference. (p=.001). LS increased from 4.66±0.36 to 4.90±0.16 after education, and there was a significant difference (p=.002). Simulation education program improved dental hygiene students' POHC performance confidence. Various scenarios will need to be developed in the future, and it is necessary to evaluate simulation education within the dental hygiene curriculum and identify areas for improvement.

Cross-Cultural Adaptation, Validity, and Reliability Testing of the Tilburg Frailty Indicator (TFI) Amharic Version for Screening Frailty in Community-Dwelling Ethiopian Older People.

Frailty is a global health problem, including in African countries. Despite this, no reliable or valid frailty instruments incorporate any African language, and no research exists to cross-culturally adapt and test the validity and reliability of instruments commonly used in other countries for use within African countries. The Tilburg Frailty Indicator (TFI) is a reliable and validated instrument with the potential to be relevant for older populations living in Africa. This study aimed to develop the TFI Amharic (TFI-AM) version for use within Ethiopia. This study employed psychometric testing and the evaluation of a translated and adapted instrument. The original English language version of the TFI was translated and culturally adapted into Amharic using the World Health Organization process of translation and adaptation of an instrument. A convenience sample of ninety-six community-dwelling older people 60 years and over was recruited. Cronbach's alpha was used for the analysis of the internal consistency of the TFI Amharic (TFI-AM) version using IBM SPSS 26.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Face and content validities of the TFI-AM were determined. The TFI-AM total mean score was 5.76 (±2.89). The internal consistency of the TFI-AM was very good with an overall Cronbach alpha value of 0.82. The physical domain showed the highest reliability with a 0.75 Cronbach's alpha value while the social domain was the lowest with a 0.68 Cronbach's alpha value. The Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficients of the instrument ranged from 0.68 to 0.75. The item content validity index value ranged from 0.83 to 1.0 and the total content validity index average for the instrument was 0.91. The TFI-AM is reliable, valid, and reproducible for the assessment of frailty among community-dwelling older populations in Ethiopia. TFI-AM proved an easy-to-administer, applicable and fast instrument for assessing frailty in community-dwelling older populations.

Evaluation of clinical oral care outcomes according to nursing outcomes classification.

This research was planned to follow the healing process of the oral mucosa in patients in intensive care with an "Impaired Oral Mucous Membrane Integrity" nursing diagnosis based on the "NOC (1100) Oral Health Assessment" outcome criteria. This study, which was planned in a methodological and descriptive type of research, was carried out with 50 patients who were hospitalized in the intensive care clinic of a state hospital between June and December 2022, with a nursing diagnosis of "Impaired Oral Mucous Membrane Integrity." Data were collected using a Patient Information Form and the "NOC (1100) Oral Health Evaluation Scale" for the nursing outcomes classification. In the analysis of the data descriptive statistical methods, Pearson correlation test, Friedman test as well as Cohen's kappa test were used to evaluate the agreement between two independent observers. In the study, content validity index value of the NOC scale was calculated to be 0.90. The examination of the participants' mean scores on the NOC (1100) Oral Health Assessment Scale showed that there were statistically significant differences in terms of the repeated evaluations, except for the NOC indicators of "Oral mucosal integrity," "Gum integrity," and "Tooth integrity" (p <0.01). No statistically significant correlation was found between the mean NOC scale scores of the patients according to the variables of age, body mass index, mechanical ventilation time, and length of stay in the intensive care unit (p >0.05). The findings showed that the Turkish version of NOC (1100) Oral Health Assessment Scale was a valid tool for monitoring the healing process of the oral mucosa in patients in intensive care. With the use of NOC (1100) Oral Health Assessment Scale, a common language will be formed in the evaluation for monitoring the healing process of the oral mucosa in nursing care.

Assessing the psychometric properties of persian version of Zarit Burden interview among family caregivers of patients with multiple sclerosis

BackgroundCaring for patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) imposes a great burden on caregivers and affects their lives in various aspects. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of Persian version of 22-item Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI-22) among family caregivers of patients with MS.MethodsThis methodological study was conducted in Fars province, southern of Iran. For this purpose, 120 family caregivers were recruited to participate in the study from January to March 2022. Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) was translated into Persian through forward–backward method. Face and content validity were assessed. Construct validity was assessed using exploratory factor analyses (EFA), and its reliability was assessed by measuring internal consistency and testretest stability.ResultsAccording to face validity, the impact scores of all items were more than 1.5. Content validity ratio and content validity index values of all 22 items were 0.64-1 and 0.82-1, respectively. The scalelevel CVI/Ave was 0.97. Based on the results of factor analysis, five factors with eigenvalues more than 1 were extracted, which altogether explained 62.62% of the total variance of ZBI score. Among 22 items, one item was deleted during EFA validity assessment. Factor loading values ranged from 0.40 to 0.88. The reliability of the scale was confirmed (total Cronbach’s alpha of the ZBI = 0.88). Moreover, testretest stability assessment revealed no significant difference between test and retest scores (P > 0.05). The intraclass correlation (ICC) for the ZBI and ICCs among its factors were 0.88 and 0.6–0.86, respectively.ConclusionThe Persian version of five-factor structure ZBI can be a valid and reliable scale, and it can be used to assess caregiver burden among family caregivers of patients with MS in Iran.