Use Of Various Drugs Research Articles

MEDICAL PROBLEM, CONCEQUENCES TO ORAL CARE IN GERIATRIC PATIENT

Introduction: Oral and maxillofacial tissue status has a significant impact on the systemic health of elderly patients. Elderly patients without oral diseases are rare to find by dentists. Literature Review: Prevention and treatment for caries and periodontal diseases should be done for elderly patients, except in particular conditions when its not worth the risks treatments. Although the relationship between oral diseases and systemic diseases is still controversial and unresolved, it can be assumed that elderly patients have a greater risk of acute and chronic oral infections due to the use of various drugs and medical disorders, impaired immune function, age related impaired kidney, liver and cardiovascular dysfunction. Conclusion: While on duty, dentists who provides care to elderly patients, must know the medical history and systemic review, and understands general medical problems that affects oral care of the elderly.Keyword : medical problem, elderly, oral treatment

КЛИНИКО-ФАРМАКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ИМЕЮЩИХСЯ НА РЫНКЕ СТРАНЫ ПРОТИВОКАШЛЕВЫХ ЛЕКАРСТВЕННЫХ СРЕДСТВ

Cough is one of the most common clinical manifestations of acute infectious diseases of the upper and lower respiratory tract. Patients complaining of coughing represent one of the most numerous groups in the practice of a doctor. In most cases, an acute cough usually resolves on its own and rarely requires additional medical intervention. Chronic cough can be a manifestation of a variety of pulmonary and extra pulmonary diseases. A long course of chronic cough can lead to both somatic disorders and psychological and social difficulties. Since cough can be caused by many factors, it is often difficult to identify its true cause. Often, in order to establish the true cause of a cough, the doctor has to repeatedly examine the patient and conduct several trial courses of treatment. The article discusses the classification, mechanism, causes, types of cough, the effect of the use of various drugs on the appearance of cough, complications arising from a prolonged, debilitating cough, as well as approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of cough. The classification of antitussive drugs of central, peripheral and mixed action, indications for their use is presented. The clinical and pharmacological features of the use of certain antitussive drugs available on the market are described and recommendations for their use in clinical practice are given. The use of approaches based on in-depth knowledge of the physician about the clinical pharmacology of antitussive drugs can contribute to competent «cough management», increasing the patient's quality of life.

Varying Trends in Geographical Distribution and Patterns of Dermatophytosis and its Antifungal Susceptibility

Background: Dermatophytosis is seen worldwide, causing severe physical, mental, and psychosocial morbidity to the patient. Owing to indiscriminate, inadequate and irregular use of various drugs, cases of anti-fungal resistance have emerged in recent times, leading to ineffective treatment needing multiple drugs over longer treatment durations. Hence, this study was taken up to evaluate the changing geographical trends in the clinico-mycological profile of dermatophytosis and its antifungal susceptibility patterns. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and eleven patients with clinically diagnosed dermatophytosis were evaluated with history, examination followed by a Potassium Hydroxide wet mount. Skin scrapings were also taken for fungal culture and antifungal susceptibility tests against ten commonly used antifungal agents using the Broth Microdilution method as per CLSI M38-A2 guidelines. Results: Tinea incognito was the most common presentation, and Trichophyton rubrum was the predominant dermatophyte isolated. Recurrent dermatophytosis was seen in 11.84% subjects. Terbinafine was the most effective systemic agent, while Luliconazole was the most effective topical agent. Itraconazole and Luliconazole were the most effective systemic and topical agents, respectively, at their lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations inhibiting T. rubrum isolates in vivo. Fluconazole, followed by Griseofulvin, showed the least efficacy. In vitro microbiological resistance to Griseofulvin was found in 15.3% of cases (P < 0.00001). Conclusion: The rapidly evolving geographical trends in clinico-epidemiological profiles of dermatophytosis and its varying antifungal susceptibility patterns highlight the need for updating the knowledge of this disease in the global scenario as well as counseling the rural populations with behavioral and lifestyle modifications.

Hypoxia-responsive nanogel as IL-12 carrier for anti-cancer therapy

In the past two decades, protein drugs have evolved to become the most successful and important strategy in cancer therapy. However, systematical administration of protein drugs may cause serious side effects. In order to prepare a new promising hydrophilic drugs carrier, we constructed a PEGylated hyaluronic acid nanogel (NI-MAHA-PEG nanogel) with hypoxia and enzymatic responsiveness, which can selectively release hydrophilic drugs interleukin-12 (IL-12) on demand in a tumor microenvironment. We observed that release of IL-12 from nanogels by hypoxia-responsive stimulation, nanogels have anti-tumor effects on melanoma. Compared with physiological conditions, the IL-12 release rate has achieved remarkable growth under hypoxic conditions. Similarly, the drug release rate increased significantly with the addition of 500 U ml−1 hyaluronidase. We provide a novel strategy to allow efficient delivery, on-demand release, and enhanced access of proteins to hypoxic tumor regions. The rational design of this nanogels drug delivery system can further explore the use of various drugs to treat many cancers.

Glycopeptides as Potential Interventions for COVID-19.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an infectious disease that primarily attacks the human pulmonary system, is caused by a viral strain called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The outbreak emerged from Wuhan, China, and later spread throughout the world. Until the first week of May 2020, over 3.7 million cases had been reported worldwide and more than 258,000 had died due to the disease. So far, off label use of various drugs has been tried in many clinical settings, however, at present, there is no vaccine or antiviral treatment for human and animal coronaviruses. Therefore, repurposing of the available drugs may be promising to control emerging infections of SARS-COV2; however, new interventions are likely to require months to years to develop. Glycopeptides, which are active against gram-positive bacteria, have demonstrated significant activity against viral infections including SARS-COV and MERS-COV and have a high resemblance of sequence homology with SARS-COV2. Recent in vitro studies have also shown promising activities of aglycon derivative of glycopeptides and teicoplanin against SARS-COV2. Hydrophobic aglycon derivatives and teicoplanin, with minimal toxicity to human cell lines, inhibit entry and replication of SARS-COV2. These drugs block proteolysis of polyprotein a/b with replicase and transcription domains. Teicoplanin use was associated with complete viral clearance in a cohort of patients with severe COVID-19 symptoms. This review attempts to describe the activity, elucidate the possible mechanisms and potential clinical applications of existing glycopeptides against corona viruses, specifically SARS-COV2.

Anti-tubercular drugs, predisposing factors and management of drug-induced hepatotoxicity: A concise and up-to-date

Tuberculosis remains a leading cause of death in developing countries. In India antitubercular treatment was effective from the 1950s and has been engaged for more than 50 years. Hepatotoxicity secondary to antitubercular drug treatment is a major threat to tuberculosis. Anti-tubercular drugs like isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide are potentially hepatotoxic and their adverse reactions are based on dose or hypersensitivity. Hepatotoxicity can occur within a few weeks of initiating intensive phase and elevation of serum transaminase levels with signs and symptoms are considered as the diagnostic criteria. The variations in the incidence of anti-tubercular drug-induced hepatotoxicity may be due to differences in patient characteristics, regimen used, type of monitoring and the diagnostic criteria defining hepatotoxicity. Predisposing factors associated with anti-tubercular drug-induced hepatotoxicity include advanced age, gender, nutritional status, alcohol intake, extensive TB, indiscriminate use of various drugs, ethnic factors, chronic liver disease and concomitant infections. There are no evidence-based guidelines that are accessible for the management of these patients. Management of hepatotoxicity generally involves withholding the anti-tubercular drugs and reintroduction after normalization of biochemical markers of liver injury

Considerações sobre o uso de evidências científicas em tempos de pandemia: o caso da COVID-19

Making better use of available evidence on drugs and non-pharmacological therapies in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic is critical to minimizing suffering and saving lives. This debate aimed to present considerations about the concept of evidence, the hierarchy of evidence and the types of scientific evidence, seeking application in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, with regard to the use of therapies for prevention and treatment of the disease. Initially, we made a brief introduction on the topic, highlighting the existence of doubts regarding the use of various drugs, as well as whether those available to combat other diseases can be safe and effective in the treatment of COVID-19. Then, we present some definitions about evidence, reinforcing that an exact definition depends on the context in which it will be used, and may even have a broad or restrictive connotation. Next, we mention that the evidence is classified in a hierarchical order, illustrated by means of a pyramid, according to the design of the study employed, one of the important markers to define the quality of the evidence. Emphasis is given to the evidence from the expert opinion, which is based on beliefs built on the basis of theory and non-systematic learning. Soon after, we resorted to basic concepts about three types of scientific evidence (direct, indirect and preliminary evidence) to explain the divergences between expert opinions. We conclude with comments and reflections on the need to define reasonably acceptable criteria for the use of evidence, for now available, in times of a pandemic, such as COVID-19.

Use of Omeprazole as Inhibitor for C38 Steel Corrosion in 1.0 M H3PO4 Medium

The importance of the use of various drugs as corrosion inhibitors has developed. In this context, the corrosion inhibition of C38 steel in 1.0 M H3PO4 medium by omeprazole has been evaluated by weight loss tests, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. The surface morphology has been characterized by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. The Tafel polarization analysis shows that omeprazole is a mixed-type inhibitor. The results obtained by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy indicate that the inhibition efficacy increases with inhibitor concentration. The results obtained from the standard free energy of adsorption of $$(\Delta {G}_{\text{ads}}^{0}=- 37.86$$ kJ mol−1) are consistent with a physisorption and chemisorption process. The scanning electron microscopy allowed the visualization of a protective layer on the C38 steel surface after the addition of the inhibitor. The results obtained from different tested techniques showed excellent inhibition efficiency up to 99% using omeprazole for C38 steel in a phosphoric acid medium.

Anaphylaxis in Pregnancy

Anaphylaxis is a serious, generalized, hypersensitivity reaction which can be life threatening and one of the most serious medical emergencies. Anaphylaxis in pregnancy although rare, is attributed to the use of various drugs in pregnancy mainly following an administration of antibiotics. This review article describes several aspects of anaphylaxis such as aetiology, pathophysiology and management. Immediate recognition and initiation of treatment are the keys for satisfactory outcome. A multidisciplinary care and provision are other keys for achieving this good outcome.

Use of various drugs based on herbal components in complex treatment of inflammatory periodontal diseases

The article discusses the use of various dosage forms of anti-inflammatory periodontal drugs used in patients with inflammatory periodontal diseases. The rapid anti-inflammatory efficacy of toothpaste, gel, aerosol, and rinse aid has been proven. The combination of several active components in one product actively affects all parts of the pathogenesis of the inflammatory process from antimicrobial effects to the elimination of halitosis.

The Impact of Inflammatory Bowel Disease on Pregnancy and the Fetus: A Literature Review.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a constellation of devastating chronic inflammatory changes in the bowel, either involving the large or small bowel or part of both. As it is widely diagnosed in the fertile age group, this disorder can present itself, very commonly, during pregnancy and thus a better understanding of the disease can be an important factor to influence the maternal and fetal well-being. Medications are what is considered the first line in the management of this disease to control the symptoms or keep the disease in remission. In addition to this, the drugs used to keep the disease in remission can also cause significant adverse effects on the patient and the new nurturing life preparing itself for the outside world. What the fetus gets from the mother will stay for life with the child. We conducted an electronic literature review search which highlights the significance and impact of sustained remission of IBD and the cautious use of various drugs during pregnancy for that purpose. In addition to the influences already mentioned, It is evident that nutritional deficiencies can also prevail with the advancing disease, something to manage as a side note as well. These deficiencies can have a definite effect on the fetus and may cause developmental malformations. In order to avoid this process, a systemic and joint approach should be curtailed. This can reduce the adverse outcomes associated with this ailment during pregnancy.

Overcoming the Blood-Brain Barrier with an Implantable Ultrasound Device.

Ultrasound-based blood-brain barrier disruption enhances drug delivery. To bypass the human skull, an implantable ultrasound emitter was developed, and proven safe and feasible in a first-in-human trial. Next development steps aim for larger field of disruption, quantification of drug levels, use of various drugs, and ultimately a pivotal trial demonstrating improved outcome.See related article by Idbaih et al., p. 3793.

Current Concepts about the Etiology of Dry Eye Syndrome

The revolution in understanding the etiology and clinical manifestations of the disruption of the tearing process and the development of dry eye syndrome (CVS) has occurred in last 20–30 years. It has been established that the loss of the tear film homeostasis can occur not only because of a violation of systemic and autoimmune disorders, but also as a result of a blinking disorder and distribution of the tear film over the ocular surface. Therefore, new pathogenetic disease development mechanisms have been identified. The prevalence of diseases of the ocular surface and CVD in recent years has increased significantly. It is mostly caused not only by scientific discoveries in the field of understanding, for example, the etiological and pathophysiological role of the neurosensory mechanism of development of CVS. An important aspect is the emergence of new risk factors that potentiate the development of ocular surface diseases and CVL. These factors include the use of various drugs — antidepressants, antihistamines, hormone therapy, and others; instillation of eye drops — antiglaucoma drugs, etc., as well as the appearance of little-studied factors such as cosmetology procedures (eyelids tattooing, eyelash extensions, botulinum toxin injections for aesthetic purposes, etc.). They are carried out in proximate close to the eye and eyelids, causing multiple pathological reaction. The experience of observing patients, literature data, and the conducted study have showed that various cosmetological effects in the periorbital zone, whose popularity has increased in recent years, may cause the appearance of iatrogenic dry eye syndrome. The following most vivid clinical examples will help, encountered in our practice, to illustrate the data presented. Collecting the anamnesis, it is necessary to identify the presence of risk factors for the development of diseases of the ocular surface and CVD, to eliminate them, if possible, and to carry out adequate pathogenically based therapy.

Perceived Risk of Heroin in Relation to Other Drug Use in a Representative US Sample

ABSTRACTLow perception of risk is a risk factor for heroin use. Research is needed to determine whether this risk factor for heroin use is affected by the use of other drugs. Data were analyzed from participants in the 2015/2016 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health who denied lifetime heroin use (N= 110,102). We examined how recency of use of various drugs and number of drugs used relate to perceptions that using heroin is not a great risk. Results from multivariable models suggest that no lifetime drug use, and recent prescription opioid misuse and methamphetamine use, in particular, were associated with higher odds of perceiving that heroin use is not of great risk. Recent marijuana use was associated with lower odds of reporting that heroin use is not of great risk. Use of more drugs in one’s lifetime, past year, and/or past month tended to be associated with lower odds of reporting heroin use as not a great risk. Prevention experts should consider that recent prescription opioid misuse in particular is a risk factor for the lower perception of risk, while individuals reporting no lifetime drug use may also require better education regarding harms associated with heroin use.

A comparison of the utility of urine- and hair testing in detecting self-reported drug use among young adult opioid users

BackgroundBiological testing can be used to validate or detect underreported drug use. Since hair testing is increasingly used in survey research, we examined how the utility of hair testing compares to a more common method—urine testing. Methods532 adults (ages 18–29) reporting past-month heroin use and/or nonmedical prescription opioid use were surveyed about past-month use of various drugs. Participants were urine-tested and the majority (79.3%) provided a hair sample for analysis. We examined the utility of urine vs. hair-testing in detecting past-month use of various drugs. ResultsCompared to hair testing, urine testing was able to confirm higher proportions of self-reported use of heroin/opioids (85.5% vs. 80.9%), marijuana (73.9% vs. 22.9%), benzodiazepines (51.3% vs. 15.1%), and methadone (77.0% vs. 48.7%), while hair testing was more likely to detect reported cocaine use (66.3% vs. 48.0%) (Ps<.01). Compared to hair testing, urine testing was more likely to detect unreported use of marijuana (11.3% vs. 0.9%), and benzodiazepines (14.4% vs. 5.4%), and hair testing was more likely to detect unreported use of cocaine (27.0% vs. 5.8%) and oxycodone (19.7% vs. 1.4%) (Ps<.001). When added to urine testing, hair testing increased detection of reported and non-reported use of cocaine and oxycodone ranging from 14 to 22%. ConclusionsWhile hair testing is efficacious in detecting drug use in wide window periods (e.g., past-year use), it is less efficacious than urine testing when testing for past-month use of select drugs among opiate/opioid users. However, hair testing is particularly efficacious in detecting unreported use of cocaine and/or oxycodone.

Possible benefits of evaluation the coefficient of variation of active substance of a drug from different manufactures based on benzydamine hydrochloride example

Acute respiratory viral infection (ARVI) is one of the most common causes of morbidity in Russia. The incidence rate is high regardless of age or social group [1]. Sore throat is the most common symptom during ARVI, prevalence rate is 95%[2]. Symptomatic treatment of ARVI requires the use of various drugs, including drugs for pain in the throat. Such preparations are widely represented on the market, while they have a different form and different composition. One of the most popular are sprays containing benzydamine hydrochloride. Professional associations recommend using Benzydamine hydrochloridewhile sore throat, also in paediatric practice [3].In connection with a large number of generics, the issue of standardization of such sprays is topical. To compare the range of the actual concentration of the active substance in interchangeable preparations with different trade names, a comparative determination of the concentrations of benzydamine hydrochloride in sprays of 4 trade names was carried out in 6 different series in each. The quantitative determination was carried out by HPLC with a UV detector. As a result, the active substance concentration ranges were determined in 6 batches of the preparation of each trade name, and the coefficient of variation of concentrations was calculated and conclusions were made on the difference in the indicated indices among preparations of various manufacturers.

Factors Associated with Insulin Resistance in Women with Migraine: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Studies have shown a relationship between insulin resistance (IR) and migraine that is more evident in some migraineurs. Long-term use of various drugs and increased risk of diverse side effects is an unavoidable reality in this population of patients. Thus, in this study, we aimed to investigate factors associated with IR in migraine and the impact of chronic usage of various drugs, which might play a part in development of IR. Cross-sectional study. Gebze Fatih General Hospital, Kocaeli, Turkey. Migraine patients (N = 150) were investigated. Weight, height, waist circumference, and blood pressure were measured. Fasting glucose, fasting insulin, glycated hemoglobin, and lipid profile were also measured. IR was selected as a dependent variable. The independent variables included age, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, family history of migraine, diabetes mellitus and hypertension, characteristics of pain, migraine triggers and subgroups, medication used during attack treatment, medication used as prophylactic treatment, and oral contraceptive treatment. Descriptive analysis and multivariate logistic regression were performed. Central obesity (odds ratio [OR] = 7.131, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.451-20.741, P < 0.0001), metoclopramide treatment during an attack (OR = 3.645, 95% CI = 0.996-13.346, P = 0.041), family history of DM (OR = 3.109, 95% CI = 1.189-8.132, P = 0.035), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) usage during an attack (OR = 2.578, 95% CI = 1.053-6.311, P = 0.043), and negative family history of hypertension (OR = 0.226, 95% CI = 0.085-0.602, P = 0.002) were significant factors for exhibiting IR in migraine. Our study demonstrates an association between metoclopramide and NSAID treatments and IR in migraine.

Myostatin in protein-energy wasting in patients on hemodialysis

The aim : to assess the effect of myostatin (MSTN) on the development of clinical and laboratory manifestations of protein metabolism disorders in patients receiving hemodialysis. Patients and methods : 80 patients with CKD 5D stage (47 males and 33 females) were treated with programmed hemodialysis. All patients underwent a thorough collection of clinical and anamnesis data, laboratory monitoring with the determination of the level of MSTN in the blood by enzyme immunoassay, dynamometric and bioelectrical impedance research. Statistical analysis was performed using “STATISTICA 10.0” (“StatSoft Inc.”, USA) and “Microsoft Office Excel 2010” (“Microsoft Corp.”, USA). Results : the regression analysis did not reveal a statistically significant association of MSTN levels with clinical indicators of protein-energy insufficiency (PED), albumin, β2-microglobulin, CRP, and blood ferritin. Neither the use of various drugs (with the exception of ketoamino acids), nor the presence of a concomitant pathology in history, did not change the level of MSTN. At the same time, the dependence of the local increase in the thickness of the skin folds with the test marker was revealed, the increase in which is associated with a progressive decrease in muscle strength. Conclusion : as a result of the study, the relationship between the serum concentration of myostatin and the clinical and laboratory manifestations of PEM was evaluated. The obtained data characterize the contribution of MSTN to the process of muscle protein degradation, which may become a target for targeted therapeutic effects and requires further study.

Alkaline phosphatase: An old enzyme newly discovered as a medicine

Alkaline phosphatase (AP), a non-toxic natural compound (enzyme) has a great potential to replace or avoid the use of various drugs, in particular anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g. used during surgery and to reduce arthritis) and antibiotics applied to farm animals, which both have serious negative effects on the environment. Promising studies are being performed to demonstrate the possibility to avoid complications after major surgery (thereby eliminating the need to use harmful drugs for many years) and the reduction of antibiotics use in piglets.

Comparative clinical evaluation of the effectiveness of treatment of traumatic lesions of the oral mucosa

Relevance.Treatment of traumatic lesions of the oral mucosa in individuals who use removable acrylic dentures is a pressing problem in dentistry.The goalis a comparative assessment of the treatment of traumatic prosthetic stomatitis in patients using acrylic dentures with the use of various drugs for local use.Material and methods.A comparative clinical observation of the treatment of traumatic prosthetic stomatitis in 52 people aged 61 to 79 years, using removable acrylic prostheses, with the use of local adhesive Solcoseril® dental adhesive paste (1 group) and gum gel with propolis ASEPTA® (group 2 ). To ensure the comparability of the obtained results and their reliability, a semi-quantitative method was used for visual assessment of the effectiveness of treating traumatic prosthetic stomatitis, which was assigned to each of the symptoms observed in patients that indicate the absence or severity of clinical symptoms.The results of the study.Methods have been developed for determining the severity of traumatic prosthetic stomatitis and methods for assessing the effectiveness of its treatment, based on consideration of the most significant clinical symptoms of this pathology. It was established that on day 10 in group 1 of the study, the effectiveness of treatment was 82,1%, in group 2 – 81,17%.Findings.A high effcacy of selected agents for the local treatment of traumatic lesions of the oral mucosa of prosthetic etiology has been shown.