Use Of Stem Cell Therapy Research Articles

Pilot Study: Use of Stem Cell Therapy and Diced Cartilage in Secondary Rhinoplasty Cases Clinical Outcomes: The Golden Turkish Delight.

Although many techniques in the secondary rhinoplasty field have been developed in recent years, there are debates regarding achieving results with a high satisfaction rate. We aimed to share the surgical use technique in secondary rhinoplasty patients by enriching the Turkish delight technique with mesenchymal stem cells, which we described as the golden Turkish delight (GTD) technique, and the long-term patient satisfaction results. The study was planned as prospective research, and 30 secondary rhinoplasty patients who presented to our service for rhinoplasty were included. The GTD technique was applied to these patients. The patient's satisfaction with the surgical procedure was evaluated at least 9-12 months after the surgery, and the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS) was used as a measurement tool. Of the participants, the satisfaction levels of 30 patients were evaluated with a 1-year follow-up on average, and the rate of those who improved was found to be 80% using the GAIS score. The rate of those with high GAIS scores and those with high satisfaction levels was approximately 56%. Twenty percent of the patients were not satisfied with the result. When we evaluate the postoperative 1-year results of our patients in terms of satisfaction and complications, we may state that the absorption that may occur in the Turkish delight technique over time could give better results with the GTD technique. In addition to GTD and fat graft support, regenerative medicine products such as stromal vascular fraction are very effective in obtaining favorable results.

Comparison of Autologous and Allogeneic Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in Kidney Transplantation: Immunological Considerations and Therapeutic Efficacy.

Regenerative medicine shows significant potential in treating kidney diseases through the application of various types of stem and progenitor cells, including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), renal stem/progenitor cells, embryonic stem cells (ESCs), and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Stem cells possess the unique ability to repair injured organs and improve impaired functions, making them a key element in the research of therapies for kidney tissue repair and organ regeneration. In kidney transplantation, reperfusion injury can cause tissue destruction, leading to an initially low glomerular filtration rate and long-term impact on function by creating irreversible interstitial fibrosis. MSCs have proven useful in repairing early tissue injury in animal models of kidney, lung, heart, and intestine transplantation. The use of stem cell therapies in solid organ transplantation raises the question of whether autologous or allogeneic cells should be preferred. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), characterized by the lack of HLA Class II molecules and low expression of HLA Class I and co-stimulatory signals, are considered immune-privileged. However, the actual risk of graft rejection associated with allogeneic ASCs remains unclear. It has been demonstrated that donor-derived ASCs can promote the development of Treg cells in vitro, and some degree of tolerance induction has been observed in vivo. Nevertheless, a study comparing the efficacy of autologous and allogeneic ASCs in a rat model with a total MHC mismatch for kidney transplantation showed that donor-derived administration of ASCs did not improve the grafts' survival and was associated with increased mortality through an immunologically mediated mechanism. Given the lack of data, autologous ASCs appear to be a safer option in this research context. The aim of this review was to examine the differences between autologous and allogeneic ASCs in the context of their application in kidney transplantation therapies, considering potential immune reactions and therapeutic efficacy. Some have argued that ASCs harvested from end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients may have lower regenerative potential due to the toxic effects of uremia, potentially limiting their use in transplantation settings. However, evidence suggests that the beneficial properties of ASCs are not affected by uremia or dialysis. Indeed, some investigators have demonstrated that ASCs harvested from chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients exhibit normal characteristics and function, maintaining consistent proliferative capacity and genetic stability over time, even after prolonged exposure to uremic serum Furthermore, no differences were observed in the response of ASCs to immune activation or their inhibitory effect on the proliferation of alloantigen-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells between patients with normal or impaired renal function. This review presents the current achievements in stem cell research aimed at treating kidney diseases, highlighting significant progress and ongoing efforts in the development of stem cell-based therapies. Despite the encouraging results, further research is needed to overcome the current limitations and fully realize the potential of these innovative treatments. Advances in this field are crucial for developing effective therapies that can address the complex challenges associated with kidney damage and failure.

The Use of Stem Cell Therapy in the Treatment of Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma

The Use of Stem Cell Therapy in the Treatment of Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma

Stem cell therapy for COVID-19 treatment: An umbrella review.

COVID-19 has presented significant obstacles to healthcare. Stem cell therapy, particularly mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), has emerged as a potential treatment modality due to its immunomodulatory and regenerative properties. This umbrella review aims to synthesize current evidence from systematic reviews on the safety and efficacy of stem cell therapy in COVID-19 treatment. A thorough literature search was performed across Embase, PubMed, Cochrane and Web of Science from December 2019 to February 2024. Systematic reviews focusing on the use of stem cell therapy for COVID-19 were included. Evidence was synthesized by meta-analysis using R software (V 4.3) for each outcome. The certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. A total of 24 systematic reviews were included. Stem cell therapy was associated with reduced mortality (RR 0.72, 95% CI: 0.60-0.86); shorter hospital stays (MD -4.00 days, 95% CI: -4.68 to -3.32), and decreased need for invasive ventilation (RR 0.521, 95% CI: 0.320 to 0.847). Symptom remission rates improved (RR 1.151, 95% CI: 0.998 to 1.330), and a reduction in CRP levels was noted (SMD -1.198, 95% CI: -2.591 to 0.195), albeit with high heterogeneity. For adverse events, no significant differences were found between stem cell therapy and standard care (RR 0.87, 95% CI: 0.607 to 1.265). The certainty of evidence ranged from low to moderate. Stem cell therapy demonstrates a potential benefit in treating COVID-19, particularly in reducing mortality and hospital stay duration. Despite these promising findings, the evidence is varied, and future large-scale randomized trials are essential to confirm the efficacy and optimize the therapeutic protocols for stem cell therapy in the management of the disease. The safety profile is encouraging, with no significant increase in adverse events, suggesting a viable avenue for treatment expansion.

Advances in stem cell therapy for articular cartilage lesions: clinical evidence and future directions: a systematic review

The significance of articular cartilage, an essential connective tissue, cannot be overstated in relation to joint health and functionality. Nevertheless, the human body might have adverse effects due to traumatic incidents, degenerative conditions, or repetitive stress, resulting in the manifestation of pain, inflammation, and impaired functionality. The primary objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness of stem cell therapy in the treatment of articular cartilage damage such as lesions. The systematic review was conducted adhering to the PRISMA principles. Boolean logic is employed in the search technique to integrate phrases pertaining to stem cell therapy, articular cartilage diseases, and biological processes. The research employs a range of databases and medical subject headings (MeSH) in order to facilitate a thorough examination. The stem cell therapy in the treatment of articular cartilage lesions has great potential. It enhances management and treatment outcomes for individuals afflicted with cartilage abnormalities. It is beneficial particularly those diagnosed with osteoarthritis (OA). Encouraging outcomes, such as alleviation of pain and improvement in functionality have been reported. Additional investigation is required to enhance therapy regimens, encompassing cell dosage, delivery techniques, and supplementary medicines. The use of stem cell therapies necessitates the imperative collaboration among researchers, doctors and regulatory agencies.

Current status and future perspectives on stem cell transplantation for spinal cord injury.

Previous assessments of stem cell therapy for spinal cord injuries (SCI) have encountered challenges and constraints. Current research primarily emphasizes safety in early-phase clinical trials, while systematic reviews prioritize effectiveness, often overlooking safety and translational feasibility. This situation prompts inquiries regarding the readiness for clinical adoption. To offer an up-to-date systematic literature review of clinical trial results con cerning stem cell therapy for SCI. A systematic search was conducted across major medical databases [PubMed, Embase, Reference Citation Analysis (RCA), and Cochrane Library] up to October 14, 2023. The search strategy utilized relevant Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms and keywords related to "spinal cord", "injury", "clinical trials", "stem cells", "functional outcomes", and "adverse events". Studies included in this review consisted of randomized controlled trials and non-randomized controlled trials reporting on the use of stem cell therapies for the treatment of SCI. In a comprehensive review of 66 studies on stem cell therapies for SCI, 496 papers were initially identified, with 237 chosen for full-text analysis. Among them, 236 were deemed eligible after excluding 170 for various reasons. These studies encompassed 1086 patients with varying SCI levels, with cervical injuries being the most common (42.2%). Bone marrow stem cells were the predominant stem cell type used (71.1%), with various administration methods. Follow-up durations averaged around 84.4 months. The 32.7% of patients showed functional impro vement from American spinal injury association Impairment Scale (AIS) A to B, 40.8% from AIS A to C, 5.3% from AIS A to D, and 2.1% from AIS B to C. Sensory improvements were observed in 30.9% of patients. A relatively small number of adverse events were recorded, including fever (15.1%), headaches (4.3%), muscle tension (3.1%), and dizziness (2.6%), highlighting the potential for SCI recovery with stem cell therapy. In the realm of SCI treatment, stem cell-based therapies show promise, but clinical trials reveal potential adverse events and limitations, underscoring the need for meticulous optimization of transplantation conditions and parameters, caution against swift clinical implementation, a deeper understanding of SCI pathophysiology, and addressing ethical, tumorigenicity, immunogenicity, and immunotoxicity concerns before gradual and careful adoption in clinical practice.

(106) Stem Cell Therapy Leads to an Increase in Testosterone Levels in Infertile Men

Abstract Introduction Sexual dysfunction is frequently encountered in infertile males. This may be related to psychosexual aspects of infertility and to some common factors of pathogenesis, such as hypogonadism. For example, many patients with non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) have low testosterone levels, which may lead to low sex drive, erectile dysfunction and metabolic abnormalities later in life. Patients with NOA typically undergo surgical sperm retrieval procedures, which may lead to further decrease in androgen production, which may be transient or even permanent in some cases. Stem cell therapy is an investigative mode of treatment for patients with NOA, but its influence on Leydig cell function is currently unknown. Objective To assess the impact of stem cell therapy on testosterone levels in men. Methods Sixty patients with NOA were included in this study. All of them underwent unsuccessful MicroTESE more than 12 months prior to the inclusion in order to justify the use of stem cell therapy. Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MMSC) were derived from healthy donor placenta following physiologic childbirth. MMSC product was used for systemic and local treatment via intravenous and intratesticular injection, respectively. Endocrine profiling was performed at baseline and 3 months after the procedure. Results Median testosterone level prior to MMSC therapy was 8.7 nmol/l (interquartile range [IQR]: 4.2–12.1), and 3 months after it was 12.3 nmol/l (IQR: 8.8–16.3) (p < 0.00001). This may be related to an increase in luteinizing hormone levels from 6.4 mIU/ml at baseline (IQR: 3.6–11.3) to 9.6 mIU/ml (IQR: 5.2–14.1) (p = 0.00026). Paradoxically, follicle-stimulating hormone levels declined from 12.5 mIU/ml (IQR: 4.7–24.7) to 7.4 mIU/ml (IQR: 4.2–12.3) (p < 0.00001). Prior to MMSC therapy 43 patients (71.7%) had testosterone levels lower than 12 nmol/l, after MMSC therapy 24 patients (40%) had testosterone levels lower than this threshold. Thirty patients (50%) and 14 patients (23.3%) had testosterone level below 8 nmol/l before and after MMSC therapy respectively. Conclusions MMSC therapy may increase testosterone levels in patients with NOA, though the exact mechanisms and its possible impact on quality of life should be elucidated. Disclosure No.

Research progress and challenges in stem cell therapy for diabetic foot: Bibliometric analysis and perspectives.

Stem cell therapy has shown great potential for treating diabetic foot (DF). To conduct a bibliometric analysis of studies on the use of stem cell therapy for DF over the past two decades, with the aim of depicting the current global research landscape, identifying the most influential research hotspots, and providing insights for future research directions. We searched the Web of Science Core Collection database for all relevant studies on the use of stem cell therapy in DF. Bibliometric analysis was carried out using CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and R (4.3.1) to identify the most notable studies. A search was conducted to identify publications related to the use of stem cells for DF treatment. A total of 542 articles published from 2000 to 2023 were identified. The United States had published the most papers on this subject. In this field, Iran's Shahid Beheshti University Medical Sciences demonstrated the highest productivity. Furthermore, Dr. Bayat from the same university has been an outstanding researcher in this field. Stem Cell Research & Therapy is the journal with the highest number of publications in this field. The main keywords were "diabetic foot ulcers," "wound healing," and "angiogenesis." This study systematically illustrated the advances in the use of stem cell therapy to treat DF over the past 23 years. Current research findings suggested that the hotspots in this field include stem cell dressings, exosomes, wound healing, and adipose-derived stem cells. Future research should also focus on the clinical translation of stem cell therapies for DF.

Neuroprotection of Stem Cells Against Ischemic Brain Injury: From Bench to Clinic.

Neurological injuriescan have numerous debilitating effects on functional status including sensorimotor deficits, cognitive impairment, and behavioral symptoms. Despite the disease burden, treatment options remain limited. Current pharmacological interventions are targeted at symptom management but are ineffective in reversing ischemic brain damage. Stemcell therapy for ischemic brain injury has shown promising preclinical and clinical results and has attracted attention as a potential therapeutic option. Various stem cell sources (embryonic, mesenchymal/bone marrow, and neural stem cells) have been investigated. This review provides an overview of the advances made in our understanding of the various types of stem cells and progress made in the use of these stem cells for the treatment of ischemic brain injuries. In particular, the use of stem cell therapy in global cerebral ischemia following cardiac arrest and in focal cerebral ischemia after ischemic stroke are discussed. The proposed mechanisms of stem cells' neuroprotective effects in animal models (rat/mice, pig/swine) and other clinical studies, different routes of administration (intravenous/intra-arterial/intracerebroventricular/intranasal/intraperitoneal/intracranial) and stem cell preconditioning are discussed. Much of the promising data on stem cell therapies after ischemic brain injury remains in the experimental stage and several limitations remain unsettled. Future investigation is needed to further assess thesafety and efficacy and to overcome the remaining obstacles.

Awareness of Stem Cell Therapy for Diabetes Among Type II Diabetic Patients in Makkah: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Several studies have suggested using stem cells for diabetes treatment. However, there is a lack of research assessing the population's awareness of stem cells. This study aimed to evaluate the level of awareness regarding the use of stem cell therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methodology This study was conducted from December 2021 to April 2022 through an online survey that was distributed electronically via social media platforms. T2DM patients or their care providers who lived in Makkah were included. Patients aged less than 18 years and those with mental disabilities were excluded. Results Of the 316 participants included in the study, 56% were males, 33% had an age range of 46-55 years, and 76% were married. T2DM patients and their caregivers had a moderate level of awareness about stem cell therapy, with caregivers having higher awareness than diabetic patients. A non-significant relationship was found between educational level, income, diabetes control, time of diagnosis, and patients' awareness. However, regarding the decision of treatment, participants aged less than 35 years were highly likely to decide to undergo stem cell treatment compared to other age groups. Conclusions There is a moderate level of awareness about stem cell therapy as a treatment option for T2DM among T2DM patients and caregivers in Makkah. Hence, there is a need to raise awareness by using online and in-person well-organized education programs in Makkah.

Mesenchymal progenitor cells from non-inflamed versus inflamed synovium post-ACL injury present with distinct phenotypes and cartilage regeneration capacity

BackgroundOsteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic debilitating disease impacting a significant percentage of the global population. While there are numerous surgical and non-invasive interventions that can postpone joint replacement, there are no current treatments which can reverse the joint damage occurring during the pathogenesis of the disease. While many groups are investigating the use of stem cell therapies in the treatment of OA, we still don’t have a clear understanding of the role of these cells in the body, including heterogeneity of tissue resident adult mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs).MethodsIn the current study, we examined MPCs from the synovium and individuals with or without a traumatic knee joint injury and explored the chondrogenic differentiation capacity of these MPCs in vitro and in vivo.ResultsWe found that there is heterogeneity of MPCs with the adult synovium and distinct sub-populations of MPCs and the abundancy of these sub-populations change with joint injury. Furthermore, only some of these sub-populations have the ability to effect cartilage repair in vivo. Using an unbiased proteomics approach, we were able to identify cell surface markers that identify this pro-chondrogenic MPC population in normal and injured joints, specifically CD82LowCD59+ synovial MPCs have robust cartilage regenerative properties in vivo.ConclusionsThe results of this study clearly show that cells within the adult human joint can impact cartilage repair and that these sub-populations exist within joints that have undergone a traumatic joint injury. Therefore, these populations can be exploited for the treatment of cartilage injuries and OA in future clinical trials.

Management of Perianal Crohn's Disease - AJG.

Perianal Crohn's disease affects 25-35% of Crohn's disease patients and has proven to be one of the most difficult complications of the disease to treat. Patients with perianal Crohn's disease have lower health related quality of life scores typically related to pain and fecal incontinence. Additionally, perianal Crohn's patients have higher rates of hospitalizations, surgeries and overall healthcare costs. A multidisciplinary approach is necessary for the successful management of Crohn's disease with perianal fistula. Medical management is required to treat the underlying immune dysregulation to heal the luminal inflammation as well as the inflammation within the fistula tracts. Current options for medical therapy include biologics, dual therapy with thiopurines, therapeutic drug monitoring and close follow-up. Surgical management is critical to drain abscesses prior to immunosuppressive therapy and place setons when appropriate. Once the patient's inflammatory burden is well managed, definitive surgical therapies including fistulotomies, advancement flaps and ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract procedures can be considered. Most recently, the use of stem cell therapy in the treatment of perianal fistula has given new hope to the cure of perianal fistula in Crohn's disease. This review will outline the most current data in the medical and surgical management of perianal Crohn's disease.

The Use of Stem Cell Therapy in the Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder

Research on the use of stem cell therapy in regenerative medicine has shown great potential in the treatment of neurological disorders. Specifically, mesenchymal stem cells, adult stem cells from the umbilical cord and embryonic stem cells have been used in both animal models and clinical trials to treat autism spectrum disorder. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is an incurable neurological disorder characterized by behavioral and neuroanatomical abnormalities, commonly co-occurring with other neurological disorders including anxiety, depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Stem cell therapies are currently being researched to alleviate the behavioral tendencies typically seen in individuals with ASD.

Stem cell therapy combined with luteolin alleviates experimental neuropathy.

Neuropathic pain is a chronic condition that causes long-term burning sensations. Despite significant efforts, current treatments for neuropathic pain are ineffective in curing the condition, which means new therapeutic options must be developed. One such option is the use of stem cell therapy in combination with anti-inflammatory herbal components, which has shown promise in treating neuropathic pain. The study aimed to investigate the effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) with luteolin on sensory deficits and pathological changes in a neuropathic model. The results showed that luteolin, either alone or in combination with BM-MSCs, effectively reduced sensory deficits related to mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity. In addition, luteolin alone and combined with BM-MSCs reduced oxidative stress in neuropathic rats and inhibited cellular responses, particularly reactive astrocytes. The study concluded that combining luteolin and BM-MSCs may offer an effective therapeutic strategy for patients with neuropathic pain, although further research is needed.

Regenerative medicine options in treating premature ovarian failure

Infertility is generally defined as the failure to achieve a pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. premature ovarian failure (POF) is a cause of female infertility, being estimated to affect 1% of the general population. This condition represents a loss of hormonal and germinative activity of the ovaries due to a lack in the number of active follicles in women under 40 years old. Regenerative medicine represents a complex therapeutic option and it consists of technologies such as the use of stem cells, tissue engineering, and gene therapy alone or in different combinations. Although the boundaries of regenerative medicine are not clearly outlined at present, this paper is aiming to review its possibility of treatment in the future in what concerns POF, focusing more on the use of stem cell therapy. Stem cell therapy could be a feasible therapeutic approach for POF as the cells can be easily obtained. However, additional clinical studies are needed because until now the majority of the literature focuses on animal models for the evaluation of the role of stem cells on treating POF. Additionally, the platelet-rich plasma (PRP) approach for POF should be kept in mind as it was shown to be useful in the regeneration of multiple types of tissue.

CONTEMPORARY DRIFTS IN DIABETES MANAGEMENT

Diabetes mellitus is a cumulative effect of various cellular and biochemical malfunctions which trigger the blood glucose level far beyond the normal range. From 1980 to 2014, more than 314 million individuals had diabetes. Epidemiology states that it is becoming more prevalent in low-income, middle-income, more specifically, third-world countries than the first-world countries. It showed mortality rate increased by 5% in premature ages. It was the 9th leading reason for almost 1.5 million deaths. The diagnosis clearly suggests the replacement of insulin-producing pancreatic endocrine cells. Stem cell treatment substitutes the infected or destroyed cells from pluripotent stem cells or multipotent stem cells. One of the favourite ways to understand and treat diabetes mellitus is embryonic stem cells, including pluripotent cells. The in vitro demonstration of iPSC-derived pancreatic cells for treating infection is a grizzled dream of scientists. Luckily, iPSC-derived cells combat the major problems that arose in this field and still, there are no legal and ethical bindings as well as immunological rejections. Later, the β cell of the pancreas has derived from PSCs from various patients who have diabetes. The study proves there is a wide possibility of demonstrating and rectification of clinical administration of these newly developing trends. The use of stem cell therapy in vitro, which is explicit patient research, shows various concerns related to the pathophysiology of diabetes. Successful application of procedures of screening of the apoptosis of β-cells from inbuilt cell retrieval needed to be a proper arrangement of new cell lines.

Efficacy and Potential of Stem Cell Therapy for Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is characterized primarily by the buildup of beta-amyloid plaques and tau proteins. It is a very common neurodegenerative disease that is marked by cognitive decline, neuronal and synaptic loss. AD pathology is not fully understood and there is currently no cure. The disease is terminal and devastates the lives of many. Stem cell therapy involves the use of stem cell’s properties of regeneration and repair to reverse the damage of many diseases. The application of stem cell therapy to AD seems to have the promise to mitigate and reverse the onset of AD. Animal models have displayed the effectiveness of stem cell therapy towards AD by improving cognitive performance and promoting neurogenesis. The abilities and applications of stem cell therapy seem to be highly promising despite having bottlenecks. The difficulties in controlling differentiation due to complexities in controlling the process is the primary issue presented. With the use of stem cell therapy for AD, it is also possible to adapt the technology to various other neurodegenerative diseases and various diseases overall.

The Implication of Stem Cells in Direct Pulp Capping: Where Do We Stand?

Direct pulp capping has been established as a more conservative alternative to root canal therapy, especially in case of an iatrogenic or traumatic exposure of the dental pulp. However, recent literature focuses on regeneration therapies to develop a physiological dentin barrier. The process of tissue regeneration through stem cell therapy involves a complex interaction between stem cells, growth factors and scaffolds known as the 'tissue engineering triad'. Recent advancements in stem cell therapy focus on the re programming of stem cells, development of scaffolds and enhancement of the regenerative potential of these stem cells, using appropriate growth factors and transfer media. This article provides a summary of the current evidence regarding the use of stem cell therapy in direct pulp capping. The sources of stem cells, types of scaffolds and growth factors have been described in detail along with the limitations and future prospects.

Universal and hypoimmunogenic pluripotent stem cells for clinical usage.

It is urgent to prepare and store large numbers of clinical trial grade human pluripotent stem (hPS) cells for off-the-shelf use in stem cell therapies. However, stem cell banks, which store off-the-shelf stem cells, need financial support and large amounts of technicians for daily cell maintenance. Therefore, it is valuable to create "universal" or "hypoimmunogenic" hPS cells with genome editing engineering by knocking in or out immune-related genes. Only a small number of universal or hypoimmunogenic hPS cell lines should be needed to store for off-the-shelf usage and reduce the large amounts of instruments, consumables and technicians. In this article, we consider how to create hypoimmunogenic or universal hPS cells as well as the demerits of the technology. β2-Microglobulin-knockout hPS cells did not harbor human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-expressing class I cells but led to the activation of natural killer cells. To escape the activities of macrophages and natural killer cells, homozygous hPS cells having a single allele of an HLA class I gene, such as HLA-C, were proposed. Major HLA class Ia molecules were knocked out, and CD47, HLA-G and PD-L1 were knocked in hPS cells utilizing CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. Finally, some researchers are trying to generate universal hPS cells without genome editing. The cells evaded the activation of not only T cells but also macrophages and natural killer cells. These universal hPS cells have high potential for application in cell therapy.

Application of Stem Cell Therapy During the Treatment of HIV/AIDS and Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.

Treating diseases such as Muscular Dystrophy (MD) and HIV/AIDS pose several challenges to the rapidly evolving field of regenerative medicine. Previously, stem cell therapy has been said to affect the clinical courses of HIV/AIDS and MD, but, in practice, eradication or control of these diseases was not achievable. The introduction of gene editing into stem cell therapy has stimulated HIV/AIDS and MD cell therapy research studies substantially. Here, we review current methods of treating HIV/AIDS and MD using stem cell therapy. This review also details the use of different types of cells and methods in cell therapy and the modeling of new cell-based therapies to treat Duchenne muscular dystrophy. We speculate that the effective use of stem cell therapy in conjunction with other treatment therapies , such as steroids and rehabilitation , could improve livelihood.