Utmost Respect Research Articles

The Physician’s Pledge: Promises at Dawn, Passages in Darkness


 “Do not go gentle into that good night”1
 - Dylan Thomas
 
 
 The old guards are fading as we take their place. Many of us are ourselves in golden years, with more of our lives behind than before us. But all around us, many lives much younger than ours are being violently and unjustly terminated on a daily basis. In our very homes and communities, “man’s inhumanity to man makes countless thousands mourn.”2 As the morning of our life slowly fades and twilight shadows lengthen, this realization should stir us to “rage against the dying of the light”1 – not so much for ourselves, but on behalf of these countless thousands.
 
 Whether we accomplished little, or much in our lifetime, the promises we once made will ultimately be measured against our own passage. Many of these pledges were made in our springtime, when dawn was breaking on our seemingly endless day. Over our lifetime, we may have kept some oaths, and broken others—in matters large or small. Many of these are personal matters that do not involve the rest of us. But there is one pledge that we made in common, and that concerns all of us-- the Physician’s Oath.3
 
 At the time of being admitted as a member of the medical profession:
 
 I SOLEMNLY PLEDGE to consecrate my life to the service of humanity;
 
 I WILL GIVE to my teachers the respect and gratitude that is their due;
 
 I WILL PRACTISE my profession with conscience and dignity;
 
 THE HEALTH OF MY PATIENT will be my first consideration;
 
 I WILL RESPECT the secrets that are confided in me, 
 even after the patient has died;
 
 I WILL MAINTAIN by all the means in my power,
 the honour and the noble traditions of the medical profession;
 
 MY COLLEAGUES will be my sisters and brothers;
 
 I WILL NOT PERMIT considerations of age, disease or disability, 
 creed, ethnic origin, gender, nationality, political affiliation, race, 
 sexual orientation, social standing or any other factor 
 to intervene between my duty and my patient;
 
 I WILL MAINTAIN the utmost respect for human life;
 
 I WILL NOT USE my medical knowledge to violate human rights 
 and civil liberties, even under threat;
 
 I MAKE THESE PROMISES solemnly, freely and upon my honour.
 
 
 The promises we made in this oath now confront us with urgency and timeliness. How much longer can we turn a blind eye or a deaf ear when scores are slaughtered daily? How much longer shall we remain silent? Is omission less evil than commission? The Honorable Mariott Brosius of Lancaster, Pennsylvania on “The Medical Profession and the State” reminds us: 4
 He should not be lulled to repose by the delusion that he does no harm who takes no part in public affairs. He should know that bad men need no better opportunity than when good men look on and do nothing. He should stand to his principles even if leaders go wrong.
 
 Darkness is creeping upon us, and we too must pass on. In the deafening silence, the song rings in our ears: “in the evening of my life I shall look to the sunset, at a moment in my life when the night is due. And the question I shall ask only I can answer. Was I brave and strong and true?”5 It is not too late to “conduct a pre-mortem on your life” to answer this question, unless you “would rather wait until someone else conducts the post-mortem on you.”6
 
 We have solemnly pledged “to consecrate” our lives “to the service of humanity,” and “maintain the utmost respect for human life.”3 Our patients are our brethren whose “health” – wellness and wholeness – should be our “first consideration.”3 We promised that we “WILL NOT PERMIT considerations of age, disease or disability, creed, ethnic origin, gender, nationality, political affiliation, race, sexual orientation, social standing or any other factor to intervene between (our) duty and (our) patient.”3 We must not break this promise.
 
 “The woods are lovely, dark and deep,
 But I have promises to keep,
 And miles to go before I sleep,
 And miles to go before I sleep.” 7
 - Robert Frost

Discussion of current ethical issues regarding the use of assisted reproductive treatment in Japan

Abstract Purpose In Japan, the number of people who undergo fertility treatment is increasing; however, the absence of a legal regulatory framework concerning Assisted Reproductive Treatment (ART) results in a number of ethical issues. Some doctors violate existing guidelines and some couples who suffer from infertility go abroad in order to use medical treatments that are not allowed in Japan. In this paper, we introduce current issues and conditions and consider five major ethical challenges regarding ART. Study We researched current ethical issues and point out five major ethical issues regarding ART: (1) Issues arising when the oocyte donor and person giving birth are not the same, (2) issues related to posthumous assisted reproduction (PAR), (3) issues related to prenatal diagnosis (PD), (4) issues associated with sexual minorities starting a family, and (5) issues related to the rights of children born from ART to know their origins. We examined existing theories and summed them up. Results We provide a specific discussion on five major ethical challenges considering Japanese laws and court cases. We found that due to the absence of a legal framework for ART, there is likely to be an increase in contradictions between the use of outdated legal precedents and the technical developments of ART. Conclusions In modern Japan, legislation on ART urgently needs to be prepared. Such laws must sufficiently take into consideration the human rights of the next generation. The welfare of the child should be afforded the utmost respect.

A Case for an International Investment Court

The article elaborates on the lack of objective guarantees of independence and impartiality in the existing system of investment treaty arbitration. This founds a case for an international investment court to replace the existing system. The argument proceeds in three steps: (1) investment treaty arbitration is uniquely a form of public law adjudication, constituted at the international level; (2) as constituted it does not satisfy standards of independence and impartiality in public law adjudication; and (3) various reasons that might be offered to justify this failing are unsatisfactory in light of the importance of these standards. For this reason, states should be encouraged to establish an international investment court in accordance with well-known principles of judicial decision-making. Above all, alternatives to the existing system should be measured against the criteria that typically apply in public law, especially the related principles of openness and independence. Absent these criteria being met, one does not have a system that depoliticizes disputes and subjects them to the rule of law, or that warrants the utmost respect of all parties, above all developing states.

Industrial Heritage: Reflections on the Use Compatibility of Cultural Sustainability and Energy Efficiency

Today the industrial heritage represents a great functional and cultural resource. In fact, analyzing the international situation about it, it's possible to identify features that meet the increasing demand for architectural and urban spaces intended to cultural and social needs.However the type of industrial complexes discharged suggests solutions regarding heir sustainability for what concerns the energy standards. At the same time the cultural sustainability demands the utmost respect to the architectural elements, the space, the materials and to the structures that have historically characterized the proto-industry. The contribution, through a specific set of examples, analyzes projects and proposes actions in which the intervention achieves both the respect to the compatibility of use and the requirements of cultural and energy sustainability.

दोन तेजस्वी तारका : बहिणाबाई आणि बहिणाबाई (Two Bright Stars: Bahinabai and Bahinabai)

Marathi Abstract: ‘अर ससार ससार, जसा तवा चलहयावर’ महणत सोपया रसाळ भाषत जीवनाच तततवजञान सागणाऱया बहिणाबाई चौधरीच नाव माहीत नाही, असा एकही अभयासक महाराषटरात सापडणार नाही आणि ‘जञानदव रचिला पाया, तका झालास कळस’ या वारकरी सपरदायाचया परवासाचा अभग रचणाऱया सत बहिणाबाईच नाव सत वाड.मयात अतयत आदरान घतल जात, याची जाणीव नसणारा वाचकही कठ आढळणार नाही. तरीही सत बहिणाबाई आणि निसरगकनया बहिणाबाई या वगवगळया आहत ह फार कमी लोकाना माहीत आह. सतरावया शतकात सत तकारामाचया शिषया महणन ओळखलया जाणाऱया सत बहिणाबाई याचया बाबतीत अनक चमतकारिक कथा परसिदध आहत. शक 1557 मधय जनमललया सत बहिणाबाईनी आपल तरा जनम पतराला कथन कल होत आणि शक 1622 मधय परवकलपना दऊन दह ठवला. निसरगकनया बहिणाबाई चौधरी याचा जनम इ.स. 1880 मधय नागपचमीला झाला आणि 1951 साली 3 डिसबरला विनोबाची गीताई शरवण करीत असताना तयानी पराण ठवला. दोनही कवयितरीचा कालखड, पारशवभमी, परिसथिती परणतः वगळी असली तरी अनभतीमळ तयाचयात काही सामय आढळत. तयाचया कषटमय चरितराची पारशवभमी, तयावर तयानी गाठलली अधयातमिक उची, ससाराचा गाडा ओढताना तयातनच आपला आनद शोधण, जीवनाचया पाउलवाटवरच आपल अनभव कावयातन टिपण, साधया ससारी सतरियाच ह अनभव रसिकाना अनपमय असा कावयानद दणार असण अशा अनक गोषटी तयाचया बाबतीत समान आहत. महणनच साहितय नभात या दोन तजसवी तारका आजही आपलया तजान तळपत आहत. English Abstract: Not a single researcher can be found in Maharashtra who does not know the name of Bahinabai Chaudhary, who speaks the philosophy of life in a simple juicy language saying ‘Are sansar sansar, jasa tava chulhyawar' and the reader who is unaware that the names of the Saint Bahinabai who has shown the journey of the Warkari sect through composition ‘Dnyandeve rachila paya, Tuka zalase kalas’ is treated with utmost respect in Saint Literature. Yet very few people know that Saint Bahinabai and Nature's daughter Bahinabai are different. In the seventeenth century, a number of miraculous stories are made about Saint Bahinabai, who was Saint Tukaram's disciple. Born in 1557 (Indian Year), Saint Bahinabai told her 13 births to son, and in 1622 (Indian Year), she left the soul, which information given earlier by her. Bahinabai Chaudhary was born in 1880 on the day of Nagpanchami and died on December 3, 1951, while listening to the song of Vinoba. Though the time period, backgrounds of the poetess are completely different, there are some similarities between them. They have many things in common, such as the background of their painstaking life, the spiritual heights they have reached, the happiness they find when pulling a carriage of life, the experiences of ordinary worldly women that are unique to them. That is why these two luminous stars are still shining as brightest in literature.

How The Internet Changed Chemistry

It’s hard to remember a time when people wrote letters rather than e-mails. Or when news broke in the daily paper rather than on social media sites such as Twitter. It’s even difficult today to imagine going to a bank teller instead of clicking a few buttons to pay the bills. But before the Internet, these unfathomables were reality. The infamous network of computers was born about 45 years ago, when the first electronic message was sent between two computers, from the University of California, Los Angeles, to Stanford Research Institute. Then, some 25 years ago, Sir Tim Berners-Lee created the Web, making the Internet accessible to ordinary people rather than—and we say this with the utmost respect—computer geeks. During its short life, the Web, which has become synonymous with the Internet, has changed daily life for billions of people across the globe. In the U.S. alone, at least 87% ...

Tribute to Lou Sutherland

This will be a brief tribute to Lou Sutherland who I first met in 1989. Although Lou Sutherland recognized that I had no acoustics background back then, he treated me with utmost respect and professionalism. Lou mentored, guided, and challenged me while I was program director for the Noise and Sonic Boom Impact Technology Advanced Development Program Office for the Air Force’s Armstrong Medical Research Laboratory. I sought his wisdom as I faced critical decisions for my Service’s research program. Over these past 25 years, we haven’t had many occasions to work together, but the times we have had were significant and I will always cherish them.

Cassandra’s Choice: The Right to Refuse Treatment

Cassandra, a teen patient from Connecticut, was diagnosed with Hodgkin lymphoma in September 2014. After being diagnosed, she and her mother missed several appointments, motivating providers at Connecticut Children's Medical Center to notify the state Department of Children and Families. The child welfare agency investigated Cassandra’s situation and a trial court soon granted temporary custody over her wellbeing. Cassandra will turn 18 in September of next year and therefore, in the eyes of the court, is still considered a minor and unable to make her own medical decisions. The case went to the Connecticut Supreme Court and the court concluded that Cassandra was not mature enough to make her own medical decisions. However, Cassandra and her mother both are continuing to rebuke the treatment, calling the chemotherapy treatment “poison” being injected against the patients will. Cassandra’s mother, Jackie, claimed that she was not being negligent and instead seeking alternative treatments to chemotherapy. According to clinicians at Connecticut Children’s Medical Center, chemotherapy would allow an 85 percent chance of survival for Cassandra, while withholding it would result in her dying within two years. Cassandra had previously been described in November as “very bright” by court documents, with a lucid understanding of her condition. However, she is now confined within a room at Connecticut Children’s Medical Center where she is now mid-treatment. In most cases, adults have the option to reject a medical treatment despite how successful it may prove in saving the patient’s life. The patient’s wishes are generally treated with utmost respect, and if the patient is too young, the patient’s legal guardian may represent the patient’s wishes. In this case, legal guardianship was transferred to the state Department of Children and Families. While Cassandra is not considered mature enough to make a choice regarding her own medical decision in this case, she is able to make others due to Connecticut law. In Connecticut, a 17 year old is allowed to obtain contraception, seek psychiatric care, and undergo an abortion, all without parental consent. This begs the question, what does it mean to truly be mature enough to make rational decisions regarding one’s own care? The court was specifically reviewing this case under the “mature minor doctrine,” already recognized by many other states. In these cases the court allows for hearings wherein minors who are 16 and 17 can prove they are mature enough to make medical decisions. The court denied that there was substantial evidence to prove Cassandra’s maturity. According to the Assistant Attorney General, Cassandra exhibited “magical thinking” and she was not taking her case as seriously as she should. When a patient does not make the choice society believes she should be making, when is it permissible for society to override the choice? There are more outcomes to consider besides Cassandra’s chance of survival. With chemotherapy, Cassandra will most likely also experience appetite changes, bleeding problems, malaise, memory changes, hair loss, nausea, sexual changes, and a weakened immune system. This change in Cassandra’s lifestyle represents a liminal stage in her life, faced with forced treatment, her identity and relationship with others will change. The treatment will change her. Quality of life will be drastically reduced and this is not easy to accept for anyone in this case. For Cassandra, her quality of life is more important than overall health. The clinicians at Connecticut Children’s should respect her wishes; while it may not be easy, it is the right thing to do. Law may dictate that she is not mature enough, however, she is still a human with wishes, hopes, and desires. If Cassandra does not want the “poison” injected into her body, the clinician should honor these wishes, and be there to hold her hand. Legally, Cassandra may become an adult overnight, but psychologically she has faced circumstances many adults never have to confront until much later. Cassandra is faced with the prospects of depravity, disability, and death, she wants to live according to her wishes. Does the state and the hospital truly have the right to dictate what will happen to her body more so than she does? Is mortality all that should be considered in this case? Healing is not a zero-sum game, it is a deeply meaningful process that requires the patient to approve of the treatment, trust the healer, and accept what may come.

Integrated Behavioral Health Medical Management

The general purpose of this article is to inform our peers about the integration of Behavioral Health Care into Medical Management in a Patient Center Medical Home. 1. The specific purpose of this report is to provide details of the work flow we have planned and implemented to accomplish this objective; with the hope that others in a variety of settings will attempt to customize this model to meet their patient needs and facilitate the work of their staff in order to enhance the quality of integrated care. 2. It is important to have a behavioral management plan because it introduces both structure and acts as a tool to monitor the many facets of a patient’s care that may be affected by the use of controlled substances. In order to provide the highest level of care each provider must be aware of current happenings as well as all practicing within the same guidelines. This will help to ensure that each patient is receiving the highest level of care with the least invasive and potentially dangerous measures. 3. With this goal in mind, perhaps one of the simplest ways to ensure this is to show the utmost respect for each patient and what they are currently struggling with. This must be recognized and delivered by each part of the healthcare team that interacts with the patient. This includes but is not limited to the receptionist, medical assistant, nurse, medical doctor, therapist, and psychiatrist.

Geometry and Proportions in the Funeral Chapel of Sarenput II

This paper analyzes the geometry and proportions of the funeral chapel of Sarenput II, built some 4,000 years ago in the necropolis of Qubbet el-Hawa in Egypt. The analysis is done with the utmost respect for ancient sources, and in particular for Egyptian mathematical knowledge. In a first general analysis, the different parts that make up the chapel are analysed in terms of both volume and surface. Later, the most representative elements, the hypostyle hall and sanctuary are studied in greater detail. Here, we encounter geometric shapes that are very close to the ratios √2, 2/√3 and √2/√3, which are derived from simple geometric shapes such as squares, rectangles √2 and equilateral triangles. Ancient Egyptians could achieve their approximations by unit fractions in accordance with the Egyptian system of numerical notation. Finally, with the data obtained, the study proposes a hypothesis about the possible design method of the funeral chapel.

Rethinking Inclusive Development: A Human Rights Critique of South Asia

Several human rights initiatives have emerged in South Asian Region in last three decades. In their vision and work these veer between contradictions such as freedom and social cohesion, values and sovereignty. This phenomenon is described by scholars as ‘no teeth but tongue’. Most of the countries with post-colonial limitations, reel under internal decay of corruption and skewed development which restrict the dividends of development to a powerful minority. Such initiatives stand in sharp contrast to the successful regional cooperation in European Union. Surrender of sovereignty with utmost respect to human dignity and commitment to eliminate the ‘scourge of war’ are the underlying forces of such a success. While dwelling on these contrasts, the paper will develop the parameters for human rights as indicators of development. It will further suggest approaches to governance, policy and regional cooperation.

Table of Contents

Abstract Avoid Exclusive Relationships With Donors Planned Giving Offer an Online Library for Professional Advisors Appeal to Employees' Interests Solicitation Advice Five Tips From a Salesperson Turned Fundraiser Stewardship Protocol Anonymous Donors Deserve the Utmost Respect If You're New to the Job Work Toward a Mix of Old and New Prospects Outside Services Is Your Nonprofit a Good Candidate For a Prospect Research Firm? Website Content Web Page Helps to Connect Gift Types, Donor Profiles Spot Memorial Possibilities If You're Just Getting Started Share Stories About Your Higher‐End Gift Clubs Prospect Identification There's a Gold Mine at Your Fingertips: Your Database Board Nominations Empower Your Nominations Committee Members Post‐campaign Fundraising Showcase Major Gift Needs Between Campaigns Making It Happen Dig Deep to Inspire Donors Listening Is Key During Early Cultivation Don't Overlook Past Research Efforts Relationship‐building Measures Use Cold Calls to Identify Mutual Interests When You're New to the Job Ask Your CEO to Write to Area Prospects on Your Behalf Pledge Fulfillment Have Post‐Pledge Follow‐Up Procedures in Place If You're Just Getting Started Building Your Board Conduct a Membership Stress Test Gift Policies and Procedures Get Endowment Agreements in Writing Ask Current Donors for Help

Master of puppets: sculpting ancient worlds

Some extraordinary people have dedicated their lives to making art pieces out of long dead organisms. One of them is Esben Horn, founder of model shop 10 Tons Studios on the outskirts of Copenhagen, Denmark. A bona fide ‘master of puppets’, he makes jaw‐dropping replicas for museums around the world, with the utmost respect for science and organismal anatomy. Recently, our joint efforts resulted in the exhibition ‘Heavy Metal and Punk Fossils’—a novel, albeit perhaps unconventional, forum for scientific outreach.

Brennan and Religion

Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. cared deeply about religion in America. He was not a secularist who cavalierly dismissed religion or who viewed it with barely-concealed contempt. Brennan's respect for the intensity of American religious life convinced him that religion raised enormous constitutional complexities that had to be addressed with caution and delicacy. Questions of religion were easiest for Brennan when formulated in terms of the rights of individuals freely to exercise their religious convictions. Rights to religious freedom were in this dimension like all fundamental individual rights; they were to be accorded the utmost respect. Even today, Brennan's opinion in Sherbert v. VernerI remains a canonical decision for those who believe that Free Exercise rights should receive the highest degree of constitutional protection. Brennan maintained his commitment to the rights established by the Free Exercise Clause throughout his career, as is well evidenced by his late dissent in Goldman v. Weinberger.2 Brennan interpreted the Establishment Clause primarily in light of his focus on the Free Exercise Clause. He was determined that government involvement in religion not undermine religion itself,3 and he was for this reason committed to enforcing the entanglement prong of the Lemon test.4 He explained that When the state becomes enmeshed within a given denomination in matters of religious significance, the freedom of religious belief of those who are not adherents of that denomination suffers .... In addition, the freedom of even the adherents of the denomination is limited by the government intrusion into sacred matters.5 As he said early on in 1963, in his magnificent

Editorial

Editorial

896

Introduction: Our intensive care unit began the journey to implement Patient and Family-Centered Care best practices over two years ago. We eliminated visiting hour restrictions and have invited families to participate in interdisciplinary rounds and bedside nurse shift report. Despite information provided to families upon admission and during the aforementioned venues, some families remained unable to fully participate in the care of their loved one and thus another strategy was necessary. Hypothesis: Implementation of a family support facilitator (FSF) role will improve the families’ experience of care in the ICU. Methods: After attending the International Patient and Family Centered Care conference, we conjectured that a FSF role could be designed to provide information and support that families require to enable greater participation in the care planning and decision making for their critically ill loved one. A comprehensive list of presumed family needs was developed and shared with the hospital’s Patient and Family Advisory Council (PFAC) for refinement. A plan to meet those needs by means of personalized orientation meetings with a specially trained FSF was developed. Three high performing, full-time patient care techs received education and training in family assessment, communication strategies, available resources and participated in simulation exercises. Handouts were developed with the PFAC to reinforce information provided to families including how to participate as a member of the health care team, as well as how to get their own needs met for food, parking, information, etc. The information is provided to the patients’ decision maker upon admission at their orientation meeting with the FSF, along with their business card. The FSF reassesses families daily to assure needs continue to be met. Results: The Family Satisfaction Survey (FS24) was used to assess family satisfaction with care, communication and symptom management. Early anecdotal results indicate a significant improvement in the frequency and quality of family participation in care. The survey (n=23, one month of data) rates the following domains as excellent or very good: coordination of care 95%, ease of getting information 100%, inclusion in decision making 81% and having good control over the care of their loved one 86%. Families have also evaluated the FSF role as very or extremely helpful 100%. Conclusions: Implementation of a family support facilitator role will significantly improve the families’ experience of care in the ICU. Case Reports: Comments from FS 24 & FSF evaluation”Every day I am amazed by this talented staff. Everyone is kind, gentle, compassionate and highly skilled. There are too many individuals who’ve touched us for individual shout-outs but please know how much you all have meant to us through this. You have made an extremely traumatic experience more than bearable. I almost don’t want to leave you all… almost. Thank you for taking care of my Mom and for treating her with the utmost kindness and respect. Thank you for saving her life.”Joddie is by far your best asset in this group. All staff was excellent however Joddie was one of the first people we spoke with and just seeing her every day was extremely comforting. And my Mom loves her.”

Joseph Lister: father of modern surgery

Joseph Lister: father of modern surgery

A Note From The Editor

A Note From The Editor

The Passionate Statesman: Eros and Politics in Plutarch's Lives by Jeffrey Beneker. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2012. Pp x, 258.

440 PHOENIX study of later audiences has advanced by leaps and bounds in recent decades. Roselli does not hide the fragmentary and contradictory state of the evidence for ancient audiences, and he takes important steps towards reconciling and explaining much of it. Although he discusses some modern theoretical frameworks for understanding theater audiences, particularly in his introduction and first chapter, he does not allow unifying theories to guide the inclusion or exclusion of evidence. The result is a rich and winding path through a huge amount of material. Kathryn Bosher† The Passionate Statesman: Eros and Politics in Plutarch's LIVES. By Jeffrey Beneker. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2012. Pp x, 258. Plutarch has been getting some well-deserved attention recently, with monographs appearing on less familiar works (e.g., L. Van Hoof, Plutarch’s Practical Ethics [Oxford 2010]), new commentaries on neglected Lives (e.g., F. Titchener, Plutarch’s Life of Nicias [Leuven 2013]), and with this work a new interpretative approach to some familiar material. Beneker’s aim is to examine “how eros can act as a lens both for his [Plutarch’s] interpretation of historical sources and for his composition of political biographies” (3). After a brief introduction, the first chapter sets the stage by examining Plutarch’s conception of eros, its relationship to philia, and the place of both within the bonds of marriage. Beneker carefully charts the complex philosophical roots of Plutarch’s understanding of moral virtue, focusing particularly on two of his treatises: the anti-Stoic tract On Moral Virtue and the Dialogue on Love. Beneker argues essentially for an Aristotelian basis with an overarching Platonism and there emerge two points which will be important for his interpretation of the role of eros in the Lives. First, Plutarch’s sophrosyne is, as it is for Aristotle, “a moderate emotional response to pleasures of the body” (16) and is distinguished from enkrateia by the fact that the enkratic man succeeds in his struggle against desires but it is always a struggle (this point emerges more fully in Chapter Five). Secondly, eros in a moderated form is an essential component of the philia of a marriage relationship. Here Beneker uses the Brutus/Porcia and Pericles/Aspasia relationships to show how Plutarch’s “ethics underlie the representation of these characters and their relationships” (54) and are important indicators of the psychological dispositions of the biographical subjects. Thus, such healthy relationships symbolise the subject’s capacity for rational response in the face of passions in whatever arena they appear, particularly in political/military matters. Chapter Two elaborates on how Plutarch’s understanding of moral virtue shapes his approach to history in the Lives and so helps him shape his source material to create a more realistic psychological portrait in which moral causes predominate over others. The Pelopidas/Marcellus pair is drawn on as an example: both were experienced generals who died rashly in battle. Plutarch’s sources do not, for him, adequately explain why this happened, but Plutarch, reinterpreting the material through an ethical lens, is able to argue that both men were not adequately trained and so their passion overwhelmed their reason. In the light of this broader discussion in the opening two chapters, Beneker then turns to examining the role of eros in three pairs of lives: Alexander/Caesar (Chapter Three), BOOK REVIEWS/COMPTES RENDUS 441 Demetrius/Antony (Chapter Four), and Agesilaus/Pompey (Chapter Five). It is not coincidental that it is in the opening to the first pair that we find Plutarch’s well-known comments that he is writing lives, not histories, and that character is not always best observed in great deeds. No other characters in the corpus surpassed Alexander and Caesar in the greatness of their accomplishments but it is how they respond psychologically to various facets of desire which Beneker argues is key to understanding their characters. Alexander’s success is shown to be predicated upon his ability to control his bodily appetites and desires. Like Cyrus in Xenophon’s Cyropaedia he shows the utmost respect for captured noblewomen even in the face of overwhelming beauty and virtue. Further, his conduct in his erotic relationships mirrors the type approved of in the...

Public Reciprocity in Education for Postsecondary Success (PREPS) for Students of Color: The Legal Justification and A Call for Action (Editor's Commentary)

According to the Department of Education's (2012) report, Revealing New Truths about Our Nation's Schools, 40 percent of the public schools with the highest Black/Latino enrollment in Prince George's County Public Schools do not offer Algebra II; however, the University of Maryland-College Park requires not only Algebra II, but also at least one year of math beyond Algebra II. Therefore, some public institutions in Maryland, through omission and negligence, collude to deny thousands of Black, Latino, and some White students the right to attend the state's flagship university. There are many U.S. states that systematically disqualify students of color from their best public colleges by omitting required courses from select public schools' curricula, but is this legal? Using our personal journeys, professional expertise, and consultation with an educational attorney, we explored the legal and ethical bases for Public Reciprocity in Education for Postsecondary Success (PREPS). We hope this analysis will spark a national discussion and subsequent action to remove one of the most pervasive and elusive barriers to postsecondary success for Black and Latino students. DR. TOLDSON'S JOURNEY graduated from Istrouma Senior High School, a public high school in Baton Rouge, Louisiana of 750 students, 98 percent Black and 90 percent eligible for free or reduced lunch (GreatSchools, 2012). As a student at Istrouma, one of my friends informed me that Louisiana State University (LSU) required Physics for admission. Physics was not required for me to graduate high school, and had only marginal interests in attending LSU; however, decided to enroll in Physics during my senior year because did not want to limit my options. My school only offered a half year of Physics (.5 credits), so was not certain that met LSU's admissions criteria, but my application was accepted. enrolled in LSU the summer after graduated, through a minority bridge program, and graduated four years later. During my sophomore year of college, returned to Istrouma to visit my high school Physics teacher; one of my favorite teachers named Mr. Jacob. Toldson man! Mr. Jacob, who is White, exclaimed, I think our principal forgot what color he is. At the time, the principal was Black. Mr. Jacob was upset because the principal had recently succeeded in eliminating Physics from the curriculum at Istrouma High School. Admittedly, had the utmost respect for our principal. He oversaw the transformation of the school after we had two shootings and one stabbing resulting in a student's death during my sophomore year of high school. Upon his hiring, he restored order and discipline, but perhaps his myopic view of his responsibilities was not conducive to students like me. IfI were bom two years earlier, the man who created a safer learning environment for me might have also denied me the opportunity to attend my state's flagship university. Over the past 5 years, have spoken frequently to colleagues, teachers, counselors, and school administrators about students who are being systematically denied access to colleges and universities because the curricula of their assigned public school are not compatible with public institutions of higher education. have conducted trainings with groups of principals and principal trainees who talk candidly about the challenges of providing academic enrichment to students, while meeting social and political pressures to enforce strict disciplinary policies and procedures. The Department of Education's Civil Rights Data Collection (CRDC: 2012) report reveals that problems associated with public high schools under preparing Black students for college is far more pervasive than imagined. DR. LEWIS' JOURNEY My secondary education took place at Capitol High School, a predominately Black, low socioeconomic status (SES), urban public high school in Baton Rouge. As class president of 264 graduating seniors, knew that many of my friends had been motivated by our teachers to attend various colleges/universities in the state. …