Urgency Situations Research Articles

Agricultural Broadcasting Media (ABM) for Agricultural Developments and Structural Change within and Across the Countries: A Review

Media is a powerful communication tool. The use of media in the field of agricultural marketing offers great opportunities for the buying, selling of agricultural commodities. Agriculture is a vital pillar for sustainable development and poverty reduction; it continues to face challenges and emerging constraints at the global, regional and national levels that require urgent and special attention with the help of media. Broadcasting can be referred as the planned provision of information, education and entertainment to large and heterogeneous audiences through the medium of television. Television has the potential to diffuse development information and supplement the extension effort. The media is an important vehicle through which information can be obtained and exchanged. The emergence of information and knowledge society is a significant intervention with the potential to ensure that both are very important for achieving meaningful development. The scarcity of information on communication channels is a great threat for rural development where majority of the people are illiterate thus, do not know how to access information themselves. The media is critical in shaping public opinion and generating deeper insight into human working. The most important step to prepare the rural people against agricultural development is to create informed communities. Media can play a vital role in informing farmers in the situation of urgency and current development. To agriculture as an industry, the key values of communication that media provides are peer to peer networking, farmer-industry networking, consumer engagement, and crisis communication. Media can play a vital role in informing farmers in the situation of urgency and current development. Hence, media, being source of information and entertainment, can play a vital role to transform attitude and interest. Keywords: agricultural development, information, media DOI: 10.7176/NMMC/91-01 Publication date: June 30th 2020

Decision-making at the sharp end: a survey of literature related to decision-making in humanitarian contexts

In a humanitarian response, leaders are often tasked with making large numbers of decisions, many of which have significant consequences, in situations of urgency and uncertainty. These conditions have an impact on the decision-maker (causing stress, for example) and subsequently on how decisions get made.Evaluations of humanitarian action suggest that decision-making is an area of weakness in many operations. There are examples of important decisions being missed and of decision-making processes that are slow and ad hoc. As part of a research process to address these challenges, this article considers literature from the humanitarian and emergency management sectors that relates to decision-making. It outlines what the literature tells us about the nature of the decisions that leaders at the country level are taking during humanitarian operations, and the circumstances under which these decisions are taken. It then considers the potential application of two different types of decision-making process in these contexts: rational/analytical decision-making and naturalistic decision-making. The article concludes with broad hypotheses that can be drawn from the literature and with the recommendation that these be further tested by academics with an interest in the topic.

Attention to the Crisis in mental health: centralization and decentralization of practices

This article focuses on the attention to the crisis in mental health within the scope of Brazilian public health policies. It sets out to show the theoretical and practical disputes of significance about the notions of crisis that unfold in different models of care in situations of urgency and emergency in mental health, as well as in challenges to the effectiveness of the care process in the health network. The survey began with a descriptive and exploratory study, with emphasis on the study of protocols and institutional documents in mental health, from the sociotechnical standpoint. As an original contribution of this article, the main socio-technical dichotomies that emerged from the processes of attention to the crisis in Brazil (in the use of terminologies, clinical practice and attention models, the main challenges for consolidation of network care and in the vacancy regulation strategies) were highlighted.

Establishing and implementing data collaborations for public good: A critical factor analysis to scale up the practice

Data analytics for public good has become a hot topic thanks to the inviting opportunities to utilize ‘new’ sources of data, such as social media insights, call detail records, satellite imagery etc. These data are sometimes shared by the private sector as part of corporate social responsibility, especially in situations of urgency, such as in case of a natural disaster. Such partnerships can be termed as ‘data collaboratives’. While experimentation grows, little is known about how such collaborations are formed and implemented. In this paper, we investigate the factors which are influential and contribute to a successful data collaborative using the Critical Success Factor (CSF) approach. As a result, we propose (1) a framework of CSFs which provides a holistic view of elements coming into play when a data collaborative is formed and (2) a list of Top 15 factors which highlights the elements which typically have a greater influence over the success of the partnership. We validated our findings in two case studies and discussed three broad factors which were found to be critical for the formation of data collaboratives: value proposition, trust, and public pressure. Our results can be used to help organizations prioritize and distribute resources accordingly when engaging in a data collaborative.

«Ситуация, не терпящая отлагательства» как оценочная категория в законодательстве и практике уголовного судопроизводства

«Ситуация, не терпящая отлагательства» как оценочная категория в законодательстве и практике уголовного судопроизводства

On Social Justice, Diversity, and Development: The Asian Context

Introducing the main articles in this issue of Social Transformations, the overarching theme of social justice is explored in tandem with Amartya Sen’s concept of development as freedom. The main articles provide different ways of understanding social justice as economic justice, as based on human rights, and that which thrives on democracy. As Dr. Eduardo Araral presents in “The Asian Dilemma,” social justice in Asia continues to be an issue to this day precisely because the same drivers of progress are also the impetus of issues that plague Asian societies. Justin Joseph G. Badion tackles the global food crisis and uniquely provides an avenue for the Catholic Church to enter this discussion. Separately tackling the refugee crisis, Yamamoto Nobuto and Mon Mon Myat analyze the Rohingya and the Indochinese refugee crises emphasizing rights as the basis of social justice. Taniguchi Miyoko and the pair, Liang Guanghan and Xie Xiaowen, point to the importance of democracy (formal and material) for social justice to thrive through their articles on peacebuilding in Mindanao and gender equality in China, respectively. Through these articles, Sen’s perspective provides a key lens to tackle social justice in Asia from an Asian perspective but also concludes with the problems that arise from this perspective: prioritization of substantive freedom over instrumental freedom in situations of urgency, the conflict between legal rights and human rights in Asian societies with diverse cultures, and the emphasis on individual freedom over family identity.

Medication errors in anesthetic practice in Brazil - an observational study.

Introduction: There is increasing data collection in literature on errors in the drug administration chain. In anesthesiology, emergency and urgency situations favor errors in medications, however, it is not yet clear how some factors can impact the frequency of these errors. Objective: To evaluate the impact of knowledge of important concepts and fundamentals related to quality and safety in anesthesia in the practice of safe anesthesia as a factor to prevent errors with medications. Method: Observational study with participants of the 61st Brazilian Congress of Anesthesia. The volunteers responded to a semi-structured instrument with issues related to the whole process that could trigger medication errors. Results: A total of 337 volunteers (42.2% of Anesthesia Resident Physicians and 57.8% of Anesthesiologists) participated in the study. It was observed that 50.7% stated that eventually they had already injected wrong medications, with a significant difference (p <0.00) between the Anesthesia Resident Physicians (43.6%) and Anesthesiologists (56%). A greater number of working hours and greater number of hospitals in which they work caused higher percentages of professionals with medication errors. Among the professionals who reported they had eventually administered erroneous medications due to confusion with ampoules , 33.8% (n = 54) of those stated that they made a formal report of the adverse event with medications (ARP: 24.1% and MA: 39,2%). 96.9% (n = 155) found ampules of different medications (or concentrations thereof) in the same drug box (ARP) : 93.1%, MA: 99%) and 65.2% stated they have used the same syringe to prepare more than one anesthetic medication (ARP 75.9%, MA: 59%). Conclusions: The percentage of medication errors was significant and it is evident the need to implement policies that will guide the organization, distribution, allocation and use of medications in the surgical center.

Misery loves company. Strategies for retrenchment in the era of constrained public finance

AbstractThe policy agenda literature shows that budget cuts tend to be rarer and less extreme than budget expansions. This article argues that the character of retrenchment policies is shaped by a combination of domestic and international factors, such as budgetary procedures, intra-coalitional conflicts, and the emergence of urgency situations. Building on the findings of several quantitative studies on budgetary changes, we develop two propositions explaining why the necessity to reduce expenditures usually leads to across-the-board cuts. We also hypothesize two mechanisms which can occasionally produce selective outcomes. This article focuses on the last 30 years to observe how the annual package of public finance corrections has impacted on the main categories of public spending. This analysis combines an original measure of the transformative nature of the yearly fiscal packages approved by parliament with process-tracing methodology. The qualitative analysis focuses on three cases of linear cuts and one deviant case of selective cuts. Findings show that the persistence of frictions in the Italian budgetary process is often a basic reason for the introduction of linear cuts, but the logic of urgency triggered by the European external constraint was able to produce a selective outcome.

Teachers' experiences about first aid at school.

To unveil the experiences of primary and elementary school teachers about first aid at school. a descriptive, qualitative study, conducted in May 2014, from a focus group with nine teachers from the municipal network of Bom Jesus-PI. Audio recording occurred, content was transcribed, and data were processed by IRAMUTEQ software and analyzed from the Descendant Hierarchical Classification. Three classes were obtained: Teachers' knowledge about first aid (influence of maternal experience, belief in popular myths and awareness of lack of preparation were indicated); Feelings in situations of urgency and emergency (anguish, fear and concern); First aid at school, (occurring in class or during break time, coming from collisions and syncope). The research evidenced experiences based on popular beliefs, family experiences and knowledge gaps. The lack of preparation was evidenced by the teachers' reports about having misconduct during first aid at school.

Choice of an authoritative style when implementing a survival urgency-based strategic change

PurposeExtant research suggests that managing strategic change has become a key managerial function and this duty encompasses changes in organizational product-market boundaries and organizational structure among many related organizational activities. The need to achieve strategic change arises because of major shifts in the external environment and the subsequent need for the organization to remain viable and competitive in the changed environment. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to investigate if middle managers are likely to adopt authoritative style while implementing strategic change when they sense organizational survival.Design/methodology/approach“Sensemaking” literature led to development of the authors’ hypotheses and these were tested using the responses of 117 middle managers. The authors used survey-based instrument to collect data and used regression analysis to explicate the responses of the middle managers.FindingsResults indicate that when middle managers sense that the survival of the organization is at stake, they are likely to choose an authoritative style. The authors also investigated the moderating role of organizational commitment, strategic posture of the top management team, and hostile business environment on the relationship between perception of survival urgency and the choice of authoritative implementation style. Only organizational commitment moderates this relationship.Research limitations/implicationsThe authors’ data collection was survey based and the authors used a single source for each questionnaire and this process may lead to possibilities of mono-method bias. However, steps were taken to reduce the resultant mono-method bias. The respondents are from a variety of industries and future research may focus on one specific industry.Practical implicationsThe first implication of this study allows us to expand research focus on the adoption of authoritative style, a research area that is not explored very much. The second implication of the study is that middle managers tend to focus on their emotions when it comes to implementing strategic changes. Using arguments from sensemaking the authors show that the perception of need for survival or the perception that business environment is hostile will determine how strategic change could be implemented. Middle managers must be treated as more than just the implementers of the directives/fiats/orders/edicts that originate from the top.Social implicationsRole of middle managers in strategic change management is critical and the authors suggest that the perception of organizational survival at risk leads to choice managerial style by middle managers.Originality/valueThe authors have combined ideas from both the strategic management and organizational development fields to understand successfully the implementation of strategic change in a survival urgency situation. In the past, the strategic management literature focused primarily on understanding strategy formulation process, and the process of implementation was generally neglected. The respondents are from a variety of industries. The analysis indicate that membership to any one firm was not impacting the results obtained by the authors and as such allows for results to generalized.

A Controvérsia Da Estabilização Da Tutela Antecipada Em Caráter Antecedente

A antecipação de tutela trata da imediata concessão dos efeitos executivos latu senso do provimento final. Segundo o CPC vigente, em casos de urgência, o pedido inicial de tutela antecipada poderá ser superficial, versando apenas sobre a situação de urgência, sem debater toda a matéria controvertida. Posteriormente, a petição inicial poderá ser aditada, para completar toda a matéria a ser discutida. Caso o réu não demonstre seu inconformismo no referente ao deferimento, seus efeitos serão estabilizados. Passado o prazo, ela se torna definitiva. Várias são as problemáticas suscitadas dessa novidade jurídica, a serem o objeto da presente reflexão.

Violência, acidente e trauma: a clínica psicanalítica frente ao real da urgência e da emergência

resumo: Discute-se sobre os instrumentos teóricos que a psicanálise lacaniana oferece para pensar a atuação do psicanalista frente a situações de urgência e de emergência. Entre eles, a identificação, o manejo clínico de testemunho e de secretáriado e a função de objeto a no ato de analista. Cconsiderando, sobretudo, os últimos trabalhos de Lacan, em que este concebe o trauma como da ordem do Real, o trabalho volta-se mais para o ato do analista e a direção do tratamento, para o saber-fazer.

EPISTEMIC NORMS AND ‘HE SAID/SHE SAID’ REPORTING

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses the permissibility of exclusively relying on a procedural objectivity model for news reporting, from the perspective of the normativity of informative speech acts. It is argued that, with the exception of urgency situations, the paradigmatic application of procedural objectivity is in breach of the relevant norms.

Time, Knowledge, and Risk: Decision making in the aftermath of storm disasters

Responses to disasters and crises are often characterized by decisions made in situations of urgency and uncertainty. Decisions are often made under time constraints and without full knowledge of the consequences of the available options. This paper investigates the role of time and knowledge in the practical governance of disasters and crises. It empirically examines the sense-making and risk governance practices developed in response to the consequences of two detrimental storms that affected a forest area in Sweden. The data were gathered in an interview study of forest advisors at a public agency, forest associations, and private companies. The analysis indicates that the actors’ adjustments to their perception of available time (time regime) and the accessibility of knowledge (desktop knowledge) explain how certain risk governing practices evolved. Thus, of greatest significance is not what is known and unknown but who knows what and when.

Manajemen Stratejik Sebagai Proses Manajemen Keterdesakan

Nowadays firms are being confronted with a very diferent kind of urgency situation than they have ever encountered before. The demand to maximize proft now comes along with a call for social responsibility and the efort to minimize the efect of the climate change. Still, there is not a single text-book on Strategic Management that mentions that the “urgency” management process is more appropriate than the “strategy” management process. Most of the textbook still identify Strategic Management with the strategy management process based on the uniformed steps: “Strategic Analysis, Strategy Formulation, Strategy Implementation, and Strategy Evaluation”. However, in reality, the number of frms that have failed to implement strategy keeps rising. To overcome the limitation of the strategy management process we need the urgency management process. Literature study has identifed that there is urgency behind every strategy. The conducted case study research has succeeded in revealing the abovementioned urgency managetprocess. The theory of urgency management process suggests that by managing the seven forces that generate the urgency the strategic leaders can generate the proven strategies to overcome the urgency.

Dental status and dental treatment demands in preschoolers from urban and underprivileged urban areas in Mendoza city, Argentina.

The aim of this study was to establish the association between dental status and demand for dental care in preschoolers at urban and underprivileged urban schools in the city of Mendoza. Dental status was diagnosed in a purposive sample of preschoolers at urban schools (Group U: n = 148) and underprivileged urban schools (Group UnU: n = 155) in Greater Mendoza city, by determining the following indicators: (a) caries-free children (%), and (b) dmft/DMFT and its discriminated components, including active non-cavitated enamel caries. The characteristics of demand for care were determined using an ad hoc structured questionnaire. The following were determined: frequency distributions and confidence intervals for categorical variables, measures of central tendency and dispersion, tests for differences in means (Student's t test), association (chi squared) and correlation among variables (Pearson's r), at a significance level p<0.05. Comparison of dental status variables between groups showed significantly higher values in group UnU for: d+D tooth (ẋ = 5.4} 3.8; t = 2.887; p = 0.004); dmft+DMFT (ẋ = 5.7}4.1; t = 0.466; p = 0.020); d+D surface (ẋ = 7.62} 6.2; t = 0.956; p = 0.014); f+F surface (ẋ = 0.12}4.5; t = 2.71; p = 0.007) and percentage of caries-free children (x2= 25.377; p= 0.018). The following trends were found in this group: higher demand on the government subsystem, fewer visits to the dentist (x2 = 7.02, p = 0.008) and greater difficulty in getting appointments (x2 = 19.91, pẋ0.001). Frequency of visits was associated to the severity of dental status (x2 = 19.412; pẋ0.001), but no correlation was found between frequency of visits during the past year and dmft+DMFT (Pearson's r coefficient = 0.091; p = 0.0426) Group U showed preferential demand for the private or "obra social" (trade union managed health insurance) systems (x2 = 78.85 p = 0.00) and there was no statistically significant association between visits to the dentist and dmft+DMFT categories (x2 = 2.781; p = 0.427), although there was direct correlation between frequency of visits during the past year and dmft+DMFT (Pearson's r coefficient = 0.486, p = 0.000). Preschoolers at UnU schools had higher caries indicators than preschoolers at U schools. For UnU the demand for care was related to the severity of dental status and situations of urgency, while U preschoolers demanded dental care in both health and disease, with a tendency to greater adherence to treatment. Actions to promote oral health in preschoolers should take into account both internal and external barriers to access to and use of oral health services.

Treatment of bipolar depression: making sensible decisions.

A major challenge in the treatment of major depressive episodes associated with bipolar disorder is differentiating this illness from major depressive episodes associated with major depressive disorder. Mistaking the former for the latter will lead to incorrect treatment and poor outcomes. None of the classic antidepressants, serotonin specific reuptake inhibitors, or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors have ever received regulatory approval as monotherapies for the treatment of bipolar depression. At present, there are only 3 approved medication treatments for bipolar depression: olanzapine/fluoxetine combination, quetiapine (immediate or extended release), and lurasidone (monotherapy or adjunctive to lithium or valproate). All 3 have similar efficacy profiles, but they differ in terms of tolerability. Number needed to treat (NNT) and number needed to harm (NNH) can be used to quantify these similarities and differences. The NNTs for response and remission for each of these interventions vs placebo range from 4 to 7, and 5 to 7, respectively, with overlap in terms of their 95% confidence intervals. NNH values less than 10 (vs placebo) were observed for the spontaneously reported adverse events of weight gain and diarrhea for olanzapine/fluoxetine combination (7 and 9, respectively) and somnolence and dry mouth for quetiapine (3 and 4, respectively). There were no NNH values less than 10 (vs placebo) observed with lurasidone treatment. NNH values vs placebo for weight gain of at least 7% from baseline were 6, 16, 58, and 36, for olanzapine/fluoxetine combination, quetiapine, lurasidone monotherapy, and lurasidone combined with lithium or valproate, respectively. Individualizing treatment decisions will require consideration of the different potential adverse events that are more likely to occur with each medication. The metric of the likelihood to be helped or harmed (LHH) is the ratio of NNH to NNT and can illustrate the tradeoffs inherent in selecting medications. A more favorable LHH was noted for treatment with lurasidone. However, OFC and quetiapine monotherapy may still have utility in high urgency situations, particularly in persons who have demonstrated good outcomes with these interventions in the past, and where a pressing clinical need for efficacy mitigates their potential tolerability shortcomings. In terms of maintenance therapy, adjunctive quetiapine is the only agent where the NNT vs lithium or valproate alone is less than 10 for both the prevention of mania and the prevention of depression.

Fransk kultur i undtagelsestilstand – franske kunst- og kulturarenaer i en digital æra

Centre Pompidou revisited – French arenas for art and culture In the late 1970’s the author of this article visited Centre Pompidou in Paris, a cultural institution which at the time was the most cutting edge cultural arena in Europe. With its pop-art inspired architecture, use of new media and trendy placement in the old slaughterhouse Les Halles, it was a first-mover within the tendency of regeneration of former industrial areas with culture as a motor. The main question of this article is weather Centre Pompidou today still is a laboratory for artistic and cultural development or if it has become a brand in itself. And to what degree can it compete with those activities and the cultural mediation happening in Paris more recent arenas for art and culture? To highlight this, other so-called grand projets by later French presidents such as Musee d’Orsay, Bibliotheque Nationale, the new ethnographical museum Musee du quai Branly and the art center Palais de Tokyo are analyzed. Also the new municipal Gaite lyrique is included as an example of the fusion of the arts and digital culture. These artistic and cultural arenas are analyzed within a cultural policy context and discussed with focus on their architecture, atmosphere, design and mediation strategy. On this background it is concluded that the French culture is in an ‘urgency situation’ as so far as the French cultural policy on the state level is prioritizing the national cultural heritage at the disadvantage of more future orientated digital forms of creativity and communication.

Evidence-based information resources management skill among Iranian residents, internship and nursing students in urgent care

Information management skill refers to use of available, up to date and valid information sources, that are associated with patient care and are available during care. The advent of the Internet and electronic resources solve some of the physical information access problems and provide an opportunity for all care providers to have access to a wide range of research evidence. But urgent care in environments such emergency departments affect on the care is team’s information management. This study showed how residents, internships and nursing students were using various information resources in particular evidence-based resources for their clinical decisions. The findings showed that urgency situations caused few populations the use of evidence based resources; and most of them preferred human and print information resources. It is important that information management skill in stressful environments is taught. Key words: Evidence-based, information, management, skill.

Principais achados de colonoscopias realizadas em caráter de urgência e eletivas

Desde 1960 houve grande avanço tecnológico na observação do aparelho digestivo com o advento dos endoscópios flexíveis, usados inicialmente para o trato digestivo superior e posteriormente também para o inferior, permitindo diagnósticos mais precisos e realização do tratamento em alguns casos. Mesmo em situações de urgência a colonoscopia pode ser utilizada como primeira escolha podendo ser diagnóstica e terapêutica. OBJETIVO: O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar quais foram os resultados principais das colonoscopias realizadas no Setor de Endoscopia Digestiva do Hospital Regional de Mato Grosso do Sul. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 290 pacientes submetidos à colonoscopia no Serviço de Endoscopia Digestiva do Hospital Regional do Mato Grosso do Sul, no período de novembro de 2006 a agosto de 2007. Foram analisadas as seguintes variáveis: sexo, idade, caráter de indicação do exame (urgência e eletiva) e diagnóstico. RESULTADOS: A idade média foi de 52 anos, variando de 15 a 92 anos. A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo feminino (56,5%). Dos 290 exames realizados no período foram constatados 48,5% (n=141) de colonoscopias com diagnóstico normal. Dentre os anormais houve uma prevalência de doença diverticular dos colos (n=56), seguido de pólipos (n=37), doenças inflamatórias (n=31), neoplasias (n=18) e angiodisplasia (n=7). Os pólipos apresentaram uma maior concentração em colo sigmóide (n=18) seguido pelo colo descendente e reto. As doenças inflamatórias apresentaram como diagnóstico colonoscópio, colite actínica (n=11) seguida por retite actínica (n=7) e retite inespecífica (n=7). Houve um maior número de procedimentos oriundos do ambulatório (73%) em contraste com internados (20%) e provenientes do Pronto Socorro (7%). CONCLUSÃO: A doença diverticular e os pólipos foram os diagnósticos preponderantes, pois a maior indicação foi a hemorragia digestiva. Uma alta incidência de pólipos em sigmóide demonstrou a importância da retosigmóidoscopia, é um procedimento relativamente seguro e mais barato que a colonoscopia. A baixa incidência de angiodisplasia, resultado discordante da literatura pode ser explicada por uma idade média relativamente baixa, existe mais angiodisplasia no delgado.