Use Of Punched Cards Research Articles

A Comparative study of Operating System for Internet of Things

Internet Of Things is nowadays one of the most advanced and in trend technology. Internet Of Things basically means the network which internally connects all hardware and software devices. All these devices connected through Internet Of Things can be controlled by the user. One of the core components of Internet Of Things is Operating System which is a kind of software written through which the use of punch cards and magnetic tapes were replaced and programs can be run by a single user with less efforts and less time consumption. Review paper is basically about how the Internet Of Things and Operating System operates, there pros and cons, features, core components, their cause of origin and how the Operating System is crucial component of Internet Of Things. The most renowned companies serving Internet Of Things as well as Operating System services are also listed, when and how they started, their products which were made specifically for the Internet Of Things purpose or were afterwards made to be used for Internet Of Things purpose. Not only the information about Internet Of Things and Operating System technologies are listed but also how these two are related to each other is also mentioned review paper. What was the past and present of the Internet Of Things and Operating System technology is listed here but what can be the future of the Internet Of Things and Operating System is also tried to be predicted on the basis of facts and figures. As a conclusion Operating System itself is a powerful technology but Internet Of Things needs Operating System to be implemented otherwise without Operating System Internet Of Things is just some hardware machines which needs to be operated in same old way though knobs and switches or Operating System can be said as a core of Internet Of Things world to some extent. Keywords- Internet Of Things, Operating System, Kernel, UI, GUI, NLI, CLI, API, Blockchain.

In Memoriam

Madeline M. Henderson, 88, of Frederick, died on July 17, 2011, at Frederick Memorial Hospital. She was a longtime member and pioneer of ASIS&T. She was also a member of the American Chemical Society and the American Association for Advancement of Science. Madeline was predeceased by her husband Richard who died in 2008. She is survived by her children, Anne DeRito and husband Frank of Florida; Matthew R. Henderson of Boonsboro; Katherine DiLima of Germantown; and Laura Hicks and husband Brian of Frederick, and by ten grandchildren and one great grandchild. Those desiring may make memorial contributions in her name to the Homewood Foundation, P.O. Box 250, Williamsport, MD 21795. Our thanks to Robert V. Williams for the following look at Madeline's career. by Robert V. Williams Madeline M. (Berry) Henderson was an active contributor to and innovator in the field of documentation/information science. Her professional life provides multiple examples of the phrase “present at the creation” during the early development of information science in the period 1950–75. Her first significant contribution was in chemical information science, where she was a close associate and co-worker of JamesW. Perry, one of the foremost developers of the early ideas about information retrieval and chemical information science. With Perry and others, includingAllen Kent, she coedited the first two significant publications on the use of punched cards for information retrieval systems and was the leader in the first efforts to evaluate chemical notation systems for use in information retrieval. These efforts brought national and international attention as well as numerous citations to her work. Three years after the 1952 establishment of the National Science Foundation's Office of Scientific Information, Henderson was evaluating grant proposals for the emerging field of documentation/information science and in the process of crafting two of the most significant publications that both tracked and influenced the development of the field. She not only was the creator of these two publications but also did the “legwork” investigating the projects, thus likely becoming the most knowledgeable person in the field about research and development work during this period. Her work at the National Bureau of Standards on copyright, standards and fostering cooperation among the libraries of U.S. federal agencies was an important factor in their success, particularly in library automation. Adapted from Libraries & the Cultural Record, Vol. 45, No. 2, 2010 ©2010 by the University of Texas Press, P.O. Box 7819, Austin, TX 78713-7819

Mistaken Ancestry: The Jacquard and the Computer

The punched-card-driven loom introduced by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in the early years of the nineteenth century was the culmination of a number of efforts to mechanize the tedious work of manipulating the separate threads in a draw loom. The data constituting the desired pattern were introduced to the loom via a set of cards with punched holes. Noting the use of punched cards with the computers of the 1960s and also the fact that the intrinsic binary nature of weaving (a given thread is either “up” or “down”) is shared by the binary circuitry of computers, weavers have been heard to claim that the Jacquard loom is the ancestor of the modern computer. This idea is the result of a profound misconception about the nature of computers. A Jacquard loom is no more like a computer than is a player piano, which also used punched holes as an input device. For a computer, the role of punched cards was only to provide a mechanism for enabling it to receive the data it needs to accomplish the significant and revolutionary aspects of its functioning, namely to carry out the sequential steps of any processing of its data whatever, so long as these are spelled out with utter precision and subject only to limitations of space and time. The use of binary logic in computer circuitry is a great simplifying tool, deriving from the work of mathematicians such as Leibniz and Boole, but is by no means an essential aspect of the nature of computers.

Monitoring People: Dynamics and Hazards of Record Management in France, 1935-1944

Monitoring people by use of punched cards was a tool for governments to exploit the potentials of modern mass society, which they started to develop in the 1930s. In France, Rene Carmille promoted this possibility. He worked to mechanise the army's conscript and mobilisation administration, which was only implemented by the autocratic French regime after the country had been conquered by Germany in 1940. For this end a national register of people was established by use of punched cards. However, this register also improved the possibilities to control and locate individuals, for example Jews, which Carmille only gradually realised. This predicament added to Carmille's dilemma between his loyalty to the French government and his detestation of the German Nazis. After the German occupation of the last part of France in late 1942, he rebelled against the French collaborative regime, was arrested by the Germans and died in a concentration camp.

Ninth Circuit Erred in Allowing Recall Election with Punch Card Votes

Among the many lawsuits filed during the unprecedented California gubernatorial recall election, the one that garnered the most attention was the case challenging the use of punch card voting in six California counties. In that suit, plaintiffs argued that the election should be delayed because the allegedly higher error rates of punch card voting compared to other systems in California denied those voters in punch card counties their equal protection rights under the California constitution and also violated the Voting Rights Act. Professor Hasen argues that the original Ninth Circuit decision delaying the election until punch card voting could be eliminated was correct, and the later en banc decision allowing the election to go forward with the selective use of punch cards was unfortunate, though understandable given the closeness of the recall election. Hasen argues that under the Supreme Court's decision in Bush v. Gore, the selective use of punch card voting constitutes an equal protection violation. The en banc court did not reach the issue. Hasen concludes that the en banc decision does not preclude other plaintiffs from bringing similar challenges in the future, and that the window remains open for voting reform lawsuits until the Supreme Court interprets Bush v. Gore otherwise.

The use of punched cards in US libraries and documentation centers, 1936-1965

Librarians, particularly those in traditional academic and public libraries, were slow to take advantage of punched cards. In contrast, special librarians and documentalists, with their small systems and focus on retrieving information for users, readily adopted punched cards. The results were dramatic: improved ability to index scientific and technical information and better user service. The paper presents a history of the use of punched cards in US libraries.

Leo Wenzel Pollak (1888-1964): Czechoslovakian pioneer in scientific data processing

A few years ago, the author wrote a report about the development of the Hollerith Punched Card System (F.W. Kistermann, 1995). One section dealt with the application of punched cards in science and engineering. Looking at the literature of this field in Europe, the author found the name of Leo Wenzel Pollak in Prague in the 1934 Hollerith Nachrichten, the customer journal of the Berlin DEHOMAG Company (L.W. Pollak and F. Kaiser, 1934). Pollak's paper turned out to be the culmination of seven years' intensive use of punched cards in scientific data processing-a project that has, so far, not been appreciated in the history of data processing.

Intégration de l'équipement Groupamatic 360 dans un système informatique transfusionnel préexistant: Transfert des informations par minidisques

Summary The Groupamatic equipments print out for each blood sample, the corresponding I.D. number and a set of blood grouping results. The three problems which the Montpellier Blood Transfusion Center has been confronted with for the integration of Groupamatic, are : -- the sorting out of blood grouping results on a format immediately readable by the mass computer ; -- the positive identification between the blood sample I.D. number and the donor identity in order to avoid any manual retranscription ; -- the minimization of modifications on the management system computer controlled routinely used prior to the Groupamatic introduction, and associated to an IBM 3/15 Computer. Regarding the first point and having considered the different alternatives (punch cards, punch tapes, on line connection, magnetic tape), the floppy disc has been selected ; such a data support is quickly written and read, reliable, gives the opportunity of easy corrections, its capacity is quite large, and is cheaper than an on line connection which would be used only a few minutes a day. Besides the electromechanical unit the electronical unit and the teletype, our configuration is made of a PDP 11 Computer with its input/out put units : two card readers, a printer and two floppy discs. Solution of above-mentioned second point has been facilitated as soon as the floppy disconcept was selected ; the floppy allows long enough data records with on top of the blood sample I.D. number, additional information including the donor identity. To get such a record with the I.D. number one has simply to read on one side the Groupamatic card where blood sample I.D. number is punched on, and, on the other side, the donor identity punch card, card reading being performed through a punch car reader on line interconnected with Groupamatic. The donor identity card is punched by the IBM 3/15 computer controlled system from a magnetic disc file ; the donor identity has been only written once at the time of the first blood collection. Our computer controlled system already made use of punch cards, transported in the mobile units, where all information whatever it is, permanent or relative to previous blood collection is stored. Without Groupamatic, the information related to the new blood collection was manually punched on donor cards, then transmitted to the IBM 3/15 computer for data storage on discs and for processing. With Groupamatic, the data registered on the cards as well as the blood grouping results are written on floppy discs which, after read out, are transmitted to the IBM 3/15 central computer which still works the same way as defined in the previous situation. Very few modifications were therefore necessary to perform this adaptation. Furthermore, such a use of a floppy disc on line connected with the Groupamatic has a large advantage data corresponding to the previous blood collection registered on donor card are transferred to the floppy disc which allows at the Groupamatic level an automatic comparison between blood grouping information pertinent to previous and present blood collection and, therefore, in case of discrepancy an immediate warning. When the result concords, the second run is reserved for new donors and discrepancy results, thus about 20 % of the donors only are concerned, allowing important reagent and time savings.

Zur Datenerfassung in der HNO-Klinik

Experiences are reported on the collection of datas in the ENT-clinic for processing by use of punchcards and mark sense forms. Optimalization of the system primarily is a function of its practicability. Proposals are given by examples.

Subject Options in a Comprehensive School

Summary This paper describes a practical attempt to resolve conflicting subject options of fourth‐ and fifth‐formers in comprehensive schools. The system was devised to give the greatest satisfaction of individual needs for 224 pupils, who, in addition to 16 compulsory periods, had a choice of six subjects to fill a further 24 periods each week. In all, 52 subject options were offered at three levels: GCE ‘O’ level, CSE and non‐examination courses. By the use of punched cards, the conflict between different subject groups was resolved to give 89 per cent satisfaction of pupils’ choice. Implications for a banded system, for combinations of popular subject choices and for further changes in the system, are discussed.

A basic study for the identification of the deciduous trees in winter by the use of punch cards (report I)

The dormant period of the deciduous trees is endowed with many useful elements for transplanting, trimming, fertilization, propagation, collection etc. in the landscaping work, but the winter time that has little necessary elements for the identification of trees, for instance, flowers, leaves, fruits, is notwithstanding furnished with much difficulties for the identification of the species of them.Therefor, an trial to identify them has been made by the use of punch cards mainly based upon the winter bud. As the identification elements of trees based mainly upon the winter bud, there are buds, twigs, leaf scars, fibro-vascuiar marks, lenticels, piths etc., and these, being combinated, make up 18 identification items, taken in the punch cards. Further, the main items: A (insertion of the winter bud in the twigs), B (insertion style of the leteral bud in the twig), D (shape of the winter bud), E (scale of the winter bud), H (shape of the leaf bud, ) I (disposition of fibre-vascular in the leaf scar) are illustrated and described, and others are only described.This method of identification is practiced as follows: in the case of Platanus orientalis L., for example, being alternate and spiral in the item A, a and are kept and others are taken away, and by putting the stick into the hole from above and drawing the cards out, the required including Platanus orientalis L. are to be obtained. Out of these cards, using the characteristics of spindle shape in the item E, ring form of the leaf scar in the item H and so on, the repeated putting in of the stick will identify Platanus orientalis L. mechanically.These operations need, of course, not be started from the item A to B, C and SD on in order, but may be begun D or E etc. The operation being simple and the repetition being able to hit the mark, will give a good way for the identification of the winter deciduous trees.

Methods for the Descriptive Analysis of Archaeological Material

AbstractMost studies on the use of punched cards and computers in archaeology seem to take for granted that scientific standards exist to express the data upon which algorithms are to be performed, for retrieval or classification purposes. The author's view is different; examples are given of descriptive codes which have been designed under his direction since 1955 for the storage of archaeological data (artifacts, abstract or figured representations, buildings, etc.) on punched cards of various kinds (marginal, peek-a-boo, IBM, etc.). In order to obviate the shortcomings of natural language, three categories of rules are required: orientation, segmentation, differentiation. The concluding remarks concern the relation of the descriptive languages which are thus obtained to scientific language in general; differences are stressed, as well as reasons for postulating a continuum from the former to the latter.

Contributo allo sviluppo del calcolo analogico

Part I.—Automatic programming techniques for analogue computers. Part II.—Hybrid techniques and related applications. Part III.—Analogue vs. digital techniques. Part I APACHE cole is presented and its related subrontines: CRESSIDA (Conplage REverSible StatIque Digital Analogique) project is also examined for input-output control of analogue computers through use of punched cards. SATANAS (Semi AnTomatic ANAlogue Setting) concludesPart I with explanations of CETIS preject for semi-automatizing patch-panel connections, of analogue computers. Part II A brief survey is given of Euratom project for linkage between analogue and digital computers (1961–62). Then SIOUX (Sequential Iterative Operation UnitX groups) is presented for control of operation mode (Initial Condition, Operate, Hold) of integrators on analogue computers. SIOUX is suitable for most-slow analogue computers. An hybrid-block diagram language is mentioned, proposed by CETIS, for programming hybrid computations. At last a mention is made of hybrid applications which have already been done on CETIS computers. Part III One starts discussing the comparison between problem solution via digital and via analogue techniques, considering latest developments of both techniques. The difference is studied between the concept of simulation and the concept of computation and modifications are mentioned which are going, to arise in systematic manmachine approaches. Experiences are mentioned, done at CETIS, in comparing, analogue and digital integration subroutines. One gives a forecast for future generations of analogne computers.

Computer Processing of Hydrologic and Geologic Dataa

AbstractThe computer is a tool to extend our capabilities for using the ever‐increasing mass of available scientific information. Hydrologic and geologic data are being assembled in great quantity and the quantity and complexity of data collected in the future undoubtedly will increase.This paper points out some of the applications that have been used for computer processing of data in solving hydrologic and geologic problems. As a specific example of the progress that has been made in this field, the ADP work of the U. S. Geological Survey is summarized.A Survey committee recently developed 16 punchcards, a well‐schedule form for recording and coding data in the field, and a manual of instructions for machine‐processing of hydrologic data. During 1964, three Water Resources offices of the Survey started experimental use of the well‐inventory and water‐quality cards and forms, and the Hydrologic Laboratory began use of punchcards and evaluation of microfilm aperture cards for storage of information. For those who are considering use of ADP in processing of hydrologic and geologic data, the paper concludes with a discussion of items to consider prior to initiation of a system. A list of references providing greater detail on application of ADP systems is included.

A fast, punched-card readout system for pulse-height analyzers

The application of digital computer techniques to the analysis of pulse height spectra is one of the important areas of development of gamma-ray scintillation spectrometry. As a result, an increasing interest has developed in techniques for coupling the pulse height analyzer to the computer. An IBM-523 gang summary punch, in conjunction with a specially built buffer unit is used to provide punched card readout from a 256-channel pulse height analyzer. Complete readout is accomplished in 12 sec. The use of punched cards contributes the additional advantages of an easily organized data file and ready accessibility to the data. The card-punch buffer unit is capable of converting binary-coded decimal notation (BCD) to binary notation of seven record-identification and information words into the punch card readout, along with the 256 words of pulse height data.

Pseudomonas--an attempt at a general classification.

SUMMARY: On the basis of the characterization of 126 strains representing 46 different species of Pseudomonas and 6 species of Aeromonas obtained from different culture collections, a proposal for the taxonomy of the genus Pseudomonas is made. By using various old and new diagnostic methods some 90 different morphological and cultural characters, many obtained by modification of methods and media, were investigated. The iodoacetate test was developed to distinguish between oxidative and fermentative utilization of glucose. Results were evaluated by the use of punched cards and by the method of strips. The relationships between the established species of Pseudomonas and Aeromonas were shown by using an Adansonian principle and by taxonomic models. On the basis of the results obtained proposals for the definition of the genus Pseudomonas and for re-descriptions of Pseudomonas species are given and the relations to related genera are shown. In the definition of the genus Pseudomonas an attempt to find a more general principle for subdivision within the genus was based on the type of glucose utilization and on the relationships of the species expressed in some other features. This proposal about the taxonomy of pseudomonads is compared with that of Rhodes (1959).

A successful application of punched cards in subject indexing

AbstractA description is given of the successful application of punched‐card technique in the rapid preparation of a subject index to a voluminous technical work. The use of punched cards permitted rapid and inexpensive preparation of numerous preliminary and partial drafts of the index which greatly facilitated the tasks of coordination and editing.

Punch Cards for Motility Records

In a preliminary report on the use of punch cards for motility records made two years ago [A.M.A.Arch Ophth.59:603-606 (April) 1958], a scheme was described which utilized three McBee Keysort cards (5×7% in., five holes to the inch). It had been necessary to use three cards because of the impossibility of getting the desired data on one card, even the largest size with double rows of holes. We had been warned of the disadvantages of a multiple card system but had decided that it was unavoidable. We have now had enough experience with the cards to justify certain conclusions. The flattering number of inquiries, including several from foreign countries, that followed the preliminary report, indicate so much interest in this project that I feel justified in again hurrying into print in the hope of saving others time and money, since any system of punch cards that we have

Complete system for electrocardiogram processing applicable to mechanical sorting.

The purpose of the system here described is to expedite the filing, recall, and study of electrocardiograms by the use of punch cards and a code. The three basic components of the system are a combination request, interpretation, and billing form, a standard punch card, and a four-digit code. The code supplies a number to match every possible electrocardiographic diagnosis. Since each punch card has 80 columns, there is room for 17 boxes of four digits each, to represent as many as 17 different diagnoses, in addition to necessary identifying data. Experience with the processing of more than 14,000 electrocardiograms showed that this system greatly increases the speed and ease with which records of individual patients are recalled or large numbers of records are studied for research purposes.

Statistics on cylinder wear in marine diesel engines

A description of the United Steamship Company's efforts to elucidate statistically the problems in connection with cylinder wear in marine diesel engines, by the use of punched cards and electronic digital computers. Further, some hypotheses concerning the causes of cylinder wear and the way to overcome it are given.