Urban Water Supply Systems Research Articles

On the Value of ENSO State for Urban Water Supply System Operators: Opportunities, Trade‐Offs, and Challenges

AbstractThe El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a major driver of global hydro‐climatic variability, with well‐known effects on floods, droughts, and coupled human‐natural systems. Its impact on urban settlements depends on both level of exposure and preparedness; two factors that are responsible for severe cuts on millions of people in developing countries, where urban water supply relies almost entirely on rainfall‐dependent sources. To understand whether information on the ENSO state could help mitigate the effects of droughts, we use Metro Manila's water supply system as exemplifying case study, for which we design “traditional” and adaptive management policies. The former are based on information typically available to operators, such as reservoir storage; the latter complement such information with the Oceanic Niño Index (ONI)—an indicator used for monitoring El Niño and La Niña state. Results obtained by comparing the policy performance on a large set of stochastic streamflow and ONI replicates show that ENSO‐informed policies are more robust, meaning that they attain a minimum performance level across a broader set of replicates. We show that the primary cause of this behavior is the information on the ENSO state. To further quantify the value of the ONI, we then compare the performance of a representative ENSO‐informed policy and the system's current operating rules on the period 1968–2014. The comparison shows that the severe water supply restrictions caused by the existing management system could have been partially avoided through a sequence of smaller restrictions implemented at the onset of the main El Niño events.

Assessment of sustainability of groundwater in urban areas (Porto, NW Portugal): a GIS mapping approach to evaluate vulnerability, infiltration and recharge

The urban water cycle concept demonstrates the connectivity and interdependence of urban water resources and human activities, and the need for integrated sustainable management studies and approaches. The role of climate, geology, geomorphology, land-use/cover, hydrogeochemistry, hydraulics, human activities among other features is significant in urban areas. In addition, land-use development has a stronger influence on terrestrial hydrology than climate variability. The need for provision of safe water, sanitation and drainage systems is key elements to consider for the groundwater resources in complex urban environments. In recent years, a new focus has emerged, addressing issues on integrated GIS mapping studies on urban water supply systems, particularly in historical cities. To illustrate that approach the Porto urban area (NW Portugal) was selected. This work presents a comprehensive study to demonstrate the key importance of urban groundwater studies, as well as the evaluation of the Urban Infiltration Potential Index and the potential groundwater yields that might be available for non-potable uses, such as irrigation of parks and lawns, street cleaning and firefighting. This strategy is useful for the planning and management of urban groundwater abstraction in an equitable and sustainable manner.

Classification of water contamination developed by 2-D Gabor wavelet analysis and support vector machine based on fluorescence spectroscopy.

The identification of the specific categories of pollutants in the urban water supply system is necessary. Traditional detection methods are based mainly on common water quality indicators. However, inspecting these water quality indicators is made difficult by issues such as long analysis time, insufficient sensitivity, need for reagents, and generation of waste liquid. These problems hinder high-frequency water detection and monitoring. In this study, three-dimensional (3D) fluorescence spectroscopy is adopted as a monitoring method for water quality. An identification method based on two-dimensional (2D) Gabor wavelets and support vector machine (SVM) multi-classification is also proposed. The Delaunay triangulation method for interpolation is used to pre-process 3D fluorescence spectra and thereby eliminate Rayleigh scattering and Raman scattering. A 2D Gabor wavelet function generated by filters of different scales and rotation angles is proposed to extract the features of the spectra. The block statistics method, based on Gabor feature description, is employed to enhance the efficiency in describing spectra features. Then, multiple SVM classifiers are used in pollutant classification and recognition. By comparing the proposed method with principal component analysis, which is a commonly used feature extraction method, this study finds that the application of 2D Gabor wavelets and block statistics can effectively describe the characteristics of 3D fluorescence spectra. Moreover, 2D Gabor wavelets achieve high classification accuracy, especially for substances with closely positioned or overlapping characteristic peaks.

Measurement and Characterization of Acoustic Noise in Water Pipeline Channels

Measurement and characterization of acoustic noise in water pipeline systems across the 10 Hz to 100 kHz acoustic frequency band are reported in this paper. The motivation for the noise characterization is to support the development of acoustic signal processing and communication systems for water pipeline systems. Measurements are reported from an urban water supply system in the city of Christchurch, New Zealand, using hydrophones inserted into the pipelines. These measurements are some of the first that have been reported for an operational water supply system. In addition, for comparison to a controlled baseline reference, measurements have also been performed in a 160 m pipeline laboratory testbed at The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. A key finding is that the noise amplitude probability density function (PDF) is found to follow a heavy-tailed distribution and the α-stable distribution is proposed for its characterization. The resultant acoustic noise measurements have also been analyzed to determine their power spectral density (PSD) characteristics. The measured noise PSD is not flat and characteristic frequencies and power density levels are utilized to capture the features of the noise PSD. These findings could have a significant impact on the design of signal processing systems for water pipeline systems due to their deviation from the conventional added white Gaussian noise model. In addition, three different acoustic noise sources with individual power and distribution characteristics are also postulated. These postulated sources are used to propose a straightforward acoustic noise model for supporting the simulation of acoustic noise for signal processing system design in water pipelines.

实现城市可持续发展的系统转型

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 实现城市可持续发展的系统转型 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201809141996 作者: 作者单位: 中国科学院生态环境研究中心/城市与区域生态国家重点实验室,中国科学院生态环境研究中心/城市与区域生态国家重点实验室,中国科学院生态环境研究中心/城市与区域生态国家重点实验室 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目（2017YFC0505704）；国家自然科学基金重点项目（41420104004） Systematic transformation towards urban sustainable development Author: Affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology,Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences,State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology,Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences,State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology,Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:城市在为人类提供各种生态系统服务的同时，其发展中的各类问题限制着城市生态系统本身的可持续发展。首先概述了城市发展过程中面临的挑战，主要包括城市化过程中人与自然的关系问题及社会生态问题等；其次从可持续发展的内涵、社会-经济-自然复合生态系统和驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应（DPSIR）的理论出发，分别从城市水供给和污水处置系统、消减城市废弃物排放、城市交通和区域规划、城市发展与粮食系统供求关系、城市清洁能源系统等5个方面对如何实现城市的转型进行了系统的论述。结合我国城市可持续发展的研究进展，指出城市的可持续发展问题不仅是城市自身的问题，也是城市与周边区域的协调发展问题。为此，文章提出必须基于五个"转向"来研究和建立城市化与区域生态的耦合和协调机制。 Abstract:Cities have offered diversified ecosystem services for human wellbeing, while various kinds of problems emerging in urban development have hindered the sustainability of urban ecosystems. This paper presented the major challenges for urbanization including ecological and social problems as a result of rapid urban development. Based on the connotation of sustainable development, theory of Social-Economic-Natural Complex Ecosystem and Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) model, urban water supply and sewage treatment systems, urban waste emission reduction, urban transportation and regional planning, food systems in response to urban expansion, and urban clean energy systems were systematically discussed to achieve the urban transformation. In view of the urban sustainable development in China, it is not just about city itself but also about its integrated relationships with its surrounding regions. Therefore, the paper suggested that the coupling and coordination mechanisms between urbanization and regional ecology be studied and established based on the five "transformations". 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Analyzing the Sustainability of Urban Water Supply and Distribution System; In Case of Assosa Town Water Supply and Distribution System, Benishangul Gumuz National Regional State, Western Ethiopia (Technical Note)

The main objective of the study is to analysis sustainability of water supply and distribution system of Asossa town. While conducting this research, both primary and secondary data were collected and software such as water GEMSV8i, ArcGIS version10.4.1 and GPS Garmin72 were used. The water supply source of the study area yields 46.1 l/s but only 23.6 l/s of water used. The simulated result of extended period simulation showed that the performance of hydraulic parameters were pressure 21.05 % for pressure value 60 m head and the velocity of pipe flow showed that 84.86 % for velocity

Đánh giá hiện trạng chất lượng nước mặt phục vụ khai thác cấp nước cho thành phố Sóc Trăng

Soc Trang is a coastal province in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta. Groundwater is the main source for urban water supply systems of the province; however, both the quality and quantity of this water source are declining. Therefore, shifting from groundwater to surface water exploitation plays an important role in the sustainable water supply for the province. Methods of the statistics in water resources and compare with the Vietnamese national standards for surface water quality (QCVN 08-MT: 2015/BTNMT) were applied to evaluate salinity and pollutants of the surface water source in the province. The result shows Hau river and its distribuaries in Ke Sach District were less affected by the salinity and pollutants comparing different regions of the province. Besides, the polluted parameters, are often found in the surface sources in the district, are BOD, COD, TSS, total Coliform and total iron pollutants. The study result also reveals the water quality of Hau river, Cai Vop, Cai Tram, So 1 canal and the upstream of 30/4 canal has the water pollution frequency less than the others in the province. These rivers and canals can be considered as the water sources supplying for Soc Trang city.

Intelligent Management of Secondary Water Supply Systems in Downtown Shanghai

Secondary water supply, as the final component of the urban water supply system, is critical for ensuring the safety of urban water supply, and is directly related to customers’ water use. However, water stored in secondary water supply facilities will more likely to lose disinfectants (chlorine residual) which can lead to bacterial regrowth and water quality deterioration. Therefore, it is important to solve problems associated with secondary water supply and manage the system more effectively. In the context of the Internet of Things, the intelligent management model based on information technology has become the growing trend. This paper introduces the application of the secondary water supply intelligent management model in Shanghai.

Isotopic reconnaissance of urban water supply system dynamics

Abstract. Public water supply systems (PWSS) are critical infrastructure that is vulnerable to contamination and physical disruption. Exploring susceptibility of PWSS to such perturbations requires detailed knowledge of supply system structure and operation. The physical structure of the distribution system (i.e., pipeline connections) and basic information on sources are documented for most industrialized metropolises. Yet, most information on PWSS function comes from hydrodynamic models that are seldom validated using observational data. In developing regions, the issue may be exasperated as information regarding the physical structure of the PWSS may be incorrect, incomplete, undocumented, or difficult to obtain in many cities. Here, we present a novel application of stable isotopes in water (SIW) to quantify the contribution of different water sources, identify static and dynamic regions (e.g., regions supplied chiefly by one source vs. those experiencing active mixing between multiple sources), and reconstruct basic flow patterns in a large and complex PWSS. Our analysis, based on a Bayesian mixing model framework, uses basic information on the SIW and production volumes of sources but requires no information on pipeline connections in the system. Our work highlights the ability of stable isotopes in water to analyze PWSS and document aspects of supply system structure and operation that can otherwise be challenging to observe. This method could allow water managers to document spatiotemporal variation in flow patterns within PWSS, validate hydrodynamic model results, track pathways of contaminant propagation, optimize water supply operation, and help monitor and enforce water rights.

Пристап до вода за пиење во руралните училишта во североисточниот регион на Република Македонија

The aim of the paper is to show the status of access to drinking water and sanitation in schools in rural areas and exposure of children population to contaminants through drinking water, but, also to address the inequalities in the access to drinking water and sanitation between primary and high schools in rural and urban setting in the municipalities of Northeastern region. Final goal is to strengthen the role of precautionary principle in public health and environmental protection with particular attention to the future of children and youths. In rural areas of the region, teaching is attended by 6887 pupils, or 31.64% from total number of pupils. 941 of them are high school pupils, and the rest 5946 are pupils fromI-IX grade. 16.9% from school population in rural area has access to safe drinking water from urban water supply systems, 39.5% use water from small-scale water supply systems, and 43.6% have their own water supply objects (dugged wells, drilled wells, capped source) or public fountains in the settlements. In the period 2014till 2017, have been analyzed 817 samples from local water supply systems – measuring site school object and 361 samples from schools which have their own water supply. 5.5% of samples from localwater supply systems have been bacteriologically improper, and 19.1% from schools with their own water supply. Deviations from chemical parameters were 9.5%, and consecutively31.5%. In the access to sanitation in the rural areas prevail septic tanks. From total 5118 registered cases of enterocolitis in the region during the period of 2014 till 2017, 22.3% were enterocolitis at age 7 to 19. To reduce the inequalities and to achieve the goal each child to realize right to quality education and service to water and sanitation strengthening of monitoring system in schools in the Republic of Macedonia is needed according to newest criteria of the Joint Monitoring Programme of WHO/UNICEF and to create database which will serve in the process of decision making, sharing responsibilities and planning financing, at national and local level.

Multiple Urban Domestic Water Systems: Method for Simultaneously Stabilized Robust Control Decision

The distribution of water resources and the degree of economic development in different cities will result in different parameters for the supply and demand of domestic water in each city. In this paper, a simultaneous stabilization and robust control method is proposed for decision-making regarding multiple urban domestic water systems. The urban water demand is expressed as the product of the urban domestic water consumption population and per capita domestic water consumption. The fixed capital investment and labor input of the urban domestic water supply industry are used as control variables. Based on the Lyapunov stability theory and the linear matrix inequality method, multiple urban domestic water supply and demand systems can accomplish asymptotical stability through the coordinated input of investment and labor. For an empirical analysis, we take six cities—Nanjing, Wuxi, Nantong, Yangzhou, Xuzhou, and Lianyungang—in Jiangsu Province, China, to study the simultaneously stabilized coordinated control scheme. The simulation results show that the same control scheme simultaneously achieves the asymptotic stability of these urban domestic water supply and demand systems, and is robust when it comes to the variation of system parameters. This method is particularly suitable for a water resources administrative agency to make a unified decision-making arrangement for water supply input in different areas. It will help synchronize multiple urban domestic water managements and reduce the difficulty of control.

Reflections on the Construction of Water Supply and Drainage in Integrated Pipe Corridor of Sponge City

With the continuous development of economy and society and the continuous improvement of peoples’ living environment requirements, the concept of sponge city construction has been recognized and understood by more and more people. The country has also recognized the significance of planning and construction of sponge cities. In the process of planning and constructing a sponge city, it is necessary to combine the reality of urban development with the construction of urban water supply and drainage systems and underground pipe corridors to promote the process of urban modernization. Based on this, this paper analyzes the water supply and drainage construction of the integrated pipe corridor in the sponge city.

Assessment of Urban Water Supply System Based on Query Optimization Strategy

As a complicated water treatment system project, an urban water supply plays a significant role in enhancing ecological civilization construction, promoting social-economic sustainable development, and improving the living environment of humans. This paper has the goal of improving water treatment efficiency and reducing water treatment cost based on comparative studies by applying two types of distributed database query optimization methods, including the system for a distributed database (SDD-1) and all reduction algorithms. The approach involves the components of partial relations and deletes the database components that are unrelated to a query, using only attributes related to a query. Thereby, the realization process becomes simple, with a small amount of transmitted data. The results show that the validity and convenience of all reduction algorithms involve the whole query process. An algorithm is independent of the chart of static characteristics and can realize all reduction states without depending on analyzing the benefits from intermediate semijoin results, which will ultimately contribute to reductions in the transmission of useless data in the network and communication costs. Implementation of the query optimization strategy can improve water treatment efficiency, reduce water treatment cost, lower water treatment expense, and implement effective communication.

Understanding the water-energy nexus in urban water supply systems with city features

The water-energy nexus has been introduced into urban water supply systems (WSSs) to improve the current plight of scarce resources and greenhouse effect in recent years. Urban water-energy integrated management is limited by the characteristics and reality of each city. In this paper, we characterize the comprehensive influence factors of energy use in China urban WSSs including geographic differences and city forms. The results indicate that the pressure of pipeline network and plain area ratio restricted by geomorphology would significantly impact the energy consumption during conveyance and distribution stage. For the city form aspect, the total volume of urban water supply and the leakage rate of pipeline networks play important roles in energy consumption of urban WSSs in China. In this study, the specific electricity consumption in WSSs was quantified, and several factors affected by city features which show strong correlation with energy use were determined. The results are of great significance to the energy saving in water supply systems in urban areas.

Assessment of the Energy Use for Water Supply in Beijing

Urban water supply systems consist of water intaking, water delivery, water purification, water distribution, and other processes that require energy. As urban population increases, water resources must be drained from a larger watershed and delivered through longer pipelines. Additionally, the requirements of water purification techniques are being raised, and higher building height poses challenges to water distribution. All these factors have caused evident changes in the energy use in the water supply system. Estimation of the energy used in the water supply system is one of the bases for low-carbon city construction and assessments. This paper provides a method for assessing the energy use by a water system in an urban area and performs a case study for Beijing, China. This study investigated the urban water supply system of Beijing from 1979 to 2017 by collecting data of water sources, water treatment techniques, delivery pipelines, water pressure, and seepage rates. It estimated the energy use per cubic unit of water in the water supply system and plotted the trend through time. The results showed that the energy use per cubic unit of water supply in Beijing increased from 0.30 KWh to 0.65 KWh from 1979 to 2014. After the commissioning of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in 2014, the energy use per cubic unit water was altered structurally and remained steady, because the water transported by the project replaced groundwater and reduced the electricity requirement for pumping. The results demonstrate that the South-to-North Water Diversion Project significantly helps Beijing reduce carbon emissions.

Impact of operating rules on planning capacity expansion of urban water supply systems

ABSTRACTWater utilities often rely on industrial water supply (e.g. desalination) to complement natural resources. These climate-independent sources of supply allow operators to respond quickly to varying operating conditions, but require them to choose operating strategies, or rules. How does such operational flexibility impact the performance of water supply systems? How might it affect long-term plans for capacity expansion? Possibly significantly, as demonstrated by the analysis of a water supply system based on Singapore. First, we simulate the dynamics of the system under multiple rainfall and operating scenarios to understand the extent to which the operators’ behavior affect system performance. Results show that different operating rules can have comparable impact on the variability in system performance as hydrological conditions. Then, we show that small changes in the operating rules can lead to substantial changes in the capacity expansions, such as the size of a new desalination plant.

City layout: A key to reducing energy use for water supply

The design of water distribution systems and layout of cities can have a major effect on energy associated with water supply. In particular, distribution of water within high-rise buildings can add significantly to energy use and should be taken into consideration when designing and regulating urban water supply systems. This article outlines five steps to help rapidly urbanizing countries plan energy-efficient water distribution systems.

System resilience assessment method of urban lifeline system for GIS

System resilience is defined as the ability of a system to withstand and recover from deliberate attacks, accidents, or naturally occurring threats or incidents. It is a key property to measure the robustness of complex and high coupling degree systems such as urban water supply system, electricity transmission system and waste disposal system. This paper proposes an integrated decision-making process to evaluate system resilience for urban lifeline systems. The decision-making process has two steps: First, the establishment of a system resilience indicator framework that contains five dimensional attributes, namely Materials and Environmental Resources, Society and Well-being, Economy, Built Environment and Infrastructure, and Governance and Institutes. Second, the development of a hybrid K-means algorithm, which combines entropy theory, bootstrapping and analytic network process. Using the real data of is resilient indicators data, this methodology identifies and classifies the resilience level of different regions supported by the lifeline systems. Finally, by combining with geographic information system, the calculation, visualization and classification of resilience leave can be realized. The results can serve as guidelines for governments to allocate resources and prevent large economic loss, especially in those low resilience level areas.

ASSESSING URBAN WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM IN NORTHEASTERN THAILAND: WATER QUALITY AND AUTHORITY ORGANIZATION

Providing safe water supply is one of the important public health priorities, the water quality ofwater supply is closely associated with human health. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of water inthe urban water supply systems and their authority organizations including the existing performance of the watersupply systems and their organizations. The sampling locations were covered by 4 cities, namely NakhonRatchasima (Korat), Chaiyaphum, Buriram and Surin provinces. There was the total of 13 sampling sitelocations of the urban water supply systems which are owned by the provincial and municipal waterworksauthorities. Water samples of each sampling site location were collected from water resources, storage tanks, andhousehold water taps, and analyzed for various parameters. The results showed that the water quality of theurban water supply systems had met the water quality standards for the parameters: turbidity, TSS, TDS, Nitrate,and total coliform, except color and iron due to the retention time of the sedimentation process which was not theproper range. Besides, there were problems with the residual chlorine in storage tanks and household tap waterwhich was lower than the standard limit and might affect population health. There was no difference between theperformance of the provincial and municipal waterworks authorities. The outcome of this study can support theimprovement of the urban water supply systems and their authority organizations.

Selection of the technologically most appropriate variant of the solar photovoltaic (PV) water supply system by using multi-criteria methods PROMETHEE and GAIA

Nowadays, technical directors, operative engineers and managers in utility companies often meet with many variants of various types of water supply systems. Such a task is becoming complicated if solar photovoltaic (PV) energy is used as an energy source, due to its stochastic nature. This paper will present the use of the multi-criteria methods PROMETHEE and GAIA for the case of technological criteria. The aim of the paper is finding a technologically most appropriate variant of the observed urban water supply system (UWSS), given that the resulting solution differs according to the size of certain parts. It should be noted that the observed UWSS consists of PV generator and inverter (subsystem PV), pump station (subsystem PS) and water reservoir (subsystem W). In addition, this paper explains the scientifically innovative and applicable methodology for sizing the UWSS driven by PV energy.