Use Of Loanwords Research Articles

外来語使用に係るスタイルの制約 : 「サポート」と既存語との使い分けにみる話者内バリエーション

外来語使用に係るスタイルの制約 : 「サポート」と既存語との使い分けにみる話者内バリエーション

Germanizmi u Narodnom listu od 1955. do 2005. godine

Language contacts have always been the result of historical and cultural contacts. German influence on the Croatian language has been going on for centuries. This paper shows the presence and use of loanwords taken from the German language with regard to the respective subject areas in specific volumes of the newspaper “Narodni list”, as well as adaptations of German loanwords on morphological and semantic levels. As a basis for the research of germanisms we used a weekly newspaper “Narodni list”, published in the period between 1955 and 2005. The results that we obtained show a great representation of germanisms in the selected years on the analyzed weekly newspaper.

Vagueness

The language of fashion is often set as the example of a field where the use of loanwords is common practice, but has seldom been worthy of scholarly analytical attention. At the same time, vagueness is usually regarded as an inherent characteristic in natural language, but, until recently, terminology relegated it, since the traditional approaches tended to prioritise accuracy and standardisation. With the help of a combined theoretical basis, a semantic theory and a pragmatic model, this paper brings together these two worlds in order to examine the English loanword ‘print’ in the domain of Spanish fashion, contrasting and comparing it with native near-equivalents. We conclude that the presence of this borrowed term, exclusively restricted to specialised fashion circles, cannot be motivated by its contribution to specificity, a characteristic that usually distinguishes loanwords from their semantic near-equivalents in the recipient language. The importance of ‘print’ lies in its unspecified, vague nature as a loan, which permits its adaptation to a variety of fashion contexts less appropriate for the more restricted denotation of the native terms.

Empréstimos em catálogos automotivos brasileiros: contribuição dos estudos descritivos da tradução à compreensão do fenômeno

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1984-8412.2016v13n2p1208Os materiais de divulgação de produtos difundidos no Brasil recorrem frequentemente ao uso de empréstimos. Os estudos disponíveis sobre esse fenômeno privilegiam geralmente um sistema linguístico apenas subestimando a importância da passagem de um sistema para outro, através da tradução. Por meio de métodos oriundos dos Estudos Descritivos da Tradução, analisamos a posição sistêmica dos catálogos da empresa Peugeot e identificamos padrões na utilização dos empréstimos encontrados no material divulgado no Brasil. Verificamos que a seleção dos modelos textuais traduzidos é mais determinante que a origem linguística dos empréstimos para explicar sua presença nos catálogos brasileiros. Esses resultados renovam significativamente as explicações clássicas a respeito dos empréstimos e permitem identificar o papel primordial das empresas multinacionais (inclusive empresas não anglo-saxônicas) como agentes de importação de itens lexicais estrangeiros no sistema linguístico brasileiro.

Loanwords in the Urban Meccan Hijazi Dialect: An Analysis of Lexical Variation according to Speakers’ Sex, Age and Education

<p>This study aims to investigate the degree of lexical variation in Urban Meccan Hijazi Arabic (UMH) by identifying the loan words that are commonly spoken in this dialect and determining from which languages they have been borrowed. Also, it explores the effect of social factors such as age, sex and educational level on the use of loan words by UMH speakers. For the purpose of the study, I designed a questionnaire and distributed it to eighty participants whose mother tongue is UMH. The sample consisted of three groups, namely, old and young, male and female and educated and uneducated participants. In order to provide answers to the research questions, the questionnaire was divided into two sections; section one investigates the participants’ background, i.e., their age, sex, educational level, how long have they been living in Mecca, etc., and section two examines their use of the loan words in UMH. The results revealed that in addition to some words that have been borrowed from Persian and Italian, most of the loan words found in UMH have been borrowed from Turkish. This could have resulted from the Ottoman occupation of Saudi Arabia for around 400 years, and the interaction with pilgrims who visit Mecca every year. Additionally, the results of the t-tests showed that the differences between the three groups (i.e., old vs. young, male vs. female and educated vs. uneducated) are statistically significant. This indicates that the three social factors play a crucial role in the participants’ use of the loan words in UMH. Finally, the study concludes with some recommendations for further research. <strong></strong></p>

Prevzeto besedje v jeziku komercialne radijske postaje (Radio City v Mariboru)

V prispevku je analiziran jezik na komercialni radijski postaji Radio City z vidika uporabe prevzetih besed s poudarkom na germanizmih. Slednji so predstavljeni glede na besednovrstno zastopanost, vpetost v slovenski jezikovni sistem ter z vidika socialnozvrstnih oznak v slovenskih normativnih priročnikih.

Nationalism and Linguistic Purism in ContemporaryJapan: National Sentiment Expressed through Public Attitudes towards Foreignisms

AbstractLinguistic purism is a term that refers to the urge to preserve a ‘desirable’ language form while eliminating ‘undesirable’ linguistic elements – a drive profoundly intertwined with nationalism. A particularly salient manifestation of this phenomenon is the controversy on the use of foreign loanwords. This article examines the contrasting expressions and metaphors used to describe the national language and foreignisms found in newspaper articles published in contemporaryJapan and argues that the growing tendency to discuss national language in contrast to foreignisms can be understood as a particular manifestation of ongoing (re)negotiation of national identity. Criticisms and praises of the use of loanwords are found to be grounded upon a desire to establish specific understandings of Japaneseness in reference to the otherness felt within a society that is symbolized by loanwords, constructing an ‘internal Other’ to a Japanese ‘Self’, the identity of which is neither autonomous nor clearly delineated.

Empréstimo lexical, conceptualização e variação: Para a abordagem sociocognitiva e socioletométrica dos estrangeirismos no português

This paper first advocates an onomasiological, concept-based and socio-cognitive approach to lexical borrowing, expanding the current loanword research from lexical items towards concepts. Second, it presents a corpusbased and concept-based sociolectometrical study on differences in the use of loanwords in European Portuguese and Brazilian Portuguese and their impact on diachronic lexical variation between the two national varieties. In the first part, the main topics and contributions of the Cognitive Sociolinguistic perspective on borrowability, and concept-based sociolectometrical methods of measuring variation in the success of loanwords are highlighted. In the second part, English and French loanwords in the field of football and clothing terminologies are analyzed through possible receptor Portuguese equivalents and advanced corpus-based sociolectometrical measures, such as featural measures (calculating the proportion of terms possessing a special feature) and uniformity measures (calculating onomasiological homogeneity and convergence/divergence between language varieties). These measures are based on onomasiological profiles, i.e. sets of alternative synonymous terms, together with their frequencies. As a development of our previous research on lexical convergence and divergence between European and Brazilian Portuguese (Soares da Silva 2010), the data include thousands of observations of the usage of alternative terms to refer to 43 football and clothing concepts. Corpus material was extracted from sports newspapers and fashion magazines from the 1950s, 1970s and 1990s/2000s, Internet chats related to football, and labels and price tags pictured from clothes shop windows. Football and clothing concepts confirm the hypothesis that the influence of foreign languages is stronger in the Brazilian variety than in the European variety. The use of loanwords has contributed towards onomasiological heterogeneity within and across the two national varieties in the last 60 years.

Об употреблении заимствованных слов в газете «Саха сирэ»

Об употреблении заимствованных слов в газете «Саха сирэ»

Variação e mudança linguística: uma análise da ampliação semântica de estrangeirismos no português brasileiro

This article examines the use of loanwords in Brazilian Portuguese from the perspective of the Theory of Linguistic Variation and Change. It aims to make explicit implementation processes of language change through the use of foreign words, by contemplating their occurrences, under their original spelling, and with semantic expansion. It is based on Lexicology and labovian theoretical assumptions. Regarding its methodology, it raises foreign terms with semantic expansion present in Epoca, Veja and Isto E magazines. It discusses the data and argues about linguistic change. It also concludes that semantic expansion is one way to validate a final implementation stage of linguistic change.

PORTUGUESE ONLY

The present study is a discourse analysis of ‘Projeto de Lei 1676/1999’ from Brazil, which is a proposal that aims to prohibit the use of loanwords in the public domain in that country. Using mainly the discourse analysis theory and method proposed by Gee, I examine how English is conceptualized in the text, the language ideologies that such conceptualizations bring, and how these ideologies and conceptualizations reflect larger sociocultural, political, and historical phenomena in the country, as well as theories of globalization and of the global spread of English. The analysis reveals strong conflicts between the common understanding of Brazil as a monolingual, homogeneous giant, and its heterogeneous sociocultural reality, as well as tensions between long-established understandings of the country and its history, and the questioning of such notions in a global context where traditional concepts have become more and more complex.

Gairaigo in Japanese Foreign Language Learning: A Tool for Native English Speakers?

There is considerable academic literature on the usefulness of loanwords to Foreign Language (FL) learners. This literature, based on empirical studies conducted among learners of various language backgrounds and learning various target languages, indicates that cognates shared by the first language (L1) of the learner and the target language are generally a positive learning resource in Foreign Language Learning (FLL) contexts. This study extends the current literature by its examination of the specific context of English speakers learning Japanese as a Foreign Language (JFL). It takes both qualitative and quantitative approaches to the investigation of teaching practices related to the use of loanwords borrowed from English into Japanese, known as gairaigo. A quantitative analysis of three series of JFL textbooks reveals that gairaigo nouns are used in introductory texts at an unrepresentatively high proportion. While there is currently no empirical basis for this strategy, qualitative interviews with teachers give some support to the strategy of using gairaigo in preference to words of Japanese origin in introductory courses to assist learner comprehension and production. This study identifies a number of variables driving teachers’ use of gairaigo that have so far not been articulated in the literature.

Unomathotholo or i-radio? Factors predicting the use of English loanwords among L1 isiXhosa–L2 English bilinguals

This study examines the use of English loanwords in L1 isiXhosa–L2 English bilinguals living in Cape Town, South Africa. The specific aim of the study is to investigate which individual background factors may increase or reduce the presence of English loanwords in a L1 isiXhosa speaker's repertoire. Data on English loanword use and individual background were collected through a picture naming task and a background questionnaire, respectively. Results showed that those speakers who frequently used English for interactive purposes were more prone to using English loanwords when naming pictures in isiXhosa. Moreover, it was documented that those who arrived at an early age in Cape Town (from the isiXhosa-dominant Eastern Cape Province) were also less prone to using isiXhosa words in the naming task. Marginal, negative effects were found for non-interactive isiXhosa use (i.e. radio, books, etc.) and attitudes towards English, such that those speakers with high indices on these variables used more often English loanwords. A marginal, positive effect of the presence of isiXhosa in primary and secondary school on the use of isiXhosa words was also found.

Foreword

Foreword

Kesalahan Berbahasa Sunda pada Siswa Dwibahasawan di SLTP Taruna Bakti Bandung

The aim of this research is to investigate written Sundanese errors made by pupils of SLTP Taruna Bakti Bandung. The results show that four types of errors were detected: phonological, morphological, syntactic, and lexical. The phonological errors are close related to such phonemes as /a/ and /u/, /d/ and /y/, /d/ and /r/, /e/, and /a/, /o/ and /u/. The morphological errors include types of lexical errors include the use of loan words or borrowing sich as antusias, bakar, cermin, dalam, gorok, hilang, jatuh, kupas, lestari, madu, pecah, runcing, serius, tinggi, untuk, and wajah.

Skolinių išlikimas tradicinėje šiaurės žemaičių kretingiškių tarmėje

PRESERVATION OF LOANWORDS IN THE NORTH-ŽEMAITIAN DIALECT Summary Among the older generation the most productive thematic groups of loanwords are abstract entities, personal names, clothing and footware, buildings and premises. In old writings in most cases alongside the loanword a Lithuanian equivalent may be used. The use of loanwords and their semantic modifications might be due to sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic factors. As a result of psycho-cultural reasons the younger generation tends to use original dialectal loanwords to a much smaller extent.

To borrow or not to borrow: the use of English loanwords as slang on websites in Brazilian Portuguese

The use of English loanwords in different languages has been discussed from various perspectives by several scholars (e.g. Takashi, 1990; Kay, 1995; Takashi Wilkerson, 1997; Smead, 1998; Friedrich, 2002). Although this phenomenon has been regarded as enriching and/or creative by some (e.g. Crystal, 2003; Friedrich, 2002), it has encountered opposition in many parts of the world. Phillipson (1992: 7), for instance, views it ‘as a phenomenon that has offended users of other languages for more than a century.’ He explains how some governments (in France and Slovenia, for example) have adopted measures to prevent the use of loanwords from English. This issue of whether or not the incorporation of loanwords is offensive to the borrowing language became a topic of much debate in Brazil after Projected Law #1676/1999, which aims to limit the use of foreign words (mainly from English) in Brazilian Portuguese (hereafter, BP). As Rajagopalan (2005) explains, many popular movements, politicians, and traditional grammarians have expressed concern that BP is ‘under an imminent threat from English’ (101).Several linguists (e.g. Faraco, 2001) have opposed the proposition, based on issues such as linguistic prejudice and the lack of language expertise of the proponents and supporters of the projected law. Still, the proposition was approved by the Brazilian Senate in 2003. It now awaits further approval by the Chamber of Deputies before a final decision is made. One possible way of investigating whether loanwords are offensive to BP is to approach it from a linguistic perspective. Hence, in the present study, I explore the issue of borrowing by BP speakers through a linguistic analysis of loanwords from English that are currently used as slang in Brazil. The definition of slang used here is that proposed by Eble (1996: 11): ‘an ever changing set of colloquial words and phrases that speakers use to establish or reinforce social identity or cohesiveness within a group or with a trend or fashion in society at large.’

A Study on the Use of Loanwords Concerning Shipping in Japanese Dialects

A Study on the Use of Loanwords Concerning Shipping in Japanese Dialects

On Chinese Loan Words from English Language

In the recent twenty years, with China’s reform and opening policy to the outside world, there is a sharp increase in English loan words in Chinese. On the one hand, it demonstrates that China’s soft power has been booming up. But on the other hand, some language pollution in the meanwhile is caused by non-standard use of loan words in Chinese. This paper probes into some basic concepts of language borrowing as well as some phenomena and reasons of the language pollution through many analysis and examples in order to rectify, regulate and guide the use of English loan words with the prior translation strategy, defending the purity of the Chinese language.

Relacje interlingwalne między niemieckimi derywatami z -ung i ich odpowiednikami w języku polskim na przykładzie tekstu specjalistycznego

The aim of the paper is to present and examine translation strategies used to find Polish equivalents of German deverbative derivatives suffixed with -ung which are not components of compounds or nominal groups. All the derived forms suffixed with -ung which appeared separately in a German legal and economic text have been subject to analysis. The author discusses in detail the structure of German morphological forms and then he compares it with the structure of their Polish equivalents. As a result, he distinguishes such translation techniques as calquing, a change within the formal structure of a derivative, a change in derivational bases or their number and the use of loanwords.