Urea Extraction Research Articles

Optical properties of BCNO nano phosphor synthesized using novel green technology

The present work reports a novel, eco-friendly green synthesis method for non-toxic BCNO nanophosphor material achieving high 79% Quantum Yield (QY). In this process, Boric acid (H3BO3), Urea (NH2CONH2) and Lemon Aqueous Extract (LAE) were used as precursors. The B/N ratio was fixed at 2 mol and the concentration of LAE was varied. As-prepared phosphor material was characterized using XRD, FTIR, SEM, AFM, UV-Visible and Photo-luminescence (PL) spectroscopy. Characterization results confirm the formation of blue emitting BCNO nano phosphor with Hexagonal Boron Nitride (h-BN) phase structure. The crystallinity, PL intensity and QY of nano phosphor increased with increasing LAE concentration up to an optimum value (20% (v/v)) and further decreased for its higher concentration. AFM and TEM images show homogeneously dispersed uniform nanoparticles with an average size of 51.67 nm. The decay profile shows short and long decay time, (τ1, τ2) respectively in nanoseconds.

High-Flux versus High-Retention-Onset Membranes: In vivo Small and Middle Molecules Kinetics in Convective Dialysis Modalities

Background: Patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (HD) exhibit increased levels of uremic toxins, which are associated with poor outcomes. Recently, new dialysis membranes have allowed clearance of solutes with higher molecular weight, without significant albumin losses high-retention-onset-HD (HRO-HD). Methods: Prospective crossover trial, in which 16 prevalent patients switched from high-flux HD (HF-HD) to online hemodiafiltration (olHDF) and HRO-HD for 4 weeks. The following variables were evaluated: pre- and post-dialysis serum concentrations of albumin, urea, phosphate (P), beta-2 microglobulin (β₂M), and total mass (TM) extraction and dialyzer clearance of urea, P, and β₂M. Results: Comparing HF-HD, olHDF, and HRO-HD, respectively, there were no differences regarding pre-dialysis serum concentrations of albumin (3.94 ± 0.36, 4.06 ± 0.22, and 3.93 ± 0.41 g/dL, p = 0.495), urea (166 ± 29, 167 ± 30, and 164 ± 27 mg/dL, p = 0.971), P (4.9 ± 2.1, 5.2 ± 1.6, and 4.9 ± 2.1 mg/dL, p = 0.879), and β₂M (31.3 ± 7.1, 32.6 ± 8.6, and 33.7 ± 5.9 µg/mL, p = 0.646). β₂M clearance was significantly lower in HF-HD in comparison to both olHDF and HRO-HD: 43 (37–53) versus 64 (48–85) mL/min, p = 0.013, and 69 (58–86) mL/min, p = 0.015, respectively. Post-dialysis β₂M serum concentration was higher in HF-HD in comparison to olHDF and HRO-HD: 11.6 (9.6–12.4) vs. 5.7 (4.5–7.0) µg/mL, p = 0.001, and 5.6 (5.3–7.6) µg/mL, p = 0.001, respectively. TM extraction of urea, P, and β₂M were similar across the 3 dialysis modalities. Conclusions: olHDF and HRO-HD were superior to HF-HD regarding β₂M clearance, leading to lower post-dialysis β₂M levels.

Impact of the self-healing agent composition on material characteristics of bio-based self-healing concrete

This paper investigates the composition of the biological self-healing agent based on its impact on material characteristics of concrete. A direct addition of the agent – a mixture of bacterial spores and nutrients – into concrete matrix has been investigated by many studies in recent decades. Under certain conditions, the applied microorganisms proved to be able to produce CaCO3, and researchers used this biocalcification process to autonomously seal microcracks in concrete. Thus, this bio-based material could potentially heal itself and lead to a more durable and economic structure. However, it has been shown that the self-healing agent, especially the indispensable nutrients, can positively or negatively influence the material characteristics. In this study, some of the most suitable and frequently proposed nutrients (calcium lactate, calcium nitrate, calcium formate, urea, and yeast extract) were directly added into cement mortar during the mixing process and their impact on material characteristics – compressive strength, flexural strength, and rheology – was evaluated and compared. Results show that calcium nitrate, calcium formate, calcium lactate, and urea have generally a potential to increase the compressive strength, especially in early ages. In contrast, the applied dose of yeast extract resulted in a drastic drop of compressive strength when compared to the control series, thus further optimization of the concentration is needed. The flexural strength was affected rather negligibly by the proposed nutritional admixtures.

Optimization of Process Parameters for Production of Alkaline Protease by OVAT Method Using Isolated Strain Alternaria alternata TUSGF1

Aim: The current study aimed at studying the optimum fermentation conditions and nutritional conditions for alkaline protease production by submerge fermentation using Alternaria alternata TUSGF1, isolated from poultry farm soil.
 Study Design: The results of environmental and nutritional parameters for protease production by OVAT method was analyzed by origin 6.1 software.
 Place and Duration of Study: Department of Food technology and Biochemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India between March 2017 and May 2017.
 Methodology: A protease producing microorganism was isolated from a poultry farm soil and identified as Alternaria alternata TUSGF1. Various environmental and nutritional process parameters such as volume of medium, fermentation time, temperature, age of inoculums, agitation and carbon sources and nitrogen sources were standardized for the maximum yield of alkaline protease.
 Results: The optimum conditions of protease activity was 30°C at volume of medium 60 ml with 7 days age of inoculum in the medium containing 168 h of incubation and 120 rpm agitation rate. Peptone, casien, skimmed milk, urea and yeast extract were good nitrogen sources whilst maltose, fructose, starch, and sucrose were appropriate for enzyme production by submerge fermentation.
 Conclusion: Alkaline protease production by a newly isolated Alternaria alternata TUSGF1 from poultry farm soil was studied in shake flask conditions by submerge fermentation. It was established that the optimum protease production was recorded at 30°C, 60 ml volume of medium leaves and incubation time of 168 h. The best carbon and nitrogen sources for protease production were fructose and casein, respectively.

Farmers’ indigenous knowledge and management of insect pests in Maize and Tomato crops at West Hararghe Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia

The survey involved 207 purposely selected farmers (Key Informants (KI) and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) who were interviewed using structured questionnaires. Majority of the farmers estimated that the insects, the most serious pest infesting maize and tomato crops, mainly were army worm, maize stalk borer, and African ball worm on maize and spider mite, white fly, and African ball worm on tomato crop. Averagely from all the study areas, more than 25.9% of the farmers make use of cultural control method when comparing with chemical insecticides. Only 12.0% had access to chemical insecticides in controlling of insect pests of both the crops. Most of discussants traditionally used by adding various particles like ash, urea, soils and botanical extracts such as tobacco, garlic, Datura (banji), green pepper and also soap particles (66.6 and 18.5% from Darolebu and 29.7 and 4.7% from Chiro districts), respectively. From all the study areas, 26.40% respondents were used mechanically by the removal of infested plants in the fields. But 14.3% of respondents were not used any traditional methods.

Gram bean extract-mediated synthesis of FeO nanoparticles for tuning the magneto-structural properties that influence the hyperthermia performance

A green synthesis of biocompatible magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (MNPs) using a combination of urea (U) and gram-bean extract (GBE, Cicer arietinum L.) is reported. The particle size of similar t ...

Surfactant and Chaotropic Agent Assisted Sequential Extraction/On-Pellet Digestion (SCAD) for Enhanced Proteomics.

As a popular sample preparation approach, filter-aided sample preparation (FASP) has been widely used in proteomic analysis. However, several limitations have been noted, including sample loss during filtration, repetitive centrifugation steps, and the possibility of breakage of filtration membrane. Extraction bias among different sample preparation strategies presents another challenge. To overcome these limitations and address remaining challenges, we developed a novel surfactant and chaotropic agent assisted sequential extraction/on-pellet digestion (SCAD) protocol. The new strategy resulted in higher protein yield and improved peptide recovery and protein coverage compared to two conventional sample preparation methods (FASP and urea). In combination of three strategies, more than 10,000 distinct protein groups were identified with 1% FDR from MDA-MB-231 cells without any prefractionation. This in-depth proteome analysis was accomplished by optimization of protein extraction, enzymatic digestion, LC gradient, and peptide sequencing method. Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA) of proteins exclusively identified in SCAD revealed several crucial signaling pathways that regulate breast cancer progression. SCAD also enabled an unbiased extraction of different categories of proteins (membrane, intracellular, nuclear) associated with tumorigenesis, which integrates the advantages of FASP and urea extraction. This novel strategy expedites comprehensive protein identification, which is applicable for biomarker discovery in various types of cancers.

Transferable Matrixes Produced from Decellularized Extracellular Matrix Promote Proliferation and Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Facilitate Scale-Up.

Decellularized extracellular matrixes (dECM) derived from mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) cultures have recently emerged as cell culture substrates that improve the proliferation, differentiation, and maintenance of MSC phenotype during ex vivo expansion. These biomaterials have considerable potential in the fields of stem cell biology, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. Processing the dECMs into concentrated solutions of biomolecules that enable the useful properties of the native dECM to be transferred to a new surface via a simple adsorption step would greatly increase the usefulness and impact of this technology. The development of such solutions, hereafter referred to as transferable matrixes, is the focus of this article. In this work, we produced transferable matrixes from dECM derived from two human placental MSC cell lines (DMSC23 and CMSC29) using pepsin digestion (P-ECM), urea extraction (U-ECM), and mechanical homogenization in acetic acid (AA-ECM). Native dECMs improved primary DMSC proliferation as well as osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation, compared with traditional expansion procedures. Interestingly, tissue culture plastic coated with P-ECM was able to replicate the proliferative effects of native dECM, while U-ECM was able to replicate osteogenic differentiation. These data illustrate the feasibility of producing dECM-derived transferable matrixes that replicate key features of the native matrixes and show that different processing techniques produce transferable matrixes with varying bioactivities. Additionally, these transferable matrixes are able to coat 1.3-5.2 times the surface area covered by the native dECM, facilitating scale-up of this technology.

Use of corn-steep liquor as an alternative carbon source for biomineralization in cement-based materials and its impact on performance

Early age microcracks are generally the primary cause for a decrease in service life of cement-based structures. Recent studies suggested that it might be possible to develop a smart cement-based material that could self-heal microcracks. The use of microbial induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) in cement-based materials is a novel approach to trigger self-healing and it has become an interesting field of research. MICP is a biochemical process where calcium carbonate (CaCO3) precipitation is obtained via metabolic pathways for microorganism and MICP via urea hydrolysis is the most common approach used in cement-based materials. Through the literature the most commonly used nutrient media for urea hydrolysis was composed of yeast extract and urea. However, use of yeast extract as a carbon source not only resulted with a severe retardation of initial setting and it increases the cost of the application. This study investigates the suitability of corn steep liquor (CSL) as an alternative replacement of yeast extract. CSL was found to be a suitable alternative for MICP applications without compromising bacterial growth, ability to promote CaCO3 precipitation. In addition, use of a nutrient medium including CSL and urea did not have such an adverse effect on initial set and compressive strength as compared to a urea and yeast extract medium.

Trophic inference in two sympatric sharks, Sphyrna lewini and Carcharhinus falciformis (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes), based on stable isotope analysis at Malpelo Island, Colombia

Background. Elasmobranchs can play important roles in marine communities. But, relatively little is known about their diet, and movement. Sphyrna lewini (Griffith et Smith, 1834) consumes fishes, cephalopods, rays, and crustaceans. Carcharhinus falciformis (Müller et Henle, 1839) feed on fishes, cephalopods, crustaceans and sea turtles. To date, there are no studies available on the trophic ecology of sharks in Malpelo Island. The aim of this study was to describe the trophic ecology of S. lewini and C. falciformis, using stable isotope analysis of δ13C and δ15N, to better understand the role of both shark species in the Malpelo Island ecosystem. Materials and methods. In January, February, and November 2013, specimens of Sphyrna lewini and Carcharhinus falciformis illegally caught at Malpelo Island were confiscated at the port of Buenaventura, Colombia. For each shark specimen, total length and sex were registered. Samples of muscle tissue were taken from the nape of all specimens. Each muscle sample was lyophilized for 24 h and analysed with lipid and urea extraction and without extraction. For each shark specimen, a subsample of ~1.0 mg was used for isotopic analysis. Results. A total of 14 Sphyrna lewini (Griffith et Smith, 1834) and 12 Carcharhinus falciformis (Müller et Henle, 1839) were analysed. δ13C values were similar between S. lewini (–16.3 ± 0.1‰) and C. falciformis (–16.5 ± 0.1‰). Sphyrna lewini showed a wider trophic niche than C. falciformis, with low trophic overlap (5%) between the two species. The δ15N values of S. lewini (15.9 ± 0.11‰) were higher than those of C. falciformis (14.9 ± 0.09‰). In C. falciformis, δ13C values were similar in both sexes (–16.5 ± 0.1‰), while δ15N values were significantly different between males (14.6 ± 0.1‰) and females (15.0 ± 0.1‰). The trophic position of S. lewini was 5.25 ± 0.12, and that of C. falciformis, 5.48 ± 0.18, which suggests that both shark species occupy a high position in the marine food chain. Conclusion. Both shark species co-occur at Malpelo Island, but they do not share food resources and feeding areas, and they probably feed far from the island, using it as a resting and cleaning area. This indicates the need for more research to increase biological and ecological knowledge of both species, particularly within marine protected areas and their influence areas throughout the Colombian Pacific.

A Marine Bacterium, Bacillus sp. Isolated from the Sediment Samples of Algoa Bay in South Africa Produces a Polysaccharide-Bioflocculant.

Bioflocculants mediate the removal of suspended particles from solution and the efficiency of flocculation is dependent on the characteristics of the flocculant. Apart from the merits of biodegradability and harmlessness, bioflocculants could be viable as industrially relevant flocculants as they are a renewable resource. Additionally, the shortcomings associated with the conventionally used flocculants such as aluminium salts and acrylamide polymers, which include dementia and cancer, highlight more the need to use bioflocculants as an alternative. Consequently, in this study a marine sediment bacterial isolate was screened for bioflocculant production. Basic local alignment search tools (BLAST) analysis of 16S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) sequence of the bacterial isolate showed 98% similarity to Bacillus thuringiensis MR-R1. The bacteria produced bioflocculant optimally with inoculum size (4% v/v) (85%), glucose (85.65%) and mixed nitrogen source (urea, ammonium chloride and yeast extract) (75.9%) and the divalent cation (Ca2+) (62.3%). Under optimal conditions, a maximum flocculating activity of over 85% was attained after 60 h of cultivation. The purified polysaccharide-bioflocculant flocculated optimally at alkaline pH 12 (81%), in the presence of Mn2+ (73%) and Ca2+ (72.8%). The high flocculation activity shown indicates that the bioflocculant may contend favourably as an alternative to the conventionally used flocculants in water treatment.

Tissue-specific bioactivity of soluble tendon-derived and cartilage-derived extracellular matrices on adult mesenchymal stem cells

BackgroundBiological scaffolds composed of tissue-derived extracellular matrix (ECM) can promote homologous (i.e., tissue-specific) cell differentiation through preservation of biophysical and biochemical motifs found in native tissues. Solubilized ECMs derived from decellularized tendon and cartilage have recently been promoted as tissue-specific biomaterials, but whether tissue-specific bioactivity is preserved following solubilization is unknown. This study explored the tissue-specific bioactivity of soluble decellularized tendon and cartilage ECMs on human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) presented across different culture microenvironments, including two-dimensional (2D) tissue culture plastic, aligned electrospun nanofibers, cell pellets, and cell-seeded photocrosslinkable hydrogels.MethodsTendon and cartilage ECMs were decellularized using established methods and solubilized either via pepsin digestion or urea extraction. The effect of soluble ECMs on cell proliferation and differentiation was initially explored by supplementing basal medium of human MSCs cultured on 2D tissue culture plastic. In subsequent experiments, MSCs were cultured on aligned electrospun nanofibers, ascell pellets, or encapsulated within photocrosslinkable methacrylated gelatin (GelMA) hydrogels. Urea-extracted tendon and cartilage ECMs were added as supplements.ResultsPepsin-digested ECMs did not promote homologous differentiation in human MSCs, whether provided as a medium supplement or three-dimensional (3D) hydrogels. In contrast, urea-extracted ECMs tended to promote tissue-specific differentiation of MSCs cultured in 2D and 3D microenvironments. The application of the small molecule TGF-β signaling inhibitor SB-431542 largely negated the tissue-specific gene expression patterns mediated by tendon and cartilage ECMs. This suggests that the action of endogenous TGF-β was required, but was not sufficient, to impart tissue-specific bioactivity of urea-extracted ECMs. When urea-extracted cartilage ECM was incorporated within a photocurable GelMA hydrogel it independently enhanced chondrogenesis in encapsulated MSCs, and showed additive prochondrogenesis upon TGF-β supplementation in the medium.ConclusionsUrea-extracted ECM fractions of decellularized tendon and cartilage are soluble supplements capable of enhancing tissue-specific differentiation of adult stem cells.

In-Depth Proteome Coverage by Improving Efficiency for Membrane Proteome Analysis.

Although great achievement has been made in the mapping of human proteome, the efficiency of sample preparation still needs to be improved, especially for membrane proteins. Herein, we presented a novel method to deepen proteome coverage by the sequential extraction of proteins using urea and 1-dodecyl-3- methylimidazolium chloride (C12Im-Cl). With such a strategy, the commonly lost hydrophobic proteins by 8 M urea extraction could be further recovered by C12Im-Cl, as well as the suppression effect of high abundance soluble proteins could be decreased. Followed by the in situ sample preparation and separation with different stationary phases, more than 9810 gene products could be identified, covering 8 orders of magnitude in abundance, which was, to the best of our knowledge, the largest data set of HeLa cell proteome. Compared with previous work, not only the number of proteins identified was obviously increased, but also the analysis time was shortened to a few days. Therefore, we expect that such a strategy has great potential applications to achieve unprecedented coverage for proteome analysis.

The Influence of the Foliar Application of Urea, Licorice and Garlic Extract on Nutrients Uptake and Yield of Wheat Plants Grown on Sandy Soil. a Comparative Study.

The Influence of the Foliar Application of Urea, Licorice and Garlic Extract on Nutrients Uptake and Yield of Wheat Plants Grown on Sandy Soil. a Comparative Study.

Interactive effects of urea and lipid content confound stable isotope analysis in elasmobranch fishes

Stable isotope analysis (SIA) is becoming a commonly used tool to study the ecology of elasmobranchs. However, the retention of urea by elasmobranchs for osmoregulatory purposes may bias the analysis and interpretation of SIA data. We examined the effects of removing urea and lipid on the stable isotope composition of 14 species of sharks, skates, and rays from the eastern North Pacific Ocean. While effects were variable across taxa, removal of urea generally increased δ15N and C:N. Urea removal had less influence on δ13C, whereas extracting urea and lipid generally increased δ15N, C:N, and δ13C. Because C:N values of nonextracted tissues are often used to infer lipid content and adjust δ13C, shifts in C:N following urea extraction will change the inferred lipid content and bias any mathematical adjustment of δ13C. These results highlight the importance of urea and lipid extraction and demonstrate the confounding effects of these compounds, making it impossible to use C:N of non-urea-extracted samples as a diagnostic tool to estimate and correct for lipid content in elasmobranch tissues.

Soy-based, tannin-modified plywood adhesives

ABSTRACT In this research, two different types of commercial tannins, namely a hydrolysable tannin (chestnut) and a condensed flavonoid tannin (mimosa), were used to prepare two types of soy-based (soy flour (SF) and soy protein isolate) adhesives for making plywood. Thermogravimetric properties (TGA) and its derivative as function of temperature (DTG) of different soy-based adhesive were measured in the range 40°C–300°C. Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) from 25°C to 250°C was done for the different resin formulations. Duplicate three-ply laboratory plywood panels were prepared by adding 300 g/m2 of the adhesives’ total resin solid content composed of SF or isolated soy protein (ISP), urea, chestnut, and mimosa tannin extracts with hexamine as hardener. Based on the results obtained, tannins can improve SF adhesion properties. The TMA showed that chestnut tannin extract appeared to react well with SF, while mimosa tannin extract appeared to react well with ISP. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry also showed that among other reactions, the soy protein amino acids reacted with the tannins. Furthermore, delamination and shear strength test results showed the good water resistance of plywood bonded with soy-based tannin modified adhesive.

Novel translocation intermediate allows re-evaluation of roles of ATP, proton motive force and SecG at the late stage of preprotein translocation.

Presecretory proteins such as pOmpA are translocated across the inner membrane of Escherichia coli by Sec translocase powered by ATP and proton motive force (PMF). Translocation activity has been determined by protease protection assaying invitro. We identified a new translocation intermediate at a late stage, which was protected by proteinase K (PK), but became PK sensitive upon urea extraction. At a late stage of pOmpA translocation driven by PMF in the presence of a nonhydrolyzable ATP analogue, the PK-protected materials arose, but were pulled back upon urea extraction, indicating that completion of translocation requires ATP hydrolysis. When inverted membrane vesicles prepared from secG-null strain (ΔSecG IMV) were used in the absence of PMF, the translocation intermediate was accumulated. When the ATP concentration was low in the absence of PMF, the translocation intermediate was also accumulated. Imposition of PMF in the presence of a low ATP concentration caused recovery of pOmpA translocation and resistance to urea extraction for SecG+ IMV, but not for ΔSecG IMV. Thus, analysis of the late translocation intermediate showed that two of three constituents, physiological concentration of ATP, PMF and SecG, are required for the catalytic cycle of preprotein translocation, that is, completion and subsequent initiation of translocation.

Effects of ethanol storage and lipid and urea extraction on δ15 N and δ13 C isotope ratios in a benthic elasmobranch, the bluespotted maskray Neotrygon kuhlii.

Ethanol storage and lipid and urea extraction had no effect on bluespotted maskray Neotrygon kuhlii muscle δ13 C values whereas urea-removal and ethanol storage increased δ15 N values. Results presented here show a significant δ15 N increase post-urea removal and provide additional support for this approach in future elasmobranch stable-isotope analysis (SIA) studies. Further experimental work on other elasmobranch species is needed to assess extraction and preservation effects on stable-isotope (SI) values.

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Zymographic analysis showed that all subcellular fractions of the serogroups possessed different degree of lipolytical activity. Maximal hydrolysis in the radial enzyme-diffusion reaction in agarose gel was observed in Tween-20, Tween-80, Triton �-305 and Triton �- 405. Total hydrolase activity of urea extracts in Tween-20, Tween-80, Triton �- 405, Span-85 excelled those in the preparations of outer membranes. Maximal lipolytical activity in regard to the Tweens was shown by the preparations of urea extracts prepared from the nontoxigenic strains of O1 serogroups, while in relation to the Tritons � preparations of urea extracts from the toxigenic strains (p < 0,05).

Use of sugarcane molasses by Pycnoporus sanguineus for the production of laccase for dye decolorization.

Pycnoporus sanguineus is a white-rot basidiomycete that produces laccase as the only oxidoreductase; enzyme synthesis depends on cultivation variables, and fungal species and strain. Laccases have wide substrate specificity, oxidize a broad range of compounds, and show potential for use in dye decolorization. We evaluated laccase production in a recently isolated strain of P. sanguineus cultivated with sugarcane molasses as the only carbon source, and urea or yeast extract as the nitrogen source [at various nitrogen concentrations (0.4, 1.4, 2.4, 3.4, and 4.4 g/L)], supplemented with copper (0, 150, 200, 250, and 300 µM), with or without agitation. The enzymatic extract produced at laccase peak activity was tested for dye decolorization capability on Remazol Brilliant Blue R, Reactive Black 5, Reactive Red 195, and Reactive Yellow 145. The nitrogen source did not affect enzyme production and the higher nitrogen concentration (3.4 g/L nitrogen as urea) increased enzymatic activity. The addition of up to 300 µM of Cu did not affect laccase production, whereas cultivation with agitation increased the activity peak by 17%. The highest laccase activity was ~50,000 U/L on the ninth day of cultivation. After 24 h, decolorization was 80% for Remazol Brilliant Blue R, 9% for Reactive Yellow 145, 6% for Reactive Red 195, and 2% for Reactive Black 5. The enzymatic extract of P. sanguineus provides a potential alternative to wastewater treatment. A better understanding of the behavior of this fungus under various culture conditions would allow improvement of the enzyme production bioprocess.