Use Of Petri Nets Research Articles

REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF PREVIOUS RESEARCH IN THE FIELD OF CYBER PROTECTION OF THE INFORMATION SPACE OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

The article considers the prerequisites for the formation of a secure information and educational environment of a modern university. Publications of domestic and leading foreign studies were analyzed. An overview and analysis of previous research in the field of cybersecurity of the information space of educational institutions was carried out. The analysis of publications published on this topic was carried out. The analysis confirmed the relevance of the problem of further development of models for VHS in the tasks of continuous mutual investment of the system of higher education institutions. Analysis of publications based on the results of research on the use of Petri nets to describe the model of cyber threats of informatization objects was carried out. Although these works make a significant theoretical contribution to this task, in our opinion, the programmatic implementation of the models proposed by the authors, in particular, The an in the ICIS and ICS on ICS, is somewhat difficult. This, in turn, requires additional research.

Petri Nets for the Iterative Development of Interactive Robotic Systems

We argue for the use of Petri nets as a modeling language for the iterative development process of interactive robotic systems. Petri nets, particularly Timed Colored Petri nets (TCPNs), have the potential to unify various phases of the development process-design, specification, simulation, validation, implementation, and deployment. We additionally discuss future directions for creating a domain-specific variant of TCPNs tailored specifically for HRI systems development.

Modelling and measuring complexity of traditional and ancient technologies using Petri nets.

Technologies and their production systems are used by archaeologists and anthropologists to study complexity of socio-technical systems. However, there are several issues that hamper agreement about what constitutes complexity and how we can systematically compare the complexity of production systems. In this work, we propose a novel approach to assess the behavioural and structural complexity of production systems using Petri nets. Petri nets are well-known formal models commonly used in, for example, biological and business process modelling, as well as software engineering. The use of Petri nets overcomes several obstacles of current approaches in archaeology and anthropology, such as the incompatibility of the intrinsic sequential logic of the available methods with inherently non-sequential processes, and the inability to explicitly model activities and resources separately. We test the proposed Petri net modelling approach on two traditional production systems of adhesives made by Ju/'hoan makers from Nyae, Namibia from Ammocharis coranica and Ozoroa schinzii plants. We run simulations in which we assess the complexity of these two adhesive production systems in detail and show how Petri net dynamics reveal the structural and behavioural complexity of different production scenarios. We show that concurrency may be prevalent in the production system of adhesive technologies and discuss how changes in location during the process may serve to control the behavioural complexity of a production system. The approach presented in this paper paves the way for future systematic visualization, analysis, and comparison of ancient production systems, accounting for the inherent complex, concurrent, and action/resource-oriented aspects of such processes.

APPLICATION OF CONTROL PETRI NETS FOR PROCESSING BODY PARTS

The article deals with the interpretation of control nets (SN), which is based on secure Petri nets(SPN). The rationale for the use of Petri nets in solving problems of mechanical engineering technologyis given. On the example of the problem of the efficient use of production resources, the capabilities ofSN are demonstrated, a comparison is made with models based on secure Petri nets. The possibility ofmodeling parallel processes for processing complex parts based on SPN is considered.

Challenges in Application of Petri Nets in Manufacturing Systems

Petri nets are a useful mathematical formalism for specification of manufacturing systems, supported by various analysis and verification methods. The progress made in automating control systems and the widespread use of Industry 4.0 pose a number of challenges to their application, starting from the education at university level and ending with modelling of real case studies. The paper aims to present and analyse the most relevant challenges and opportunities related to the use of Petri nets as a modelling technique of manufacturing systems. The review of the literature is primarily based on the years 2019–2020 to reflect the current state of the art. The newest approaches to deadlock prevention and recovering, but also other important analysis problems and difficulties in modelling real industrial processes are discussed. Trends for the future are also identified.

Моделирование образовательных процессов на основе нейронечетких темпоральных сетей Петри

The article is devoted to the implementation of a method for modeling processes in complex educational systems based on the proposed variety of neuro-fuzzy temporal Petri nets. The article considers educational systems of the level of higher educational institutions, which, of course, belong to the class of complex systems. The need for a method, models and modeling tools is dictated by the fact that modern educational processes require constant modernization, due to the constantly growing volumes of information, changes in legislation, stricter requirements for specialists, rapid development of technologies, constant discoveries in various fields, as well as the influence of external factors. Requirements for the tools for modeling processes in complex systems are formulated, the use of Petri nets as the basis of such models is substantiated. The existing educational processes are considered on the example of the cycle of training in the master's program of the Belarusian-Russian University. The model of educational and information-analytical learning processes in the master's program based on the neuro-fuzzy temporal Petri net is presented. The proposed method allows to increase the flexibility of the choice of individual trajectories of training in the master's program, the effectiveness of elective disciplines and to make the transition to an integrated approach in the preparation of undergraduates. The proposed method can also be used as a basis for monitoring the state and control of information and analytical processes in educational systems. An approach to the construction of software-instrumental environment for the design and modification of information-analytical processes is described, aimed, among other things, at bridging the semantic gap between experts, architects and developers of information-analytical processes. A subsystem for the formation of a neuro-fuzzy temporal model of processes within the framework of a software-instrumental environment is considered.

Contributions of Petri Nets to the Reliability and Availability of an Electrical Power System in a Big European Hospital - A Case Study

The energy power supply infrastructure of a hospital, to function correctly, needs to be well maintained to ensure its reliability and, by consequence, the maximum integrated availability. In this paper, the authors propose the use of Petri Nets to help the improvement of the electric power system reliability, having as a case study a big European Hospital. The purpose of the research is to identify and analyse the potential failures of the system and to suggest solutions to improve the operations and maintenance to maximise the availability and reliability of those assets through possible and objective answers. It was necessary to develop a diagnosis and planning methodology to assess the reliability of several components of the energy power supply system. It is dynamic modelling based on a block diagram of the system and transposed to representation by Petri Nets. The analysis and the simulation of the discrete events of the system, as well as the visualisation of the process functioning and the communications inside, was made. Additionally, they were referred to other approaches, like the Fuzzy Petri Nets and Stochastic Petri Nets, as well as a future balance about its application in a situation like the analysed in this paper

Management of operational and calendar planning of experimental and serial machine-building production based on the use of petri nets

The article deals with the management methods of serial and experimental production based on the application of Petri net modelling methods in the operational and calendar planning of the manufacturing of machine-building products. The proposed management model, in contrast to existing analogues, allows making a set of management rules, analysing the relationships formed in the process of pilot production and its structure, as well as organizing optimal production according to the criterion to minimize the costs.

Availability modeling and estimation of Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit using generalized Stochastic Petri Nets

PurposeThe purpose of this paper to present a practical and systematic approach to estimate the availability of a process plant using generalized stochastic Petri nets (GSPNs). The actual live problem at a fluid catalytic cracking unit (FCCU) of a refinery is used to demonstrate this approach.Design/methodology/approachA majority of models used for estimation of availability of a complex system are based on the assumptions that the failure of the system is associated with only a few states, and the system does not face different operating conditions, repair actions and common-cause failures. In reality, this is often not the case. Therefore, it is necessary to construct more sophisticated models without such assumptions. In this paper, an attempt has been made to model interaction of component failures, partial failures of components and common-cause failures.FindingsThe superiority of this approach over other modeling approaches such as fault tree and Markov analysis is demonstrated. The proposed GSPN is a promising tool that can be conveniently used to model and analyze any complex systems.Practical implicationsGSPN was used to model the reactor-regenerator section of FCCU, which is quite a large system, which shows the strength of modeling capability. The use of Petri nets (PNs) for modeling complex systems for the purpose of availability assessment is demonstrated in this paper. Sensitivity analysis was also carried out for various subsystem/components.Originality/valueNo similar work has been conducted for FCCU using GSPN as per literature incorporating different operating conditions and common-cause failures. The understanding and usage of PNs require a steep learning curve for the practitioners, and this paper provides an approach to estimate availability measures for the complex system.

METHODS FOR PRESENTING PETRI NETS MODELING RESULTS OF PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

The article considers the issues of presenting the results of simulation experiments with models based on Petri nets for a researcher. The need for a qualitative review of the applied methods for visualizing Petri nets of both the processes themselves and the modeling results has been identified and justified. An analysis of publications on the subject of Petri nets allowed us to conclude that the visualization of such models and the results of their modeling is a known weak point. It is this factor that significantly limits the use of Petri nets as a tool for solving practical problems. The characteristic features of the calendar planning problem and the applied forms of presenting the results of its solution are analyzed. Based on the analysis of literary sources and empirical data, the feasibility of solving the planning problem on the basis of preliminary simulation modeling by Petri nets is substantiated. The method of automatic formation of Gantt diagrams is formalized. The mechanisms for identifying the state of system resources by transitions of the network model are determined. In developing the approach, the attributes and characteristics of its elements already existing in the simulation network model were used to the maximum. An example of using the proposed approach based on the model of a typical robotic technological complex is given. According to the results of the experiment, it was revealed that the software implementation of the described formal rules does not significantly affect the speed of model simulation for the presented robotic system. The proposed approach has the same versatility as the mathematical apparatus used timed Petri nets. This allows us to describe the results of modeling systems and processes of different types, for example, transport or information. An important advantage of the implemented mechanism for the connection of Petri nets and Gantt diagrams is the transfer of the dynamic nature of networks to the process analysis procedures based on diagrams. There is also the possibility of introducing stochastic characteristics of the processes both in the simulation model and in the generated Gantt diagram. The direction of further research on the topic of the article may be the application and corresponding refinement of the obtained formal rules for simulating a network with identification of resources for other classes of Petri nets often used in practice, for example, color Petri nets or E-nets.

Understanding Petri Nets in Health Sciences Education: The Health Issue Network Perspective.

Scarce literature exists as to the use of Petri Nets (PN) to model the dynamic evolution of health issues in a deterministic way. Starting from the HIN (Health Issue Network) approach, the paper aims at describing the suitability of PN in supporting the Case-Based Learning method for improving an educational simulation environment in which students can manage realistic clinical data related to the evolution of a patient's health state over time.

Applying Interval Fuzzy Petri Net to Failure Analysis

In this article, the authors propose a new approach for modelling and failure analysis by combining the graphical representation provided by Petri nets and fuzzy logic. The graphical method is used for describing the relationship between conditions and events. The use of Petri nets in failure analysis enables replacing logic gate functions in fault trees. The Fuzzy logic technique allows natural language descriptions of process entities as well as an if-then rule-based definition of production. In addition, this study devises an alternative, a trapezoidal graph method in order to account for failure scenarios. Examples validating this novel method in dealing with failure analysis are also provided.

Petri net based multi-robot task coordination from temporal logic specifications

We propose a methodology for enforcing a set of coordination rules onto a multi-robot system, based on the use of Petri nets to model the team of robots, safe linear temporal logic to specify a set of coordination rules to be enforced, and supervisory control theory to synthesise a supervisor that enforces the coordination rules. We introduce a composition algorithm that allows us to build a Petri net that represents the largest restriction of the team behaviour that still satisfies the specification. Such a Petri net can be interpreted as a candidate for a supervisor, for which one needs to verify admissibility. We present a general verification procedure for this problem. We also present a syntactic restriction to safe linear temporal logic that guarantees admissibility of the composition a priori. We finish by providing an illustrative example, where we show how the use of temporal logic allows the designer to write the specifications intuitively, and the use of Petri nets allows us to tackle the large state spaces and high concurrency associated with multi-robot systems.

Применение сетей Петри для исследования сетевых систем управления

The use of communication networks in control systems has several important advantages, such as the ability of information transfer and remote control of various objects, the possibility of modifications and maintenance. On the other hand, the time between reading measurements from the sensor and sending a control signal to the actuator depends on the network characteristics (topology and routing scheme), and such a time delay can greatly affect the overall network performance. Delays, distortions and loss of transmitted data not only degrade the performance of the network management system, but also destabilize it. The paper considers the use of Petri nets as a method for modeling networked control systems (NCS) on the example of designing an active suspension control system for a car. When modeling, the star and common bus topologies were used, the comparison of which revealed that control systems with the common bus topology function 40% faster than systems with the star topology.

Использование сетей Петри при проектировании архитектуры программного продукта для анализа данных с помощью нейронных сетей

Использование сетей Петри при проектировании архитектуры программного продукта для анализа данных с помощью нейронных сетей

ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ІНГІБІТОРНИХ МЕРЕЖ ПЕТРІ ДЛЯ ПОБУДОВИ АВТОМАТИЗОВАНОЇ СИСТЕМИ ОБЛІКУ ПАСАЖИРОПОТОКУ ГРОМАДСЬКОГО ТРАНСПОРТУ "РОЗУМНОГО" МІСТА

Визначено загальний тренд політичних ініціатив Європейського Союзу щодо модернізації та підвищення ефективності всіх сфер діяльності сучасних мегаполісів. Проведено аналіз базових принципів концепції "розумного" міста, спрямованих на оптимізацію транспортної системи сучасних міст. Доведено важливість дослідження пасажиропотоків громадського транспорту, результати якого можна використати для розроблення комплексу дій із вдосконалення організації наявних перевезень пасажирів на діючих маршрутах, а також для реорганізації транспортної мережі міста загалом. Здійснено аналіз засобів моделювання складних дискретних систем для побудови та дослідження моделей автоматизованої системи обліку пасажирів у громадському транспорті "розумного" міста. Доведено, що використання інгібіторних мереж Петрі забезпечує ефективніший процес моделювання, адже для побудови моделі на їх основі потрібно використати менше елементів мережі, що призводить до генерації чіткішого, зрозумілішого та легшого для аналізу графу досяжності станів мережі Петрі. Розроблено модель контролера збирання даних про пасажиропотік автоматизованої системи на основі інгібіторних мереж Петрі. Використання інгібіторних мереж Петрі дає змогу спростити структуру моделі, що призводить до зменшення обчислювальних ресурсів, які необхідні для реалізації моделі засобами персонального комп'ютера.

Petri nets and Automatic Control: A historical perspective

The goal of this paper is to overview the historical development of the field of Petri nets (PNs) from a Systems Theory and Automatic Control perspective. It is intentionally not meant to be comprehensive: we limit ourselves to outline, through selected representative topics, some of the conceptual issues studied in the literature. In a first part we retrace the emergence of some basic net concepts to provide a broad view of the family of PN formalisms. Then we focus, more specifically, on the use of Petri nets within Automatic Control. Discrete net models have been considered since the middle of the 70s and starting since the late 80s have also been used for addressing classical problems, such as supervisory and deadlock control, state estimation, diagnosis, and so on. The double benefit is the ability to model a larger class of systems and to provide efficient algorithms for solving certain of those problems. We also discuss new approaches based on continuous and hybrid nets, which have been developed within the Automatic Control community.

Stochastic Petri net-based modelling of the durability of renderings

Abstract In this study, a methodology to model and predict the life-cycle performance of building facades based on Stochastic Petri Nets is proposed. The proposed model evaluates the performance of rendered facades over time, evaluating the uncertainty of the future performance of these coatings. The performance of rendered facades is evaluated based on a discrete qualitative scale composed of five condition levels, established according to the physical and visual degradation of these elements. In this study, the deterioration is modelled considering that the transition times between these condition states can be modelled as a random variable with different distributions. For that purpose, a Stochastic Petri Nets model is used, as a formal framework to describe this problem. The model's validation is based on probabilistic indicators of performance, computed using Monte-Carlo simulation and the probability distribution parameters leading to better fit are defined as those maximizing the likelihood, computed using Genetic Algorithm. In this study, a sample of 99 rendered facades, located in Portugal, is analysed, and the degradation condition of each case study is evaluated through in-situ visual inspections. The model proposed allows evaluating: i) the transition rate between degradation conditions; ii) the probability of belonging to a given degradation condition over time; and iii) the mean time of permanence in each degradation condition. The use of Petri Nets shows to be more accurate than a more traditional approach based on Markov Chains, but also allows developing future research to consider different environmental conditions, maintenance actions or inspections, amongst other aspects of life-cycle analysis of existing assets.

Quantifying the advantage of a kitting system using Petri nets: a case study in Turkey, modeling, analysis, and insights

In case a paradigm is introduced to improve the operation of manufacturing systems, it is important to anticipate the performance of the system before expensive and time-consuming implementation. In this study, we provide the use of Petri nets in order to quantify the possible advantage of kitting feeding method in an assembly line through a case study. In particular, Petri nets have been developed through the integration of the resource-oriented and process-oriented modeling approaches and then a detailed quantitative analysis of the current and proposed system have been performed. The results and the analysis obtained from the Petri nets are used to give an idea about the anticipated performance of the proposed system before a possible implementation. Therefore, results can easily be used to aid decision-making.

Unmanned aerial vehicle safety assessment modelling through petri Nets

Currently we are facing an increasing trend of use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) in various activities both civilian and military. Although there is no legal framework for the operation of these systems, regulatory authorities require the demonstration of a safety level equivalent to manned aircraft. It is known the high vulnerability of the UAV not only to unexpected failures of their systems but also to the environment. The purpose of this paper is to present a safety assessment process modelling of a UAV by Petri Nets, that can be accepted by certifying bodies, considering the recommendations of STANAG 4671 UAV Airworthiness Requirements Specification (USAR) for analysis of fault conditions that lead to the most feared events. It is intended to show through the use of Petri Nets the frequency that the UAV enters the identified states described as most feared events; the ability of the UAV to react after being in a fault situation to the inputs of the operating crew in order to enhance trust and to facilitate the operation authorization process in UAV operations.The results obtained allowed to identify and to define critical areas and corrective actions that will lead to an acceptable level of risk for the regulatory authority.