Urban Indian Population Research Articles

Fracture pattern in Paediatric age group

Background: Use of technology and changing individual lifestyle patterns are new parameters which contribute to pre-existing causes/factors in paediatric fractures.Aim: To study the epidemiology of paediatric fracture pattern in a rural/semi urban population of India and to identify the dietary and individual lifestyle determinants in given population for fracture occurrence, and to compare the results available from developed and developing countries and find out changing pattern of paediatric fractures, if any and to suggest preventive measures to reduce burden to such trauma in said population. Methods: Between Jan 2019 and June 2020 inclusive from age 2-18 years, 181 paediatric Orthopaedic trauma patients presenting to our hospital were prospectively studied. Information was noted in a prescribed questionnaire. Final data was analysed in form of pie chart, bar diagram and scatter diagram. Results: In this study 181 paediatric patients with age range from 2-18 who reported to our emergency /Out patient department with fractures were included. Most common patients studied belonged to age group 8-10 years. Males (128 i.e. 70.7%) were more commonly affected than females (53 i.e. 29.3%).Fractures involving Upper limb (79.%) isolated distal radius followed by distal humerus) were far more common than lower limb fractures (19.9%) tibia being most common bone involved). More than 60% of subjects were spending more than 1 hrs. of a day as screen time(including TV/mobile) and subsequently 55% of children had were spending less than 60 minutes in a given day for outside physical activity/sports. Conclusion: Kids in developing countries are seen to be involved in more sedentary lifestyle and use of technology has become a necessity in everyone's life leading to high screen time. Previous known factors as poor nutrition status and low awareness/preventive strategies for fracture occurrence remain the same and thus an effective program focused on these new challenges needs to be developed to reduce fracture in this group of vulnerable populations.

Perspectives and challenges of common service centres towards e-governance

Common service centres (CSC) run by village level entrepreneurs (VLEs) are expected to contribute significantly towards e-governance by providing government services. Even after 12 years of their inception, rural people are not much aware about facilities in these centres vis-a-vis VLEs running them are still facing a lot of challenges. The study was conducted in the year 2019-2020 by conducting a survey of 200 respondents in rural areas supported by both qualitative and quantitative data. The present study is aimed to investigate the reasons for poor performance of CSC. Challenges and problems faced by VLEs running them. The study contributes towards interdisciplinary study of digital initiatives to serve rural, semi urban population in India and challenges of micro entrepreneurship.

PS-C11-2: FACTORS AFFECTING HOME BLOOD PRESSURE AND HEART RATE VARIABILITY POST-COVID INFECTION

Objective: There is a scarcity of data on the factors that influence home blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) variability. This study was undertaken to determine the factors that influence home BP and HR fluctuation post COVID infection in the urban Indian population. Designs and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study among 1000 patients between the ages of 30 and 80 who were previously infected with COVID-19 infection, but not hospitalized. These patients were guided and trained to measure BP at home. BP and HR readings were taken at home twice a day, in the morning and evening, for seven days (28 measurements). The SD of morning minus evening, and first minus second readings was used to calculate BP and HR variability. Results: Old age, cardiovascular illness, diabetes, and high home blood pressure were all found to be independent predictors of an increased morning than evening home blood pressure variability. Old age, and high home blood pressure were all independent determinants of greater day-to-day home blood pressure variability, while old age, female sex, cardiovascular disease, and high home blood pressure were all independent determinants of greater first versus second home blood pressure variability. Young age, and high home HR, on the other hand, were all independent drivers of increased morning vs evening variability. Young age, female sex, and a high home HR were also independent predictors of first versus second home HR variability. Conclusion: Considering home BP and HR fluctuation have prognostic value, it is critical for clinicians to understand the underlying reasons for these variables. Doctors should focus on alcohol, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease prevention counseling for their high-risk patients.

Oral health status and treatment needs in primary school children of Kochi: A Mixed Indian urban population setting survey

Oral health status and treatment needs in primary school children of Kochi: A Mixed Indian urban population setting survey

Hypertension In India: An Insight Into The NFHS-5 Data

Non-communicable diseases are the leading cause of death globally. It accounts for 65%of all deaths in India. According to NFHS-5 data the prevalence of hypertension is higher among men than among women. In this paper an attempt is made to highlight the prevalence of hypertension among rural and urban population in India. The data for the present study was secondary in nature and was obtained from NFHS-5 factsheets.

Indian diabetic risk score as a screening tool for assessment of diabetes in urban and rural areas in Andhra Pradesh

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a major public health problem in Andhra Pradesh and Indian diabetes risk score (IDRS) is a cost-effective tool for screening of undiagnosed diabetic individuals in the community. The objectives of this study were to assess the sensitivity and specificity of IDRS method as a screening tool in community as well as to determine the importance of stress scale in relation with diabetes. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from April 2022 to May 2022 among 18 years and above residing in select areas of Prakasam and Visakhapatnam districts. House to house survey was done for collecting data on IDRS with pretested questionnaire. Cohen's perceived stress scale was used to assess the level of stress. Results: Out of 200 study subjects, 53.5% were males, mean age was 40.13±15 years and 23% were illiterate. The overall prevalence of diabetes was 21.0%, as per IRDS, 20.5% were in low-risk category. 44.5% and 31.5% were in moderate and high-risk category respectively. No physical exercise- 45 (71.7%), consumption of non-vegetarian food- 43 (65%), low consumption of fruits- 47 (74.6%) among high-risk category. Sensitivity of IDRS was 50.6%, specificity 71.6%, positive predictive value 33.8% and negative predictive value 86.3%. Mean perceived stress score was found to be 19.5±4.03.Conclusions: This study estimated the usefulness of Indian diabetes risk score for identifying high risk diabetic subjects in Indian urban population so that proper intervention can be done to reduce the burden of disease. Stress may be included in the IDRS.

Determining new anthropometric markers for screening T2DM in Jaipur, India

WHO has estimated expected cases of T2DM to rise to 57.2 million by the year 2025 and 80.9 million by the year 2030. Since past two decades there has been constant marked increase in the prevalence of diabetes in urban population of India with noticeable rise in southern part of India. The Prevalence of T2DM ranges from 10-16 % from region to region. The primary objective of the study was to determine the association between Indices using height, waist, hip, thigh, arm, and wrist circumference (cm) with development of T2DM and compare it to existing markers in test subjects and assessing their feasibility as predictive indicators for the development of T2DM. In a cross-sectional study, a total of 605 subjects were involved in the study which included health centers and health camps in Jaipur, India. The study duration was of 1 years (December 2019 to November 2020). Height-to-waist ratio (HtWR), ABI (Arav Body Index), Thigh to waist ratio (TWR) and Wrist to arm ratio (WAR) was compared to common existing markers such as WHtR, WHR and BMI.

Covid-19 vaccine hesitancy in a western Indian urban population: A parental survey

The Journal is the primary organ of Continuing Paediatric Medical Education in Sri Lanka. The journal also has a website. Free full text access is available for all readers.The Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health is now indexed in SciVerse Scopus (Source Record ID 19900193609), Index Medicus for South-East Asia Region (IMSEAR), CABI (Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International Global Health Database), DOAJ and is available in Google, as well as Google Scholar.The policies of the journal are modelled on the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) Guidelines on Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing. Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health is recognised by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) as a publication following the ICMJE Recommendations.

Determining new anthropometric markers for screening T2DM in Jaipur, India: A cross sectional study

WHO has estimated expected cases of T2DM to rise to 57.2 million by the year 2025 and 80.9 million by the year 2030. Since past two decades there has been constant marked increase in the prevalence of diabetes in urban population of India with noticeable rise in southern part of India. The Prevalence of T2DM ranges from 10-16 % from region to region. The primary objective of the study was to determine the association between Indices using height, waist, hip, thigh, arm, and wrist circumference (cm) with development of T2DM and compare it to existing markers in test subjects and assessing their feasibility as predictive indicators for the development of T2DM. In a cross-sectional study, a total of 605 subjects were involved in the study which included health centers and health camps in Jaipur, India. The study duration was of 1 years (December 2019 to November 2020). Height-to-waist ratio (HtWR), ABI (Arav Body Index), Thigh to waist ratio (TWR) and Wrist to arm ratio (WAR) was compared to common existing markers such as WHtR, WHR and BMI.

Determining new anthropometric markers for screening T2DM in Jaipur, India: A cross sectional study

WHO has estimated expected cases of T2DM to rise to 57.2 million by the year 2025 and 80.9 million by the year 2030. Since past two decades there has been constant marked increase in the prevalence of diabetes in urban population of India with noticeable rise in southern part of India. The Prevalence of T2DM ranges from 10-16 % from region to region. The primary objective of the study was to determine the association between Indices using height, waist, hip, thigh, arm, and wrist circumference (cm) with development of T2DM and compare it to existing markers in test subjects and assessing their feasibility as predictive indicators for the development of T2DM. In a cross-sectional study, a total of 605 subjects were involved in the study which included health centers and health camps in Jaipur, India. The study duration was of 1 years (December 2019 to November 2020). Height-to-waist ratio (HtWR), ABI (Arav Body Index), Thigh to waist ratio (TWR) and Wrist to arm ratio (WAR) was compared to common existing markers such as WHtR, WHR and BMI.

Analysis and Visulization of Public Transport for Integrated monitoring dashboard : Case Study of Thane, Maharashtra, India

Urban population of India and migration towards large city has been increased in last decade. Correspondingly civic management has to deliver various facilities on timeline based for several services. Smart City mission launched by Government of India focuses on serval attributes where Intelligent Public Transport System is major focus. Currently 68 major cities in India have public transport system in city. 83 of the 100 shortlist smart cities have implemented an Integrated Command and Control Center (ICCC) to gather, analyze, evaluate, and respond to big data inputs from across the urban area. We have reported various critical attributes for visualization and analytics of Intelligent Public Transport system. Real database of Thane Smart have been taken for academic research purpose. Various analysis reports have been prepared and correspondingly visualization for dashboard have been successfully created. All reports contain interactive details with attributes including 3D trip layers. Common data tables designed for various analysis have also been suggested. It is recommended to have common features for critical attributes for Intelligent Transport System (ITS) for all smart cities for better common implementation policy including fleet size, and shifting to Electric Vehicles (EV).

Susceptibility Loci for Type 2 Diabetes in the Ethnically Endogamous Indian Sindhi Population: A Pooled Blood Genome-Wide Association Study.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a complex metabolic derangement that has a strong genetic basis. There is substantial population-specificity in the association of genetic variants with T2D. The Indian urban Sindhi population is at a high risk of T2D. The genetic basis of T2D in this population is unknown. We interrogated 28 pooled whole blood genomes of 1402 participants from the Diabetes In Sindhi Families In Nagpur (DISFIN) study using Illumina’s Global Screening Array. From a total of 608,550 biallelic variants, 140 were significantly associated with T2D after adjusting for comorbidities, batch effects, pooling error, kinship status and pooling variation in a random effects multivariable logistic regression framework. Of the 102 well-characterized genes that these variants mapped onto, 70 genes have been previously reported to be associated with T2D to varying degrees with known functional relevance. Excluding open reading frames, intergenic non-coding elements and pseudogenes, our study identified 22 novel candidate genes in the Sindhi population studied. Our study thus points to the potential, interesting candidate genes associated with T2D in an ethnically endogamous population. These candidate genes need to be fully investigated in future studies.

Empirical study on consumers’ reluctance to mobile payments in a developing economy

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the effect of factors that inhibit adoption of mobile payments service in India.Design/methodology/approachBased on the extant literature on mobile payment service and other related literature, factors were identified that drive consumer resistance toward its adoption. It engaged “innovation resistance theory” framework for understanding consumer resistance. The framework addressed five categories of barriers, namely, usage, value, risk, image and tradition that lead to negative perception of innovation, and therefore, induces positive impact on its resistance. Additionally, the study considered a few lesser investigated barriers (habitual use of cash, surveillance, technology) for the study, thus extending the existing theoretical framework. Hypotheses were framed, field data were collected and then analyzed using multivariate techniques.FindingsFew interesting observations were made from the study. Usage, image and value barriers hindered adoption of mobile payment service. In case of men, usage, value and image were the primary barriers. For women, usage, image, habitual use of cash and technology acted as barriers that curbed mobile payments service adoption. Additionally, except risk, tradition and surveillance barriers, relationships of all other constructs with adoption intention were moderated by gender.Research limitations/implicationsThis research was limited to the views of the urban population in India who used mobile payments service. The results may vary across geographical contexts because of culture or socioeconomic differences.Practical implicationsThe growth of mobile payment service has remained sluggish in India despite high levels of digitization. The study results will offer valuable insights to the Indian business managers and policymakers to identify what action plan needs to be instituted to make mobile payments service more attractive and acceptable to users.Originality/valueThis empirical study extended and tested the classical innovation resistance theory framework by adding three less studied barriers (surveillance, habitual use of cash and technology) in a developing nation, thus enriching the current literature on consumer resistance toward mobile payments. It also examined the moderating effect of gender on mobile payments service adoption.

Prevalence, Patterns, and Predictors of Physical Inactivity in an Urban Population of India.

Physical inactivity (PI) is a risk factor for mortality and morbidity. PI and its predictors among the urban population in Bhubaneswar, India, were unknown. Finding out the contribution of PI as a cause of existing noncommunicable diseases (NCD) is difficult without following up with a cohort. The study was hence done to find out the prevalence, patterns, and predictors of physical inactivity in an urban population, and simultaneously investigate its causal relationship with NCD from this cross-sectional study. Cluster random sampling was used with a sample size of 1203 with a design effect of three. Socio-demographic, health profile, physical activity levels, and stage of change for physical activity behavior were collected. Logistic regression and marginal structural model analysis (by inverse probability of treatment weighting {IPTW} using a generalized estimating equation {GEE} to investigate the relationship between physical activity and prevalence of NCDs) were done using IBM SPSS v20 software (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.). Statistical significance was tested at p=0.05. A total of 1221 subjects participated. The mean age was 35.25 years and 71.9% were physically inactive. General caste, presence of NCD, and being in a static stage of change influenced physical activity positively. PI was found to be a risk factor for NCD with 1.54 times higher odds in this population. The study concluded that the prevalence of physical activity was low and PI was a causative factor for NCD.

An Analysis of Employment Status in Indian Handloom Industry

The handloom industry provides livelihood opportunities to many rural and urban populations in India. The present research was primarily focused on 13 major handloom practising states of India, each of which had more than one per cent share of total employment in India's handloom sector and covered 93 per cent of workers in this sector. The results showed the growth of employment in the handloom weaving sector and described the status of workers in the sector. Handloom census reports 2009-10 and 2019-20 form the database for the present study. It was observed that 4 states had a positive CAGR of the number of workers in the sector from 2009 to 2019, while it declined at the national level. The research also discussed the nature of work, engagement pattern, the average number of working days, average household income etc., and identified differences among the states.

Development and standardization of a COVID-19 Vaccination Anxiety scale for Adult Urban Indian Population (CVAS-A)

ABSTRACT Given the ongoing COVID-19 vaccination drive across the globe, a significant amount of confusion, mistrust, misunderstanding, and hesitancy had surfaced regarding the vaccine. A standardized tool to understand the possible reasons of COVID-19 vaccination anxiety and hesitancy would be valuable in this context. The current study aimed at developing a standardized tool to measure COVID-19 Vaccination Anxiety among Urban Indian adults. A 19-item scale was administered to an Urban adult Indian population (N = 760) between the period of February 2021- May 2021 to obtain factors associated with COVID-19 Vaccination Anxiety and establish reliability estimates of the scale. Infection-related anxiety, information-related anxiety and vaccine side-effect-related anxiety were the three factors determined through Factor Analysis. The scale was validated with Convergent and Discriminant Validity by finding correlation between the three factors of the scale and five factors of the Brief version of the Big-Five personality Inventory (extraversion, agreeableness, openness to experience, conscientiousness, and neuroticism). It is expected that a tool such as CVAS-A would help in understanding and managing COVID-19-related vaccination hesitancy.

Barriers and facilitators of noncommunicable disease (NCD) prevention in Kerala: A qualitative study

ABSTRACTContext:The burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCD) is increasing at an alarming rate, contributing to about 23% of the mortality in the rural and 30% of the total mortality in the urban population in India. Even with high health literacy in Kerala, the state has higher rates of NCD risk factors and lower diabetes and hypertension control rates.Aims:The objectives were to qualitatively assess the facilitators and barriers of NCD prevention from the patients’ and health care providers’ perspectives and assess the perceptions of healthy lifestyle behaviors among NCD risk persons and patients.Settings and Design:This was a qualitative study conducted in Thrissur district, Kerala, India.Methods and Material:Qualitative study was conducted using the grounded theory approach. A total of nine in-depth interviews and ten focus group discussions were conducted among health care providers and NCD risk persons and patients. The audio-recorded data were transcribed, coded, and thematically analyzed.Statistical Analysis:The data were transcribed and analyzed using the Framework approach to qualitative data analysis.Results:The main themes identified were healthy lifestyle behaviors, facilitators, and barriers to NCD prevention. The main facilitators for NCD prevention were NCD screening, the national program for NCD, health education sessions, and yoga classes in school. Lack of time, laziness, unavailability of space for exercise, and safety issues were identified as barriers to physical activity.Conclusions:People are aware of the facilitators and barriers of NCD prevention. Availability of a favorable environment and behavior change is needed to combat the silent epidemic of NCDs.

Comparative study of elastography and histopathology findings of breast lump at a tertiary hospital

ackground: Cancer breast has emerged as leading site of cancer in most urban populations of India. Breast sono- elastography is a non-invasive imaging technique which provides information on breast lesions. In present study we compared elastography and histopathology findings of breast lump and diagnostic accuracy of elastography. Material and Methods: Present study was a prospective observational study conducted in females patients, sonographically visible solid breast lesions, measuring less than 3 cm, classified as BI‑RADS 3 and 4. Results: During study period 126 female patients underwent USG elastography, followed by biopsy/surgery and histopathology reports were available. As per histopathology, 52 (41.72 %) were benign while rest 74 (58.73 %) were malignant. Age, BIRADS, Elastography Score and Strain ratio were significantly higher in malignant cases as compared to benign cases and difference was statistically significant (p<0.001). According to Histopathological diagnosis, among benign lesions majority were fibroadenoma (77.03%) others were fibrocystic disease (9.46%), benign fibroepithelial lesion (6.76%), abscess (5.41%) and sclerosing adenosis (1.35%). while, among malignant cases majority were invasive ductal carcinoma (67.31%) followed by invasive mucinous carcinoma (13.46%), invasive poorly differentiated carcinoma (7.69%), ILC (5.77%), medullary ca (1.92%), papillary ca (1.92%) and phylloids (1.92%), Excellent scores were noted with combination of Ultrasound Score + Elastography Score + Strain Ratio as sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic accuracy, NPV, and PPV of 96.00 %, 96.05 %, 96.03 %, 94.12 % and 97.33 % respectively. Conclusion: Ultrasound elastography combined with strain elastography and ultrasound score have high sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy in differentiating benign and malignant breast masses.

Diabetic retinopathy awareness in urban and rural population: A structured interview

Diabetes has been termed one of the largest health emergencies of the 21st century. The Diabetic Retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness that affects 34 million worldwide. Diabetic retinopathy is caused when high blood sugar damages blood vessels in the retina. Damaged blood vessels can swell & leak, causing blurry vision or stopping blood flow. Sometimes new blood vessels grow but they are not normal and can cause further vision problems. Diabetic retinopathy usually affects both eyes. The blindness as a result of diabetic retinopathy can be prevented by early detection and management. For this, patients need to be screened as per guidelines recommended by International Diabetes Federation. Patient awareness to Diabetic retinopathy is the key to early detection, prevention and further improvements in Diabetic retinopathy management as patients play an important role in their glycemic control and eye care. Managing diabetes by patient himself and getting regular eye examinations can help prevent vision problem and stop them from getting worse.The primary goal of this study is to assess the awareness about diabetic retinopathy in Indian urban and rural population. The present study was conducted on 451 subjects out of which 62.08% and 47.67% had knowledge of diabetes and Diabetic retinopathy respectively. Knowledge about Diabetes mellitus & Diabetic retinopathy was more in urban population as compared to rural. Compared with those who had no knowledge of Diabetic retinopathy, significant percentage of individuals with knowledge had the right attitude to go for regular eye examination and good practices for control of the disease.

Application of caries assessment spectrum and treatment instrument for staging and evaluating treatment needs of an adult population - A hospital based cross-sectional study.

Application of caries assessment spectrum and treatment (CAST) instrument for staging and evaluating treatment needs of an adult population suffering from dental carious lesion. Study was conducted with aim of applying CAST instrument for staging adult urban Indian population according to severity of carious lesion and treatment needs required. Cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 300 adult patients. After training session and calibration of examiner, all patients were examined for the caries experience and CAST codes were recorded on a structured proforma. Of 300 adult patients, 18% (54) adults have healthy dentition denoted by codes 0,1, and 2. 12 % and 15.3% adults were in reversible premorbidity stage (code 3) and morbidity stage (codes 4 and 5) respectively. The largest number of adults 29.7% were seen in serious morbidity stage (codes 6 and 7) followed by 21.3% adults in mortality stage (code 8) requiring either root canal treatment or extraction and replacement of teeth as treatment needs. CAST instrument has been found useful in staging adult population suffering with dental carious lesion and evaluating their treatment needs. Moreover, CAST is easy to apply for staging the carious lesion due its hierarchical structure and reporting results in an understandable manner.