Urban Indian Population Research Articles

Glycosylated Hemoglobin Levels and Lipid Profile in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Precipitating Factorsin Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Background: Type-1 Diabetes Mellitus is the most common endocrine-metabolic disorder of childhood and adolescence. The diseases has a prevalence of approximately 1 in 2500 children at age 5 years to approximately 1 in 300 children by age 18 years. A recent study from Madras suggests that diabetes in Indian children is present in a frequency of 10.5 per 1,00,000 patient years. Prevalence of childhood diabetes among urban population in India is 0.26 per 1000. Type-1 diabetes constituted nearly 90 to 100% of all children with diabetes. Objective: The objectives of this research were to study the levels of glycosylated hemoglobin and lipid profile in type 1 diabetes mellitus in children attending Gandhi Hospital Secunderabad, Telangana and to study the precipitating factors in Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA). Subjects and Methods:Design: This was a Cross-Sectional study. Duration: One year and six months i.e. from January 2017 to June 2018. Participants: 50 diabetic children of age less than 18 years attending Gandhi Hospital, Secunderabad, Telangana were included in the study.The diabetic cases were studied using a predesigned and pretested proforma. A detailed clinical examination was carried out with detailed anthropometric measurements and necessary lab investigations were done. Metabolic profile was assessed by investigating for blood sugar levels, glycosylated hemoglobin, and lipid profile. Rates, ratios and percentages of presentations and significance were calculated using Chi-square test.Result:48 % cases had onset of diabetes Mellitus at 13-18 years with Male: female ratio of 1.27: 1. 20 % had family history of diabetes. 16 % children had normal nutrition, 20 % children had grade I and grade II, 38% had grade III and 6 % children had grade IV. 54% children had glycosylated hemoglobin level of more than 10% indicating poor glycemic control, 32 % had fair control, and 14 % had good glycosylated hemoglobin levels. 62 % presented with fever , 40 % presented with symptoms of polyuria, polydipsia and polyphagia, 37.5 % presented with vomiting, 18 % children with loose stools, abdominal pain, 20 % children had breathlessness, 6% presented with seizures. 88.9% were diagnosed to have diabetic ketoacidosis as their initial presentation of diabetes mellitus Causes for precipitating factors of diabetic ketoacidosis were associated infections like pneumonia (22 %) and urinary tract infection(16 %), Non availability of insulin doses (25%), non-acceptance by child (16.66 %). Recurrent hospitalization in the patients with 5 years diabetic duration was statistically significant. Common causes being hypoglycemia (38 %) recurrent DKA (24 %), pneumonia (12 %) and urinary tract infections (8 %). 23.52% cases were non-compliant.Conclusion:More than half of the cases(54%) had poor glycemic control. Majority presented with classical symptoms of polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, fever, breathlessness and diabetic ketoacidosis as clinical presentation. Causes for precipitating factors of diabetic ketoacidosis were associated infections like pneumonia and urinary tract infection, non-availability of insulin doses and non- acceptance by child.

Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in urban south Indians with different grades of glucose tolerance.

The present study assessed the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in an urban south Indian population in individuals with different grades of glucose tolerance. A total of 1500 individuals (900 normal glucose tolerance (NGT), 300 prediabetes and 300 with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)) who were not on vitamin D supplementation were randomly selected from the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiological Study follow-up study. Anthropometric, clinical examination and biochemical investigations (25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), insulin, glycated Hb (HbA1c) and serum lipids) were measured. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as serum 25(OH)D < 20·0 ng/ml, insufficiency as 20-29·9 ng/ml and sufficiency as ≥30 ng/ml. Of the 1500 individuals studied, 45 % were males and the mean age was 46 (sd 12) years. Vitamin D levels lowered with increasing degrees of glucose tolerance (NGT: 21 (sd 11); prediabetes: 19 (sd 10); T2DM: 18 (sd 11) ng/ml, P < 0·001). The overall prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 55 % and was significantly higher among individuals with T2DM (63 %) followed by prediabetes (58 %) and NGT (51 %) (Pfor trend < 0·001). Women had 1·6 times the risk of vitamin D deficiency compared with men (unadjusted OR 1·6 (95 % CI 1·3, 2·0) and adjusted OR 1·6 (95 % CI 1·2, 1·9)). However, there was no increasing trend observed with increasing age. The prevalence of abdominal obesity (66 v. 49 %), generalised obesity (80 v. 64 %), the metabolic syndrome (45 v. 37 %) and insulin resistance (38 v. 27 %) was significantly higher in those with vitamin D deficiency compared with those without. This study shows that vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in this urban south Indian population and was higher among individuals with T2DM and prediabetes compared with those with NGT.

NFC Based Intelligent Bus Ticketing System

As the India is one of the fastest growing economies in the world, the Indian urban population has a large dependency on buses for public transport, providing importance of transport within urban/rural area throughout the country. In the public transport various problems are faced like traffic jam, confusion and misunderstanding between the passengers regarding fares, having several security problems in public transport due to antisocial elements, etc. For making the life more convenient for the computer travelling in buses some new technologies can be used like Near Field Communication (NFC) and Radio Frequency Identification. The proposed system is based on ticketing of bus and tracking of bus. The system suggests a automated ticketing system which will automatically cost will deduct the passengers fare according to the distance travelled.

Cyberchondria: Prevalence of Internet based Self Diagnosis among Medical and Non-medical Urban Indian Population

Cyberchondria: Prevalence of Internet based Self Diagnosis among Medical and Non-medical Urban Indian Population

Cognitive dysfunction in diabetes is associated with glycemic control in an urban Indian population: A prevalence study

We evaluated the correlation between HbA1C and Cognitive derangement of type 2 Diabetics in the current prevalence study.HbA1C as a Biomarker to predict Cognitive Derangement in Type 2 Diabetic Subjects based on the correlation findings in a prevalence study in urban Indian population. We further investigated the role of poor Diabetes control versus hypoglycemia episodes as independent predictors of cognitive derangement in 240 type 2 Diabetics.In pilot phase ,comparison between Diabetics(n=30)and non-Diabetic subjects(n=30)for Cognitive derangement using cognitive batteries: GPCOG, AI tool and MIS was done. PET CT brain findings of one of Diabetic subjects were also observed. Further study was conducted on 240 diabetic subjects using batteries validated in the pilot phase. Pilot study provided statistically significant results of correlation between HbA1C levels versus GPCOG Score, Pearson's Correlation r1= -0.448*, for AI Score Pearson’s Correlation r2= -0.196*and for MIS score Pearson’s Correlation r3= -0.472*. The prevalence ratio for both groups was calculated as 5.8125, which implies Diabetics had &gt; 5 fold risk of deranged cognition as compared to the non-Diabetic group. Using independent T-test, mean GPCOG score in the Hypoglycemia group(n=162) and without hypoglycemia group(n=78) were found to be 3.02 and 4.63 respectively. Similarly, based on the independent T-test, the mean AI score in the Hypoglycemia group(n=162) and without hypoglycemia group(n=78) were found to be 2.068 and 2.564, respectively. PET CT brain findings were suggestive of reduced FDG uptake indicating Alzheimer’s type of cognitive derangement.HbA1C can be linked to poor cognitive derangement in case of poor diabetes control. Hence HbA1C can be a useful biomarker to predict cognitive derangement in type 2 Diabetics.*Significance level &lt;0.01, Negative correlations are indicative of lower the values of battery scores higher would be cognitive derangement.

Perceived Stress and its Epidemiological and Behavioral Correlates in an Urban Area of Delhi, India: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study.

Background:Increasing stress has been recognized as a major public health problem in the developing world accelerated by an ongoing demographic, economic, and sociocultural transition. Our study objectives were to validate a Hindi version of the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) and to also assess the extent of perceived stress and its correlates among an adult population in an urban area of Delhi.Methodology:A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in an urban resettlement colony of Delhi among 480 adult subjects aged 25--65 years, during the period from January to December 2015. The PSS-10 was translated into Hindi and validated in the study population. Data was analyzed using IBM SPSS Version 25.Results:A total of 243 (50.6%) men and 237 (49.4%) women were enrolled. The scale had an acceptable level of internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.731). A principal component analysis was run on the PSS-10 data, based on which a three-component structure was accepted, which explained 61% of the total variance. The mean PSS score was 19.25 (SD = 4.50) years. Perceived stress was highest in the 35--50 age group. On multivariate analysis, low socioeconomic status and a white-collar occupation were found to be associated with increased perceived stress (P < 0.001)Conclusion:A high burden of perceived stress exists in residents of a low-income urban population in India.

Effect of change in hemoglobin level on the quality of life among adult females in urban population of India

Background: Most physicians appear to be aware of the health consequences of advanced anemia, a frequent cause of morbidity in both developed and developing nations alike. Hemoglobin is an important determinant of the body’s work efficiency and can impact one’s physical and mental well-being. Aim and Objective: The aim is to assess the effect of variations in hemoglobin level on the quality of life among adult females in the urban population. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was conducted among adult females between the age groups of 18 and 40 years. Results: In total 100 female individuals, 51% had 12–15 g% of hemoglobin. About 47.9% of females had regular menstrual cycle, 64% of the population had 6–7 h of sleep every day. Conclusion: These findings suggest that there is an improvement in health-related quality of life with increase hemoglobin levels.

A study of histomorphology and immunohistochemical profile in breast cancer in a tertiary care hospital

The most common cancer among women in the urban Indian population is breast cancer and it is second only to cancer of the cervix in the rural population. Breast cancer is no longer seen as a single disease but rather a multifaceted disease comprised of distinct biological subtypes with diverse natural history, presenting a varied spectrum of clinical, pathologic and molecular features with different prognostic and therapeutic implications. One important aspect of the role of Pathology in the evaluation of breast cancer is biomarker testing, specifically the accurate assessment of the Estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and Her2 neu status of a patient's breast cancer. Biomarkers can be prognostic, predictive, or both. Prognostic biomarkers are independent measures of prognosis such that the presence or absence of the biomarker is associated with a patient's overall clinical outcome.

Incidence of stroke in adults according to age, sex and subtypes in urban Indian population

Introduction : In a developing country like India, it is imperative to study the effects of age and gender on the incidence of stroke as it has important implications in making health policy decisions. Methods: We evaluated the incidence of stroke in patients over 15 years of age at Navi Mumbai, India during the period 2013-19 in Navi Mumbai, India. Outcomes studied were incidence of stroke stratified by age, sex, and stroke subtype. Results: Out of a total of 1377 patients, 1246 were ischemic and 131 haemorrhagic. The mean age was 49.06 years and 53% were males. Nearly half of the strokes occurred in 46-65 years group, and one-thirds in over 65 years of age. 21% bleeds and 16% of infarcts occurred under 45years of age. Younger females had lesser risk stroke as compared to males but females above 65years had a significantly greater risk of infarct (P value 65 years of age) were more prone to ischemic stroke than elderly males. Intracerebral haemorrhage occurred significantly more often in men than women under the age of 45years. These findings have important implications for public health policy and sociocultural changes.

First Trimester Combined Screening for Aneuploidy in South Indian Urban Population

First Trimester Combined Screening for Aneuploidy in South Indian Urban Population

Cardiovascular risk prediction in India: Comparison of the original and recalibrated Framingham prognostic models in urban populations.

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death in India. The CVD risk approach is a cost-effective way to identify those at high risk, especially in a low resource setting. As there is no validated prognostic model for an Indian urban population, we have re-calibrated the original Framingham model using data from two urban Indian studies. Methods: We have estimated three risk score equations using three different models. The first model was based on Framingham original model; the second and third are the recalibrated models using risk factor prevalence from CARRS (Centre for cArdiometabolic Risk Reduction in South-Asia) and ICMR (Indian Council of Medical Research) studies, and estimated survival from WHO 2012 data for India. We applied these three risk scores to the CARRS and ICMR participants and estimated the proportion of those at high-risk (>30% 10 years CVD risk) who would be eligible to receive preventive treatment such as statins. Results: In the CARRS study, the proportion of men with 10 years CVD risk > 30% (and therefore eligible for statin treatment) was 13.3%, 21%, and 13.6% using Framingham, CARRS and ICMR risk models, respectively. The corresponding proportions of women were 3.5%, 16.4%, and 11.6%. In the ICMR study the corresponding proportions of men were 16.3%, 24.2%, and 16.5% and for women, these were 5.6%, 20.5%, and 15.3%. Conclusion: Although the recalibrated model based on local population can improve the validity of CVD risk scores our study exemplifies the variation between recalibrated models using different data from the same country. Considering the growing burden of cardiovascular diseases in India, and the impact that the risk approach has on influencing cardiovascular prevention treatment, such as statins, it is essential to develop high quality and well powered local cohorts (with outcome data) to develop local prognostic models.

Cardiovascular risk prediction in India: Comparison of the original and recalibrated Framingham prognostic models in urban populations.

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death in India. The CVD risk approach is a cost-effective way to identify those at high risk, especially in a low resource setting. As there is no validated prognostic model for an Indian urban population, we have re-calibrated the original Framingham model using data from two urban Indian studies. Methods: We have estimated three risk score equations using three different models. The first model was based on Framingham original model; the second and third are the recalibrated models using risk factor prevalence from CARRS (Centre for cArdiometabolic Risk Reduction in South-Asia) and ICMR (Indian Council of Medical Research) studies, and estimated survival from WHO 2012 data for India. We applied these three risk scores to the CARRS and ICMR participants and estimated the proportion of those at high-risk (>30% 10 years CVD risk) who would be eligible to receive preventive treatment such as statins. Results: In the CARRS study, the proportion of men with 10 years CVD risk > 30% (and therefore eligible for statin treatment) was 13.3%, 21%, and 13.6% using Framingham, CARRS and ICMR risk models, respectively. The corresponding proportions of women were 3.5%, 16.4%, and 11.6%. In the ICMR study the corresponding proportions of men were 16.3%, 24.2%, and 16.5% and for women, these were 5.6%, 20.5%, and 15.3%. Conclusion: Although the recalibrated model based on local population can improve the validity of CVD risk scores our study exemplifies the variation between recalibrated models using different data from the same country. Considering the growing burden of cardiovascular diseases in India, and the impact that the risk approach has on influencing cardiovascular prevention treatment, such as statins, it is essential to develop high quality and well powered local cohorts (with outcome data) to develop local prognostic models.

A Common Tag Nucleotide Variant in MMP7 Promoter Increases Risk for Hypertension via Enhanced Interactions With CREB (Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein) Transcription Factor.

MMP (matrix metalloproteinase)-7-a potent extracellular matrix degrading enzyme-is emerging as a new regulator of cardiovascular diseases. However, potential contributions of MMP7 genetic variations to hypertension remain unknown. In this study, we probed for the association of a tag single-nucleotide polymorphism in the MMP7 promoter (-181A/G; rs11568818) with hypertension in an urban South Indian population (n=1501). The heterozygous AG genotype significantly increased risk for hypertension as compared with the wild-type AA genotype (odds ratio, 1.60 [95% CI, 1.25-2.06]; P=2.4×10-4); AG genotype carriers also displayed significantly higher diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure than wild-type AA individuals. The study was replicated in a North Indian population (n=949) (odds ratio, 1.52 [95% CI, 1.11-2.09]; P=0.01). Transient transfection experiments using MMP7 promoter-luciferase reporter constructs revealed that the variant -181G allele conferred greater promoter activity than the -181A allele. Computational prediction and structure-based conformational and molecular dynamics simulation studies suggested higher binding affinity for the CREB (cyclic AMP response element-binding protein) to the -181G promoter. In corroboration, overexpression/downregulation of CREB and chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments provided convincing evidence for stronger binding of CREB with the -181G promoter. The -181G promoter also displayed enhanced responses to hypoxia and epinephrine treatment. The higher promoter activity of -181G allele translated to increased MMP7 protein level, and MMP7-181AG heterozygous individuals displayed elevated plasma MMP7 levels, which positively correlated with blood pressure. In conclusion, the MMP7 A-181G promoter polymorphism increased MMP7 expression under pathophysiological conditions (hypoxic stress and catecholamine excess) via increased interactions with CREB and enhanced the risk for hypertension in its carriers.

Affordable Housing Policies in India: Challenges and Reform

The housing sector is one of the most globally recognized sectors, which estimate the need for affordable housing of 96,150 units/day in urban areas at a global level. Although the task represents an enormous challenge, but it also constitutes a great opportunity for developing countries' economy. After agriculture, the housing sector is the second leading employer in India over a growth of 30 percent in the last decade. The aim of this paper is to study and provide a solution to the existing urban housing problem in India. It attempts to distinguish the problem of the massive urban housing shortage that exists mainly in the Low Income Groups and Economically Backward Sections and provide low-cost housing choices that can be made available with proper policies by Indian Government. The total housing shortage estimated after 2011 census was 18.78 million. The urban population of India has risen from 285 million to 377 million from 2001 to 2011with growth of 32 percent and by 2050; 900 million people will be surviving in urban areas. The rapid growth of urban migration is putting an enormous strain on urban planners to develop an infrastructure in Indian cities. Absence of urban planning can exacerbate existing scenario of housing shortage. Thus, the need arises for a broader and a more encompassing set of policies by which housing affordability can be measured. In this paper, different government schemes are discussed with existing and new reforms of tax policies like REITs, GST, RERA and Benami Transaction Act. A sustainable and accessible model for the affordable housing can be achieved in developing nations through proper implementation of government schemes.

Assessment and visualization of inherent vulnerability of urban population in India to natural disasters

ABSTRACT Growth of Indian urban population is bound to have a substantial influence on the economic and environmental stability of India. India has the potential of adding double the current urban population, and with intensifying climate change-related disasters it can be home to millions of vulnerable habitants. This study captures the inherent characteristics of the urban population at the district level to compute the inherent vulnerability (IV) index. Our aim was to identify vulnerable regions of the urban population and prepare a composite ranking. Districts were grouped into urban population classes (UPC) for better comparability. We analysed data on 28 indicators under five major components namely, infrastructural, technological, social, financial and ecological. Our results show that 45% and 42% of districts fall under medium and high vulnerability category, respectively. Majority of the high vulnerable districts are clustered in the states already reported for lower Human Development Index (HDI) and high poverty levels in the past. In all the UPCs, the ecological component was observed to be the weak link. In addition, the technology component revealed a major gap. Findings of the study could assist policy makers in identifying the determining components of IV which can be focused for resource and manpower investment.

Eight year longitudinal study of cataract surgeries in an urban Indian population

Background: The aim was to study cataract surgery incidence in an urban community of 100,000 peoples in Mumbai.Methods: A retrospective observational community based study was performed for the period from January 01, 2008 to December 31, 2015. Electronic patient records were used to track surgeries performed in the members of community. Mid-year community census was considered as baseline population to estimate gender specific and age specific incidence of cataract surgery. Logistic regression was performed assuming gender and age-group as independent variables.Results: The rate of cataract extraction surgery varies from 786 to 952 surgeries per 100,000 per year. 6971 cataract surgeries were recorded with an overall average of 872/100,000/years. Increase in age was strongly associated with increase in incidence of cataract surgery and peak incidence was recorded for age group of 66–70 years. The odds of having surgery were similar in females and males 1.012 (95% CI 0.952 - 1.077).Conclusions: This study documented the rate of 872 cataract surgeries per year in an Indian population over eight years. Average incidence is found in the similar range of studies published from United States and Sweden. This community-based estimates of cataract surgery are useful for planning and managing resources at the national level.

A cross-sectional study of stool form (using Bristol stool chart) in an urban South Indian population.

BackgroundThere is paucity of data on Bristol stool form (BSF) in healthy South Indian residents.AimTo determine the BSF types and associated factors in an urban bowel health noncomplainant population.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study, performed using a self‐administered questionnaire among adult Chennai residents, compared BSF types by gender for various factors (age, occupation, bowel frequency, and defecation‐related abdominal pain). BSF types 1/2 and 6/7 were grouped as hard and loose stools, respectively. The statistical tests used were proportion test, χ 2, and Kruskal–Wallis tests (P < 0.05 deemed significant).ResultsThe study cohort of 1402 subjects included 748 (53.3%) men and a third each of professionals, semiprofessionals, and “non‐office goers” (homemakers, retirees, students, and unemployed). A total of 97% had daily bowel movement, and 8.5% reported defecation associated abdominal pain. The BSF types in decreasing prevalence were: Type 3 (35.6%), Type 4 (32.5%), Types 1 or 2 (20.5%), Type 5 (6.9%), and Types 6 or 7 (4.5%). On gender comparison, significantly more men passed hard (P = 0.03) or loose stools (P = 0.001), while more women passed Type 3 (P = 0.0002). Loose stools in men were associated with abdominal pain (P = 0.0035). Women passing hard or loose stool types were slightly older (median age in 30s vs. 20s in Types 3–5) and had reduced stool frequency (P = 0.026: hard; P = 0.006: loose).ConclusionsThis South Indian noncomplainant cohort's most common stool types were BSF Types 3 and 4, with few gender variations in extreme stool types.

Cardiovascular risk prediction in India: Comparison of the original and recalibrated Framingham prognostic models in urban populations.

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death in India. The CVD risk approach is a cost-effective way to identify those at high risk, especially in a low resource setting. As there is no validated prognostic model for an Indian urban population, we have re-calibrated the original Framingham model using data from two urban Indian studies. Methods: We have estimated three risk score equations using three different models. The first model was based on Framingham original model; the second and third are the recalibrated models using risk factor prevalence from CARRS (Centre for cArdiometabolic Risk Reduction in South-Asia) and ICMR (Indian Council of Medical Research) studies, and estimated survival from WHO 2012 data for India. We applied these three risk scores to the CARRS and ICMR participants and estimated the proportion of those at high-risk (>30% 10 years CVD risk) who would be eligible to receive preventive treatment such as statins. Results: In the CARRS study, the proportion of men with 10 years CVD risk > 30% (and therefore eligible for statin treatment) was 13.3%, 21%, and 13.6% using Framingham, CARRS and ICMR risk models, respectively. The corresponding proportions of women were 3.5%, 16.4%, and 11.6%. In the ICMR study the corresponding proportions of men were 16.3%, 24.2%, and 16.5% and for women, these were 5.6%, 20.5%, and 15.3%. Conclusion: Although the recalibrated model based on local population can improve the validity of CVD risk scores our study exemplifies the variation between recalibrated models using different data from the same country. Considering the growing burden of cardiovascular diseases in India, and the impact that the risk approach has on influencing cardiovascular prevention treatment, such as statins, it is essential to develop high quality and well powered local cohorts (with outcome data) to develop local prognostic models.

Consumer behavioural intention and perception towards organic foods in national capital of India

Organic food products are gaining popularity among consumers because of improved awareness about health, and protection of the environment. Though the organic food market is keen today but to broaden it further, one must understand consumers’ perception for organic products. In this study, consumers’ behavioural intention and perception was studied towards purchase of organic food. Structured questionnaires were formulated and 1047 respondents residing in the urban sectors of Delhi were approached. The reliability analysis of questionnaires carried out using the Cronbach's Alpha test indicated that for the tested variables i.e. Attitude, Subjective norms and Perceived Behaviour Control (PBC), the value calculated was approx. 0.90. Further, theory of planned behaviour (TPB) applied to the study showed 78% variance amongst the above stated three variables towards the behavioral intention of the consumers for organic food, and PBC was the most impactful variable to affect the overall intention of the consumers’ to purchase organic products. Price value, followed by the origin and freshness of the produce were some of the important factors contributing in decision making. Moreover, consumers prefer to purchase organic foods if they are not very expensive in comparison to the conventional ones. The results provided in-depth insight about the consumers’ behavioural intentions, knowledge, perception and factors contributing to the purchase behavior of organic food commodities by the Indian urban population.

Urban Health Investments in India and Bangladesh: Rationale and Cost of Essential Health Services

Background: By 2030, the urban populations of India and Bangladesh are expected to nearly double. We describe the anticipated health needs of these urban populations, with an emphasis on equity. We propose a South Asia Urban Package (SAUP) of essential health interventions based on the Disease Control Priorities, 3rd edition (DCP3), and estimate its expected costs and mortality reductions. Methods: We used population data from the countries' censuses and United Nations Population Division. For causes of mortality in India, we used the Indian Million Death Study; to examine equity, we used data from the Indian National Family Health Surveys. Costs and mortality reductions expected with SAUP were estimated using the DCP3 model. Findings: Non-communicable disease (NCDs) rates have been rising for two decades, and communicable disease rates are declining. NCD risk factors in urban India are higher among the poorest population groups, who also have the least access to healthcare. The SAUP would cost about US$105 per capita in India and $75 in Bangladesh. Of this, 60% would be invested in prevention and treatment of NCDs and about 80% in primary care and first level hospitals. Investing in SAUP would return about $7 and $6 in welfare benefits per dollar spent in India and Bangladesh, respectively. Interpretation: Rapid urban population growth, high levels of NCDs, and the unfinished agenda of infectious diseases support the need for major investments in urban health. The SAUP would cost an additional $75 and $50 per capita, in India and Bangladesh, respectively, and would help India and Bangladesh substantially achieve their 2030 United Nations SDG goals. Funding Statement: The study was funded by the Asian Development Bank. EB, BC, HW, SK, and SR from the Asian Development Bank helped to draft the key messages and reviewed the drafts of the manuscript. Declaration of Interests: The authors state: No conflicts of interest to declare. Ethics Approval Statement: Missing.