Subsoil Use Research Articles

THE HISTORY OF CREATION OF MINING AND INDUSTRIAL SUPERVISION IN RUSSIA: WAY FROM BERG COLLEGIUM TO ROSTEKHNADZOR

The history of creation of mining and industrial supervision in Russia raises main stages of its formation: Russian Tsardom (1547–1721), Russian Empire (1721–1917), Soviet period (1922–1991) and post-Soviet period (1991 – present day). The article describes а timeline of mining and industrial supervision in each of indicated stages: description of key regulatory documents, functions of organs, responsible for managing in field a safe conduct of work, associated with use of subsoil.

Environmentally sound geotechnologies for leaching metals from polymetallic ore processing wastes and wastewater

Global challenges (increased consumption of georesources, climatic changes, limited reserves) increase the relevance of the problems of growing waste accumulation and environmentally-sound modernization of mineral extraction. In this regard, the existing approaches to the design of geotechnologies for metal mining need to be improved based on a concept of so-called circulation waste management and ecologization of technological processes. The paper is devoted to the issue of formation of conceptual bases and directions of ecologization of geotechnologies at leaching metals from polymetallic ore processing wastes and wastewater. The study presents recommendations for improving in-situ leaching of ores in blocks, allowing to determine the optimal conditions for increasing the completeness of subsoil use and reducing environmental damage. It was revealed that at metal extraction with solution circulation through brine chambers the content of Na, Cl, SO4 and Ca ions in dialysate was low, while without circulation through brine, it significantly exceeded corresponding MPCs. This proves the fundamental feasibility of controlling natural leaching processes by enhancing the oxidizing potential of natural solvents through the addition of industrial oxidizing agents. It was found that increasing the duration of agitation leaching (both with and without mechanoactivation) leads to a uniform expansion of the local maximums of Pb yield from the pulp when the minimum NaCl concentration decreases from 11–12 to 7% at H2SO4 concentration of 0.6%. One of key results of the study is justifying the expansion of the use of disintegrators to realize targeted activation of tailings. The practical significance of the obtained results lies in the proved feasibility of optimizing the flow sheet of electrochemical extraction of metals from wastewater on the basis of the obtained regularities of the use of brine circulation through brine chambers. In addition, the totality of the obtained results of using a disintegrator for reextraction of lead from geomaterials will allow developing a methodology for calculating the parameters of mechanoactivation action to increase the degree of metal recovery from the tailings of North Ossetia-Alania’s (Zgidskoe, Sadonskoe, Arkhonskoe deposits) polymetallic ores beneficiation. The most promising way for further research is to substantiate methods of using underground space for complete removal of wastes (wastewater and tailings) after their multistage treatment.

Geoinformation modeling of sand injectites

The results of application of geoinformation modeling technology to create a three-dimensional model of Paleogene sand injectites are presented. The mineralogenic significance of sand injectites as sources of glass and construction raw materials is described. The modeling process using the obtained data set and three-dimensional modeling environment Blender is revealed step by step. The compiled spatial models can be used in blocking and calculation of reserves and resources at the objects of subsoil use.

Geological hazards when justifying the regulations of urban development

Relevance. Territorial planning of cities determines the reduction or prevention of possible or existing losses of the population, economic facilities and the environment from technoprirodnye hazards of different genesis. The effectiveness of planning regulations for urban development depends on the degree of validity of identification and forecasts of the occurrence and evolution of hazardous natural and technogenic processes in time and space. This, in its turn, is determined by the reliability of our ideas about the patterns of their formation and regional distribution. Aim. To identify geological hazards and propose the main engineering and geological constraints in urban planning on the example of Gomel. Objects. Natural and technical system "geological environment – technogenic impacts – hazardous natural and technoprirodnye processes". Methods. Systematic approach to the analysis of patterns of formation of hazardous natural and technoprirodic processes in the city; numerical modeling of geofiltration and geomigration processes based on the geofiltration model "GOMEL". Results. The most characteristic dangerous natural and technoprirodnye processes have been established on the example of the city of Gomel. Priority areas for the introduction of planning restrictions: tectonic situation; man-made flooding, were identified. Soil conditions are considered separately as one of the factors effecting the precipitation of natural and artificial bases under the influence of loads from civil and industrial buildings and structures. The authors have revealed the presence of disjunctive, as well as plicative in the form of flexures, age-varying and multi-scale dislocations forming the block structure of the upper part of the earth's crust of the city. It is shown that from the point of view of the stability of engineering structures, the absolute values of the velocities of long-period unidirectional block displacements are dangerous during long-term operation of structures located in interblock active zones. At the same time, short-period multidirectional movements in the active geodynamic zones of the articulation of blocks cause a change in the slope and bending of the foundations of structures. The paper introduces the engineering-geological features of the most common surface deposits: the terrigenous gray-colored formation of the Paleogene; glacial, periglacial and extraglacial formations of anthropogenic origin and their facies-genetic complexes. The authors identified the potential natural and technological hazards associated with the marked deposits. The paper demonstrates the causes and mechanisms of the formation of technogenic flooding of the city, as well as the genesis of the decrease in the deformation properties of moraine sandy loam with a technogenic increase in humidity. It is concluded that when establishing land use regulations for a city, as a rule, general measures cannot be taken, both for its entire territory and for certain stages of construction activity. The paper introduces the corresponding restrictions on the use of subsoil.

The key results of studies of benzo(a)pyrene in natural and man-made environments of the Southern Baikal region (2016–2024)

The study aims to provide a retrospective review of the results of studies of benz(a)pyrene in the natural and man-made environments of the Southern Baikal region. The study was conducted with staff, students, and postgraduates at the Department of Industrial Ecology and Railways of the Institute of Subsoil Use of Irkutsk National Research Technical University in 2016-2024. The article is devoted to the 75th anniversary of the department. The atmospheric air in the cities of Irkutsk and Krasnoyarsk regions was assessed based on the results of monitoring of the content of benzо(a)pyrene. Its carcinogenic risks to public health were determined. The results of the systematic study of the sources of emissions into the atmosphere of benzо(a)pyrene and its analogues of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were analyzed. Anthropogenic and man-made (aluminum production, low-power heat sources, highways) and natural (forest fires) sources of benzо(a)pyrene release were identified by assessing its mass load. The indicators of sources of atmospheric pollution - snow cover, soils, plants - were identified. Correlations between atmospheric air pollution and health (neoplasms) of the Irkutsk region population were determined found. The distribution of benzо(a)pyrene in the systems of conjugated objects of the biosphere was studied: “source of emissions - atmospheric air - snow cover”, “soil - plant”, “water - hydrobionts”. Patterns indicating a new source of atmospheric pollution with carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons - natural fires, which can affect the morbidity of the population of the Southern Baikal region - were obtained.

Land reclamation in the field of subsoil use in Ukraine: theoretical and legal analysis

Land reclamation in the field of subsoil use in Ukraine: theoretical and legal analysis

Methodology for decoding remote sensing data of the Earth's surface in the development of natural and technical systems of subsoil use

Methodology for decoding remote sensing data of the Earth's surface in the development of natural and technical systems of subsoil use

Вопросы использования и охраны земель в стратегическом планировании недропользования на федеральном уровне

The directions of strategic planning of subsoil use were studied in their intersection with the tasks of land use and protection. Strategic planning documents at the federal level establish the basic provisions for strategic planning in the area. Only a few of them raise issues of land use and protection in connection with the implementation of subsoil use. The author classified such acts. The subsoil users’ actions on land are considered in such acts exclusively from the perspective of protecting the environment and lands as its component. Measures that could help alleviate the problem of timely and unimpeded receipt of lands and land plots for the use of subsoil are not formulated in the selected acts. It is advisable to apply the provisions of strategic planning documents that are more general in content, in particular on the rational and integrated use of natural resources, when determining a position on this issue.

Прокурорский надзор за исполнением законов в сфере охраны окружающей среды в Арктической зоне Российской Федерации

Federal executive authorities, the Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation, the Environmental Prosecutor's Office of the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation (AZRF) pay special attention to the state of the Arctic environment. However, the situation in this region is far from normal. The results of the prosecutor's inspections indicate the presence of numerous violations of environmental legislation in the field of subsoil use, marine and river transport, construction, land use and reclamation, and the elimination of accumulated damage as a result of past years. There are cases of industrial safety violations. A serious problem for the Arctic regions is the lack of an effective waste management system in the Arctic zone. Global warming and disruption of the Arctic environment leads to climate change and can lead to even more tangible and severe environmental consequences. The Environmental Prosecutor's Office has a significant impact on correcting the situation in the Arctic, which conducts inspections of enterprises, organizations and citizens for compliance with environmental legislation, prevents and suppresses environmental offenses, and ensures compliance with environmental protection and environmental management requirements.

Оценка хозяйственных рисков при реализации технологий угледобычи в современных условиях недропользования

Introduction. This paper presents research in the field of methodology of assessment and monitoring of associated under ground coalmining risks in order to level their impact on the resulting technical and economic indicators of production and economic activities in modern conditions of subsoiluse. The functioning of technological systems of coal mining enterprises at the present stage of subsurface use occurs in a highly dynamic and highly variable functional environment with a fair degree of uncertainty, which is generated by a significant variety of parameters and characteristics of the initial mining, geological and mining engineering environment, which, in turn, generates the emergence of various groups and risk factors for subsurface use. The established procedures and methods of risk forecasting currently do not give satisfactory results due to the globalization of world markets and high volatility of prices for coal products. Leveling the negative degree of influence of the risk component on the resulting indicators – indicators of technical and economic activity can be achieved through the introduction of an operational system for assessing and monitoring various groups of risk factors. Materials and methods. For the purpose of evaluation, it is proposed to use the methodological and methodological foundations of the method called “vector norms”, which involves the use of Affine space, the constituent areas of compromises and the introduction of utility estimates. A complete model representation of the assessment and monitoring of the impact of various risk factors of subsurface use, taking into account their clustering and ranking, is presented. The algorithmic support of this method is reduced to the following components-iterations: 1. Formation of criteria-based assessment matrices of various factors of subsurface use risk groups. 2. Assignment of optima to evaluation criteria. 3. In order to ensure the legality of the use and implementation of mathematical procedures and operations, the reduction of multi-dimensional evaluation criteria to a relative form, taking into account the assigned optima. 4. Formation of the objective function of the “norm of the vector” (integral indicator) and the development of a procedure for selecting the optimal option. Since the use of the methodological and methodological foundations of the method called “vector norms” allows us to form quantitative estimates of the presented factors-types of risk of subsurface use, this makes it possible to implement the clustering procedure or ranking of a selected set of coal mining enterprises in conjunction with existing risk areas. Results. Quite high values of correlation coefficients were obtained with a significant closeness of the relationship of inversely proportional dependencies of generalizing integral indicators of the degree of risk and the level of achievement of planned indicators and development of production capacity with the level of operational profitability from the conduct of production and economic activities of coal mining enterprises with a directly proportional dependence on the operating costs of mining 1t of coal. Discussion. Сomplete model representation of the assessment and monitoring of the impact of various risk factors of subsurface use, taking into account their clustering and ranking, is presented. As a practical component of the research, variable series of areas of integral degree of risk in the functional environment of Kuzbass coal mines are presented. The use of software modules for correlation and regression analysis, taking into account three-year retrospective dynamics, made it possible to establish the legality and objectivity of the proposed methodological apparatus for integrated risk assessment of the implementation of coal mining technologies in modern conditions of subsurface use. Conclusion. The results of the implementation of the theoretical components of the methodology and model representations of the developed conceptual foundations for the integrated risk assessment of the implementation of coal mining technologies in modern conditions of subsurface use, taking into account five-year retrospective dynamics, showed that in the Kuznetsk basin there was a steady tendency to reduce the cluster of coal mines, which is characterized by high risks of carrying out production and economic activities in the presence of a disproportion of resource potential (the emergent part). The accompanying processes of formation of this trend are manifested in a quantitative increase in the functional units of the rating cluster of group 2B with an average resource potential and inherent moderate risk. It is within this cluster that strategies for prioritizing investments for the development and renewal of technological systems and structures of coal mining are being formed, since only they are able to provide the fastest possible return on invested funds. Resume. The article presents the results of research in the field of methodology for assessing and monitoring the risks associated with underground coal mining in order to level out their impact on the resulting technical and economic indicators of production and economic activity in modern conditions of subsoil use. The research results can be useful in the implementation of coal mining technology in modern conditions of subsoil use.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW IN THE PRACTICE OF SUBSURFACE USE

This article is devoted to the study of the relationship of intellectual property rights with the right of subsurface use. In the article, the author made an attempt to reveal the legal nature of geological information, offered his author's vision on the issue of attributing geological information to the number of objects of intellectual property rights. The complexity of obtaining the results of the study lies in the fact that geological information is contained not only in natural media (drill cores, samples of minerals, carbon dioxide, mercaptans, water, samples of rocks and minerals, samples and collections of stone material, slates, anshlifs, mineral solutions and powders). In addition, in the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan (hereinafter - RK), the regime of ownership rights is extended to geological information, which is a consequence of insufficient study of geological information as an object of rights. The article shows the relationship of relations in the field of subsoil use with copyright, since many processes are based on the use of computer programs, information systems and other software. In addition, the activities of subsurface users are inextricably linked with inventions – objects of patent law, starting with geological exploration, survey work and ending with mining. The connection between the means of individualization and subsurface users is also obvious, since each subsurface user acts in civil circulation under its own brand name, produces products under a trademark or service mark. In addition, subsoil users often violate the exclusive rights of copyright holders, which leads not only to litigation, but also to losses in the case of the use of counterfeit goods.

Substantiation of the Use of a Flexible Chain-Type Subsoiler for Improving the Agrotechnological Properties of Soil

Technogenic influence on agricultural soils leads to the transformation of their morphological features, significantly worsens their agrochemical, physical, mechanical and agrotechnological properties, prevents the optimal use of potential soil fertility and, as a result, leads to a decrease in crop yield. Mechanical soil decompaction when using various types of subsoilers, including the flexible chain-type working body (the chain), is used to prevent the negative consequences of technogenic influence. According to the results of the analytical calculations, the proportionality factor of the chain length, which determines the ratio of the width of the plow grip to the chain length of a flexible subsoiler, was established. The specified coefficient is proportional and equals 2.4. The use of the specified coefficient allows us, at the stage of the development of the design and technological documentation, to determine the main design parameter of the flexible subsoiler, which is the length of the used chain depending on the width of the plow grip. The surface of the field cultivated with the experimental tillage tool meets the requirements for sowing the agricultural crops without performing additional technological operations.

Legal support of the functioning оf the unified state electronic geoinformation system for subsoil use

The article examines the peculiarities of legal support for the functioning of the unified state electronic geographic information system for subsoil use.

Роль образования и просвещения в предупреждении преступности в сфере недропользования: перспективы использования информационных технологий

в данной статье представлена роль образования и просвещения как превентивных мер в предупреждении экопреступности, в частности в сфере недропользования, выявляются перспективы использования информационно-коммуникативных технологий в анализируемых институтах. Рассмотрено поэтапное формирование в целом экологической культуры населения, начиная с института семьи и заканчивая институтом образования. Определено, что немаловажным фактором рассматриваемой области общественных отношений выступает крайне низкий уровень экологической культуры как среди простых граждан, так и среди должностных лиц государственных и муниципальных органов власти, что влечет за собой некомпетентность при принятии важных решений в сфере природопользования, а в дальнейшем еще и создает «благоприятные» условия для роста экопреступлений. Сделан вывод о том, что формирование и развитие экологической культуры среди населения представляет собой достаточно долгий и трудоемкий процесс, требующий согласованности и последовательности действий социальных институтов и государства, с применением ИКТ. Отмечено, что на современном этапе развития Российского государства действенным способом по предупреждению преступности в сфере недропользования является не ужесточение уголовных санкций, а формировании экологической культуры среди граждан, прежде всего у подрастающего поколения. Выявлено, что только благодаря комплексному подходу возможно сформировать у индивида экологически-ответственное поведение. Необходимо актуализировать обсуждение законопроекта «Об экологической культуре» способствовавшего бы формированию экокультуры, включая вопросы экологического образования, воспитания и просвещения, подготовленного еще в 2000 году. this article presents the role of education and enlightenment as preventive measures in preventing eco-crime, in particular in the field of subsoil use, and identifies prospects for the use of information and communication technologies in the analyzed institutions. The gradual formation of a generally ecological culture of the population, starting with the institution of family and ending with the institution of education, is considered. It has been determined that an important factor in the area of public relations under consideration is the extremely low level of environmental culture both among ordinary citizens and among officials of state and municipal authorities, which entails incompetence when making important decisions in the field of environmental management, and in the future also creates “favorable” conditions for the growth of environmental crimes. It is concluded that the formation and development of environmental culture among the population is a rather long and labor-intensive process that requires coordination and consistency of actions of social institutions and the state, with the use of ICT. It is noted that at the present stage of development of the Russian state, an effective way to prevent crime in the field of subsoil use is not the tightening of criminal sanctions, but the formation of an environmental culture among citizens, especially among the younger generation. It was revealed that only through an integrated approach is it possible to form environmentally responsible behavior in an individual. It is necessary to update the discussion of the bill “On Environmental Culture”, which would contribute to the formation of eco-culture, including issues of environmental education, upbringing and enlightenment, prepared back in 2000.

Правовые способы обеспечения прав недропользователей на землю: проблемы современной практики

The article analyses the regulation of the rights of subsoil users to use land plots, identifies problems arising from the seizure of land for the use of subsoil, and considers the prospects for improving legislation designed to ensure the subsoil user’s access to the corresponding land plot. It is noted that in practice there are unresolved issues related to the registration of land by subsoil users, compliance with the guarantees of the rights of other persons when granting or withdrawing land plots for state or municipal needs, in territorial planning. It is proposed to clarify the content of the rights of management bodies in the studied area, including in the implementation of territorial planning, taking into account the proposed subsoil use.

Соглашения о разделе продукции: нелегкая судьба в России

The article provides a brief historical analysis of the conclusion and implementation of production sharing agreements (PSA) in the Russian Federation, stages of development of legislation in the field of PSA regulation. The author analyses changes in the legal regulation of PSA over the past two years, which led to changes in the composition of subjects and provisions of production sharing agreements in force in the Russian Federation. Based on the analysis conducted, conclusions are drawn about possible options for further development of the PSA institution in the Russian Federation, including the possibility of replacing PSA with a subsoil use regime on the basis of a license agreement in accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation “On Subsoil”.

Снятие плодородного слоя почвы недропользователем: концептуальные правовые вопросы

The legal qualification of the actions of the subsoil user on removal of the fertile soil layer is investigated In the article. These actions are the land protection measures and also are included in the complex of technical measures for land reclamation. In the process of work aimed at preparing the use of subsoil, it becomes especially important to understand the removal of the fertile soil layer as the responsibility of a special subject. Conclusion: it is necessary to develop the legal regulation of land relations in the area under study at the federal level so that the rules for carrying out such work become unified and as close in content as possible to the specifics of subsoil use in different situations. It is necessary to resolve the conceptually significant issue of the need and justification for the rule on obtaining a permit for work related to soil disturbance, which is in regional and municipal regulatory legal acts. The author substantiated her opinion that the rules for land protection are fully taken into account in the technical project and the land reclamation project, when its development is required by law.

Взаимодействие органов государственной власти субъектов Российской Федерации с муниципальной властью в вопросах регулирования недропользования (на примере Кемеровской области — Кузбасса)

The article examines some common problems of the raw material regions of the Russian Federation, taking into account their scale, including the example of the Kemerovo region – Kuzbass in matters of interaction between public authorities of the subjects of the Russian Federation with local governments on effective subsoil use. The insufficient role of municipal authorities in the management of territories in the raw material regions is assessed, attention is drawn to the need to find a comprehensive effective solution.

Information and methodological provision of statistical analysis of the intensity of subsoil use in Ukraine in accordance with the goals of sustainable development in the pre-war and war period

It has been established that the information base for the statistical analysis of the intensity of subsoil use is aggregated statistical information based on individual statistical data contained in the Tax Declaration on rent payments with its annexes. An analysis of the structure of tax revenues of rent payments to local budgets by region of Ukraine for 2021 was carried out. It was found that Dnipropetrovsk region has the largest share of rent payments as tax revenue of local budgets, and Odesa region has the lowest. Regions were grouped according to the components of the rent in terms of natural resources. Zhytomyr region is the leader in terms of tax revenue from rent for the use of forest resources, Zaporizhia region for water resources, Poltava region for national importance, and Kyiv region for subsoil of local importance. The distribution of regions according to the amount of rent for the use of subsoil of national and local importance is given. It was found that the vast majority of local budgets have a predominance of the amount of rent received for the use of subsoil of national importance over local ones, except for Kyiv, Ternopil and Chernivtsi regions. The regions of Ukraine were grouped by specialization in subsoil use based on the local budgets of each region for 2021. Ten regions specialize in the use of subsoil of national significance. Nine regions have the highest share of tax revenues from rent for the use of forest resources. Four regions have specialization in the use of water resources. Subsoil of local importance is a priority natural resource for the Ternopil region. An assessment of the profitability of mining enterprises among all enterprises of the extractive industry and the development of quarries by region during the period of martial law was carried out. It was found that in most regions of Ukraine in 2022, more than half of the mining enterprises were unprofitable.

Принцип акцессии в сфере использования подземного пространства: опыт Германии

The article discusses the German model of the use of underground space. It was established that it is based on the principle of accession, according to which, as a general rule, the right of the owner of a land plot applies to underground space. At the same time, there are two types of restrictions from the general rule: civil law and public law. The author expresses the hope that some solutions of German civil law may be in demand when reforming domestic legislation on subsoil use.