Use Of Narcotic Drugs Research Articles

CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR DRUG USE AND DRUG INTOXICATION

The article is dedicated to the study of criminally punishable actions related to narcotics and psychotropic substances (manufacturing, acquisition, possession, transportation, dispatch, etc.), which are committed without the intent to sell and defined in Part 1 of Article 309 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine as forms of the objective side. The authors drew attention to practical situations where a person attempts to ingest (swallow) a purchased narcotic or psychotropic substance in order to evade criminal liability under Part 1 of Article 309 of the Criminal Code. When ingesting such a narcotic substance in non-public places, there is no criminal liability under Ukrainian legislation; only the presence of a public place allows for the qualification of the person’s actions under Article 316 of the Criminal Code. Also, there is no criminal liability when a person is in a public or non-public place in a state of “narcotic intoxication.” In the authors’ opinion, these are shortcomings of the criminal legislation that require correction by supplementing the objective side of Part 1 of Article 309 with new forms related to “drug use” (in any location, not just public) and “being under the influence of narcotics”. Based on the research findings, the authors proposed to present the objective side of Part 1 of Article 309 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine in the following wording: “Illegal production, manufacturing, acquisition, possession, transportation, dispatch, or use of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, or their analogues without the intent to sell, as well as being under the influence of narcotics, are punishable by...”. The authors’ proposed amendment to Part 1 of Article 309 of the Criminal Code should function as a general criminal law norm regulating drug use in any location, while the existing Article 316, “Illegal Public Drug Use,” should remain a specific provision applied to cases of drug use in public places. In the authors’ opinion, expanding the content of the objective side in Part 1 of Article 309 by including additional forms will help ensure effective counteraction to drug-related behavior and will have a significant preventive impact on potential drug offenders.

Some aspects of non-medical use of narcotic substances

The article presents foreign data on the non-medical use of certain combinations of narcotic drugs, the range of their effects on the body of patients, as well as the development of state response measures and propaganda of the rejection of the use of narcotic drugs among populations at risk. It is noted that the use of narcotic drugs without medical indications is a global public health problem. In addition to the negative impact on health, the use of narcotic drugs aggravates existing mental illnesses, and on the other hand, the presence of mental pathology accelerates the formation of drug addiction.

Gambaran Penggunaan Obat Narkotika di Depo Farmasi Rawat Jalan Rumah Sakit X Kota Pekanbaru

Narcotics are substances or drugs derived from plants, either synthetic or semi-synthetic, which are used to relieve pain and can cause addiction. Narcotics use requires stricter supervision to avoid drug abuse. The aim of this research is to determine the description of the use of narcotics drugs hospital X Pekanbaru city Outpatient Pharmacy Depot for the period August - October 2022. This research is descriptive and data collection was carried out retrospectively. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. The results of research on the use of narcotic drugs conducted in the period August – October 2022 showed that based on gender, there were 107 prescriptions for men (48.2%) and 115 prescriptions for women (51.8%). Narcotics use based on age was highest in patients over 45 years old with 84 prescriptions (37.84%). The most commonly prescribed use based on the name of the preparation was codeine 15mg with 2,003 tablets (47.05%). The highest use based on prescriptions from specialist doctors was lung specialist doctors with 102 prescriptions (45.94%).

Structural changes of pancreatic components under the conditions of long-time exposure to opioid in the experiment

Use of narcotic drugs in clinical practice for the purpose of obtaining analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects requires a comprehensive morphological study of the peculiarities of structural arrangement of organs under the conditions of exposure to opioids. The aim of our study was to establish the peculiarities of restructuring of the structural components of the pancreas under the conditions of long-time exposure to opioids in the experiment. The study included 24 adult laboratory white male rats. The test animals were divided into 2 groups, the experimental and control ones. The experimental animals were daily administered narcotic analgesic nalbuphine intramuscularly (once a day in the same interval) for four weeks, and the control animals were administered saline solution. The following research methods were used: bloodstream injection followed by translucence of sections of the pancreas and their photographing, morphometry of the vessels of the pancreatic hemomicrocirculatory bed, histological, histochemical studies and electron microscopy of the pancreas, blood biochemistry test; statistical processing of the study results using a software package. After four weeks of opioid exposure, lesion of the pancreatic parenchyma microstructure was observed, manifested by swelling and infiltration by lymphocytes and macrophages of the pancreatic connective tissue stroma, disorganization of the exo- and endocrine parts of the parenchyma, deep destructive changes in the excretory ducts, as well as in the vessels of the hemo- and lympho-microcirculatory bed of the pancreas. At the ultrastructural level, deep dystrophic changes of exo- and endocrinocytes of the pancreas were identified, in particular, loss of regular shape, karyopyknosis and karyorrhexis of the nuclei, swelling and clearing of cytoplasm, development of microcystic degeneration of cells, loosening and disorganization of the basement membrane, which can result in impairment of exocrine function of the pancreas and complication of the process of secretory granules excretion into the lumen of the intercalated ducts. A significant decrease, compared to the control group, in the diameter of arterioles, density of exchange vessels network, as well as increase in the diameter of venules, the indicator of trophic activity of the tissue, are the evidence of destructive changes in the hemomicrocirculatory bed of the pancreas under the effects of nalbuphine. Significant changes in blood biochemistry parameters (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase) after a four-week administration of nalbuphine are illustrative of the process of pancreatic tissue destruction. Therefore, four-week administration of opioid leads to profound changes in the micro- and ultrastructure of the pancreas, vessels of its hemomicrocirculatory bed, and blood biochemistry parameters in experimental white rats.

Совершенствование законодательства о борьбе с пропагандой употребления и распространения наркотических средств и психотропных веществ

The purpose of the work is to develop proposals for optimizing measures aimed at preventing the spread and popularization of the use of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances on the territory of the Russian Federation. The methodological basis of the study was the logical, dialectical method, the method of theoretical forecasting and theoretical research. Conclusions: the authors come to the conclusion that it is necessary to expand the concept of ‘propaganda’ of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. It is proposed to amend the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses and the Federal Law ‘On Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances’ in order to determine the illegal nature of covert propaganda and advertising of the use and distribution of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. The scientific and practical significance of the work lies in substantiating the need for reforms of the current institutional and legal framework, as well as improving forms of counteraction to criminal groups specializing in the production and sale of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.

Особенности осуществления наркоконтроля в Швейцарии

Purpose: to analyze the legislative regulation and public policy of the Swiss Confederation regarding control over the circulation and use of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, as well as practical aspects of the implementation of this control. Research methods: the methodological basis of the study is to use a systematic method, an analysis method, as well as formal legal and technical legal methods. Conclusions: as a result of the research work, a conclusion was drawn: the ‘four pillars’ policy allows the Swiss Confederation to exercise effective control over the circulation and use of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. Scientific and practical significance: the results of the study can be used to improve the legislative regulation of control over the circulation and use of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances in other countries, including the Russian Federation.

Study of Efficiency and Reliability of Conventional Techniques for examination of Cannabis received in the Laboratory

Illicit use of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances is becoming a major problem in India. People from different age groups are consuming illicit drugs and experiencing dependence and addiction problem. Cannabis is one such drug, a flowering plant having psychoactive nature due to presence of different cannabinoids. Its analysis in stepwise manner is essential for recognition. The forensic analysis is performed by using various techniques such as microscopy, chromatography, spectroscopy, etc. Currently, the forensic examination of cannabis is more focused on qualitative analysis in preliminary examination though quantitative analysis is also important which can play a major role in investigation. The present study focuses on analysis of cannabis sativa by color test, thin layer chromatography, UV visible spectroscopy and IR spectroscopy. Estimation of limit of detection for all methods for cannabis is the prime goal. According to the study, LoD for Fast Blue B and Duquenois Levine test is found to be 0.001 mg/mL and 0.125 mg/mL, respectively while LoD for thin layer chromatography and UV visible spectrophotometry is observed to be 0.5 mg/mL. and 0.10 mg/mL, respectively. The study helps to determine the sensitivity of all above mentioned techniques for cannabis examination along with its functional group identification.

Clinical Symptoms of the Systemic Inflammatory Response in Acute Severe Poisoning by Agents Affecting the Central Nervous System

Relevance. Currently, acute poisoning with substances affecting the central nervous system in the general structure of exogenous intoxications accounts for up to 50-60% of cases, of which up to 25% are severe and extremely severe lesions leading to the formation of critical conditions and requiring intensive care (Bonitenko E.Yu. et al., 2018; Luzhnikov E.A. et al., 2016; Bohnert A.S. et al., 2019; Muller D. et al., 2017; Taheri F. et al., 2015). The causes of widespread acute poisoning include the uncontrolled use of various medicines in everyday life, suicidal attempts, as well as the use of narcotic drugs for the purpose of drug intoxication (Rokhlina M.L., 2019; Nordstrom D. L. et al., 2017; Taheri F. et al., 2018). The severity of the condition of patients with acute severe poisoning by drugs affecting the central nervous system is due to pronounced disorders of the functions of various organs and body systems due to the specific action of xenobiotics (Luzhnikov E.A. et al., 2016), as well as developing hypoxia (Livanov G.A. et al., 2014; Hashemian M. et al., 2016), leading to the development of life-threatening complications, which often determines the outcome of chemical trauma.

Мониторинг результатов химико-токсикологических исследований наркотических средств в Свердловской области в 2021-2023 годах

Introduction. Rapid changes are taking place in the illegal drug market, characterized by dominant positions of new psychoactive substances. In order to describe the structure of the consumption of narcotic drugs and other psychoactive substances in the Sverdlovsk region, it is relevant to study the data obtained during chemical-toxicological researches as part of a medical examination for intoxication, in laboratory diagnostics of acute poisoning and forensic chemical examinations. Aim of the study. Retrospective assessment of the detection of cases of use of various types of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and new psychoactive substances during chemical-toxicological and forensic chemical studies in the Sverdlovsk Region in 2021-2023. Materials and methods. Logical, retrospective, comparative and content analysis of data from the results of chemical and toxicological studies of the Regional Narcological Clinic (Ekaterinburg), Sverdlovsk Regional Clinical Psychiatric Hospital and Psychiatric Hospital No. 7 for 2021-2023 was carried out. Statistical processing of the results was performed using MS Excel for Windows and Statistica for Windows. Results. The leading position among the substances detected during a medical examination for intoxication is occupied by synthetic cathinones and cannabinoids. The largest number of acute poisonings is associated with the use of narcotic drugs, psychostimulating substances (α‑pyrrolidinovalerophenone and mephedrone), as well as opiates and opioids. Discussion. A retrospective analysis of the results of chemical and toxicological studies of biological fluids of drug users showed that the detectability of various compounds changes over time in the Sverdlovsk region according to data for 2021-2023. During a medical examination for intoxication and during the diagnosis of acute poisoning, «traditional» narcotic drugs are still identified in all areas of chemical and toxicological research, but at present new psychoactive substances of synthetic origin predominate in illegal circulation. Conclusion. Analysis of the results of chemical-toxicological in the Sverdlovsk region in 2021–2023 allowed us to conclude that the detection of new psychoactive substances is prevalent while the detection of «traditional» drugs is stable.

Forensic mental health assessments of juvenile misdemeanor cases involving demoralization (status offenses) and delinquency

PurposeThe role of evidence-based psychological knowledge in cases of juvenile offending is essential to make appropriate decisions relating to youth who violate legal or social norms, as it carries implications for treatment, intervention and practice. Psychological expert opinions therefore need to meet high formal and methodological requirements while maintaining ethical standards. The purpose of this study is to investigate psychological expert opinions in cases of juvenile misbehavior reported to regional courts in Poland. Juvenile court proceedings concern cases of demoralization and/or delinquent offenses. Demoralization is a legal concept described in the Act of June 9, 2022 on juvenile support and resocialization. This concept was not defined; it was only described through examples of behaviors indicating demoralization. These include the following: violations of the principles of community life; evading compulsory education or schooling; use of alcohol, narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their precursors, substitutes or new psychoactive substances; and prostitution.Design/methodology/approachTo reach these goals, court records of juvenile cases in six district courts (N = 253) were gathered and analyzed. A semistructured questionnaire was used to examine the cases in which psychologists were appointed and to analyze the procedures used by these experts for assessing adolescents and their families.FindingsFindings revealed that family judges appoint psychologists both in cases of “demoralization” (i.e. status offenses) and in cases of juvenile delinquency. The opinions were delivered by psychologists who were mostly members of diagnostic teams. Results indicate that such opinions generally comply with the minimal standards recommended by the Ministry of Justice, yet a few problems were observed with the determination of levels of demoralization.Originality/valueThe limitations of diagnostic tools used by psychologists are discussed, and recommendations for future practice are provided.

Neodymium long-pulse laser as a monotherapy for unaesthetic vessels of various locations: a series of clinical observations

The article presents a series of clinical cases describing the successful use of the long-pulse neodymium laser in removing unaesthetic reticular veins and telangiectasia of various locations. The first two cases demonstrated reticular varicose veins of the lower limbs in female patients with a fear of injections, which were treated without compression garments and ecchymoses with excellent effect. The outcome of treatment was comparable with that of classical sclerotherapy. The third case showed a successful laser removal of large telangiectasias on the hands, which developed following the long-term use of injection narcotic drugs as part of trophovegetoneurosis. Such pathology is rare for medical practice and approaches to its treatment have not been developed. The fourth case showed large telangiectasias of the buccal and zygomatic regions A good effect after the use of a large diameter spot in that area was demonstrated. The fifth case demonstrated the treatment of the veins in the buccal region, including the vein curving over the mandibular angle. The outcome of the treatment allowed to evaluate not only the aesthetic effect of the procedure, but also the severity of side effects in that area. In the sixth case, the periorbital vein, which divides into two branches, was investigated. The treatment was successful despite the different structure of the vein wall and depth of occurrence. The seventh case demonstrated the removal of large temporal veins. The outcome of treatment was presented on the following day, reflecting the degree of visual discomfort in the early post-procedure period. The final outcome a month after treatment was also demonstrated. In conclusion, the eighth case demonstrated the effectiveness of the treatment of scattered small red telangiectasias on the face using a long-pulse neodymium laser.

Pharmacological correction of neurological disorders in the relief of alcohol withdrawal syndrome

Among the existing addictions, the greatest medical and social problems are created by chemical dependencies associated with the use of alcohol, narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. Neurological disorders in alcoholism are distinguished by the multifactorial nature of their genesis. Pharmacological correction of potential neurological disorders in alcohol users should be considered from the perspective of prescribing drugs with polymodal effects, which justifies the search for the most promising and effective means of pharmacological correction of mental and somatoneurological consequences of alcoholism. The aim of the study was to analyze the dynamics of neurological symptoms under the control of laboratory indicators of toxic liver damage to assess the effectiveness of complex pharmacotherapy of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. 40 patients (average age 43.2±7.2 years) who are being treated for alcohol withdrawal syndrome were examined. A neurological examination and a study of blood biochemical parameters were carried out to assess the functional state of the liver. Neurological organic symptom complex was detected in all observed patients and was a diffuse focal symptomatology associated with cerebral and polyneuritic disorders. Laboratory indicators of the functional state of the liver in patients taking morpholinium- methyl-triazolyl-thioacetate orally showed a statistically significant difference before and after therapy, in the absolute majority of cases positive hemodynamic dynamics and regression of neurological symptoms were observed. Morpholinium-methyl-triazolyl-thioacetate has polymodal effects and can be used not only for alcoholic hepatitis, but also for the correction of cardiological and neurological disorders associated with alcoholic liver damage. It is advisable to consider Thiotriazoline® as a means of choice in the complex therapy of alcoholic liver damage in the outpatient unit.

Substance Use, Pharmacotherapy and Impact of Pharmacotherapy for Renal System: A Review

Increase of the substance abuse, especially narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, is a major challenge faced by entire region of the world. The use of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances without medical supervision is associated with significant health risks to the individual who depend on drugs. Therefore, providing of proper treatment services and interventions is important and it must be based on scientific evidence, and match the specific needs of individual patients at a particular phase or severity of their disorder. As a part of that medications can be very helpful in managing and/or treating a variety of drug use disorders and health conditions due to drug use, such as acute intoxication and overdose, withdrawal syndromes, as well as a variety of comorbid disorders. Pharmacological interventions should be administered, when appropriate, alongside psychosocial interventions. Majority of these abusive drugs, medications or their metabolites are excreted through the kidneys. Therefore renal complications including wide range of glomerular, interstitial and vascular diseases leading to acute or chronic renal failure of these drugs are very common. The present review discusses the possible renal complications associated with pharmacotherapy

Adjudication and Treatment of Narcotic Drug Offenders in Ghana

Narcotic drug trafficking is a criminal and punishable offence in every country the world over. The use of certain narcotic drugs, on the other hand (especially marijuana), has been legalised in some countries, but under strict regulations. Like other countries, and as a signatory to the United Nations Conventions on narcotic drugs, Ghana has implemented severe punitive sanctions for narcotic drug-related offences to deter people from engaging in this crime. This paper assesses in detail the legal regime dealing with the adjudication and treatment of narcotic drug offenders in Ghana. It reveals that narcotic-related offences carry severe sentences including fines, imprisonment, or both fine and imprisonment. However, as narcotic drug use is currently deemed a public health issue, offenders may be sentenced to treatment facilities rather than imprisonment. Such treatment may be received in either a public or a private facility, and involves a combination of evidence-based and faith-based approaches.

Cancer pain: way to overcome

Cancers are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Cancer itself or cancer treatment often causes pain which can affectthe quality of life. Cancer pain management is an essential part of cancer treatment and palliative care. Cancer patients may require pain management at any stage of their disease, not only at the end. Expert opinion and statistics from country experiences from numerous low-income countries, where treatment coverage is typically inadequate or non-existent, indicate that around 80% of cancer patients feel moderate or severe pain that lasts on average 90 days. As a result, cancer pain is a major source of avoidable unnecessary suffering. Cancer pain management plans often involve pharmacological and nonpharmacological therapies and psycho-social and spiritual support. Palliative care and pain management are critical components of Universal Health Care. The medical use of narcotic drugs is essential for the treatment of pain and suffering. Therefore appropriate provisions must be made to assure their availability for such purposes. Some obstacles exist that limit the appropriate management of cancer-related discomfort. Communication difficulties, lack of pain management training and education, ethnic/cultural/ religious disparities, opiophobia among health professionals and the general public, and restricted availability to opioids are the primary barriers to successful cancer pain treatment. To combat cancer pain and reduce the suffering of these incurable people, education and training of health professionals on cancer pain management, provision of suitable holistic supports, opioids should be made accessible and available, and general awareness development are some examples. All government and nongovernment players must come forward and work together to win this battle. Bangladesh J Medicine 2023; Vol. 34, No. 2(1) Supplement: 187

Efectividad de la tabla de consumo de drogas en la identificación del narcotráfico, microtráfico y consumidor

The consumption table was established to, in addition to reducing the use of narcotic and psychotropic drugs, complement the classification of the crime of drug trafficking, since it is from its use that each type of trafficking can be classified based on the amounts of narcotics and their special characteristics. However, since its promulgation it has been widely questioned. Consequently, the objective set forth in this article is to critically review and from a qualitative point of view, the configuration of the table of substances, so that its influence and practicality in tracking micro-trafficking and drug trafficking in Ecuador can be impartially validated; in order to identify the types of consumers that require assistance for their rehabilitation, and mentioning their impact in relation to the current situation in the country, considering the current regulations, especially aimed at leaving the criminal figure as non-punishable in the case of people who, due to the amounts they carry in their body, can be classified as consumers. This is achieved through a qualitative methodological approach and with the application of methods such as analytical-synthetic and inductive.

The relationship between being in places intended for the use of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances – A descriptive and analytical study

يرتبط التواجد في الأماكن المعدة لتعاطي المخدرات، والمؤثرات العقلية بعلاقة وثيقة، إذ أن الواقعة الجرمية للتواجد في الأماكن المعدة لتعاطي المخدرات، والمؤثرات العقلية تعد متماثلةً من حيث التجريم، والعقوبة، ويهدف الباحث في دراسته إلى بيان القواعد، والأحكام القانونية ذات الصلة بالتواجد في الأماكن المعدَّة لتعاطي المخدرات، والمؤثرات العقلية من خلال اتباع المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، وقد توصل الباحث في هذه الدراسة إلى عدة نتائج، وتوصيات، حيث تتمثل أبرز نتائج البحث فيما يلي: أن تجريم التواجد في أماكن تعاطي المخدرات، والمؤثرات العقلية يعتبر من باب سد الذريعة المؤدية للتعاطي، والمتاجرة. تعتبر العلاقة بين التواجد في أماكن تعاطي المخدرات، والمؤثرات العقلية علاقة مشتركة من حيث التكييف القانوني، أو المسؤولية الجزائية. لا يوجد نص قانوني-فيما وقف عليه الباحث- يفرق بين التعاطي، والاستعمال في الأحكام المتعلقة بالمخدرات، والمؤثرات العقلية. تحقق المسؤولية الجزائية عند التواجد في أماكن تعاطي المخدرات، والمؤثرات العقلية، وذلك بتوافر الركن المادي، والمعنوي لجريمة التواجد في هذه الأماكن. العقوبة المقررة لجريمة التواجد في أماكن تعاطي المخدرات، والمؤثرات العقلية من العقوبات المخففة التي نصَّت عليها معظم القوانين؛ لكونها مقدمة للتعاطي، والمتاجرة. مراعاة استثناء بعض الفئات من إدراجهم ضمن حكم التواجد في أماكن تعاطي المخدرات، والمؤثرات العقلية بحكم قرابتهم اللصيقة بمن يقوم بتوفير أماكن التعاطي. وجاءت أبرز التوصيات كالتالي: إقامة الندوات، والمؤتمرات، والقيام بالأبحاث العلمية التي تبين مدى خطورة التواجد في أماكن تعاطي المخدرات، والمؤثرات العقلية. توعية المجتمع خاصة الفئة العمرية الصغيرة من الانزلاق في التواجد في الأماكن المشبوهة. مراجعة القوانين في التفريق بين التعاطي، والاستعمال للمخدرات، والمؤثرات العقلية، من حيث المدلول، والأثر. عمل الدراسات المقارنة المتعلقة بموضوع الدراسة، ونشرها على نطاق واسع لمزيد من الإثراء المعرفي. تتبع الأحكام القضائية ذات الارتباط بالتواجد في الأماكن المعدة لتعاطي المخدرات، والمؤثرات العقلية.

Peculiarities of functioning of the medical supply system for troops (forces) during the operation to force Georgia to peace in South Ossetia (august 7–12, 2008)

The activities of providing medical equipment to the troops (forces) participating in the operation to force Georgia to peace in South Ossetia (August 712, 2008) are presented. The functioning features of medical supply institutions and units on the eve and after the invasion of the military contingents of Georgia into South Ossetia are shown. The chronology of the activities of units and institutions of medical supply in the combat zone is outlined. The features of providing troops (forces) with medicines and blood products, disinfectants, and medical products are revealed. The purchase procedure, delivery routes, and creation of a reserve of the most demanded medical equipment, as well as the dispatch and repair of mobile medical equipment in preparation for an operation and during hostilities, have been determined. Owing to the professionalism of the medical service specialists of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation at all levels of military healthcare, a grouping of forces and means were quickly developed, including medical supply units, and institutions. The functioning issues on the system of providing medical supply to troops (forces) are indicated, considering the negative impact of objective and subjective factors and the characteristics of measures to optimize it based on the experience of medical support for troops (forces) during the operation to force Georgia to peace. The implementation of research and development improve the regulatory legal framework relating to the use of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances in combat conditions and the creation of modern models of complete and standard equipment: first-aid kits, medical bags, medical equipment sets, and medical, and styling sets. In general, organizing the provision of medical equipment to troops (forces) during the operation to force Georgia to peace in South Ossetia allowed the involved institutions and medical supply units to cope with the tasks. Medical supply specialists of all levels of military healthcare selflessly performed their professional duties. With their efforts, military medical organizations, formations, and military units were almost completely provided with medical equipment, which contributed to the timely and complete provision of medical care and treatment of the wounded (injured).

Current Prevalence of Substance Use Disorders and Its Dynamics in the Republic of Crimea: A Retrospective Study

Introduction: The study of the prevalence of narcological disorders is an integral part of the monitoring of the drug situation allowing identification of the main trends in the situation with the use of narcotic drugs. Objective: To analyze the level and structure of non-medical use of prescription drugs among the population of the Republic of Crimea and to assess their dynamics in 2020–2021. Materials and methods: The subject of the study was quantitative indicators characterizing the spread of drug use disorders in the Republic of Crimea. The information base of the study included data and materials of the Federal State Statistics Service and the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Crimea. We processed data of the statistical reporting documentation for 2020–2021, Forms No. 37, Information on patients with alcoholism, drug addiction, substance abuse, and No. 11, Incidence of substance use disorders. Incidence and prevalence rates were estimated per 100 thousand population. The data were analyzed in Microsoft Excel. Results: We established an increase in the incidence of substance use disorders in the Republic of Crimea in 2020–2021 from 38.3 to 42.9 per 100 thousand population (by 12.01 % in the year 2021 compared to 2020) and an increase in the overall incidence of drug addiction and abuse from 566.5 to 578.3 per 100 thousand population (2.08 %). We noted a slight decrease in opium addiction, transition to new synthetic drugs, and an increase in the proportion of a combined use of narcotic drugs. Males aged 20 to 59 years predominate among drug users. Conclusions: Our findings show a consistently high prevalence of non-medical use of prescription drugs among the population in the Republic of Crimea, an increase in the incidence and prevalence of drug addiction and in the number of doctor’s visits among drug abusers, and a growth of drug overdose deaths.

Methods of local anesthesia in postoperative anesthesia of oncosurgical operations on the nasopharynx in children

BACKGROUND: Postoperative analgesia should begin even in the operating room, so that at the time of awakening the patient does not experience pain and discomfort. The work is devoted to the problems of postoperative analgesia using local anesthesia techniques in oncosurgery of the nasopharynx in children.
 AIM: The aim of the study to analyze the primary results of the use of local anesthesia methods in postoperative analgesia in pediatric oncosurgery of the nasopharynx.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: A study was conducted in the immediate postoperative period (16 hours) in ten patients, whose average age was 14 years with ENT surgical pathology. The physical status of the children corresponded to the III class according to the ASA classification. The patients were divided into two equal groups of 5 people: the 1st group included children who, for the purpose of postoperative analgesia at the end of the surgical intervention, underwent conduction anesthesia of the nose from three points according to Weisblat; the 2nd group (comparison group) is represented by patients in whom infraorbital anesthesia was used after surgery. Non-invasive monitoring of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate was carried out. The oxygen status was monitored by pulse oximetry.
 RESULTS: The data obtained from the analysis of hemodynamic parameters, pain assessment by VAS (Visual Analog Scale) testified to the effectiveness of pain relief in patients in the study groups. The main hemodynamic parameters and pain assessment data for the groups were similar to each other and were within the reference values. There were differences in the duration of postoperative analgesia.
 CONCLUSIONS: The proposed methods of postoperative analgesia make it possible to abandon the use of narcotic drugs, synthetic opioid analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, but not excluding analgesics antipyretics. The positive first results of this study provide for the need for a further set of observations, possibly in different clinics due to the relative rarity of oncological pathology of the nasopharynx in childhood.