Urban Green Space System Research Articles

Combined impacts of buildings and urban remnant mountains on thermal environment in multi-mountainous city

The rapid development of urbanization has been making the pattern of urban thermal environment more complex and changeable. In order to reveal the influence of buildings and urban remnant mountains (URMs) on land surface temperature (LST). Guiyang, a multi-mountainous city in China, was taken as the research area, and the relationship between 12 landscape metrics and LST in different seasons was analyzed by Pearson correlation and boosted regression tree (BRT) model. The results showed that: (1) Mean building height (MBH) and building density (BD) are the dominant factors affecting LST, and MBH has a cooling effect on LST, with a maximum effect of 1.2°C in spring; while BD has a heating effect, with a maximum effect of 2.3°C in autumn. (2) Mountain vegetation coverage ratio (MVCR) is the most significant factor on LST among the landscape metrics of URMs, and negatively related to LST. (3) Two-dimensional (2D) metrics have a more obvious effect on LST than three-dimensional (3D) metrics in spring, summer and autumn, while 3D metrics have a stronger effect in winter. These findings could provide useful insights for urban planners to optimize urban spatial morphology and green space system layout to improve urban thermal comfort.

Spatiotemporal mechanism of urban heat island effects on human health—Evidence from Tianjin city of China

The increasingly intensifying global warming and urban heat island (UHIs) are seriously damaging the physical and mental health of urban residents. However, the spatiotemporal evolution of how high temperatures affect human health in megacities remains unclear. Therefore, in this study, with Tianjin during 2006–2020 as an example, and based on data from meteorological stations, Landsat remote sensing images, and point of interest big data, this study applied hot- and cold-spot statistics and remote sensing retrieval in numerical modeling and established an appraisal system to assess how and to what extent UHIs affect resident health. The results showed that the overall influence of UHIs on respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and mental health increased to 373 km2 in area and two levels in intensity; the influence was mainly concentrated in the downtown area, with a rising influence level. Owing to the dual-core structure of the city, the influence was distributed along the main traffic lines in Binhai New District, having a strong influence in the area mainly concentrated in the southeastern part. Many cold spots clustered in the central urban area to cool the thermal environment: the cooled area was 6.5 times larger than the area of intense cooling influence. Our study provides a method for identifying health risks in urban spaces, lays a theoretical foundation to improve the planning of urban green space systems, and offers some decision-making guidance for the planning of healthy cities.

Relationship between Vegetation Habitats and Bird Communities in Urban Mountain Parks.

Simple SummaryThe complexity of urban green space vegetation is an extremely vital influential factor and predictor of biodiversity, and vegetation habitat factors have been shown to explain more variation in bird diversity than other environmental factors. In this study, we explored the characteristics and differences in bird diversity among vegetation habitats in five typical urban mountain parks in coastal areas of southeast China. Our study showed that: (1) Sparse forest supports more bird species and higher bird diversity. (2) Tree diversity significantly affects bird diversity in urban mountain parks. (3) The average subbranch height of trees has a significant effect on the evenness of birds. (4) The number of tourists and predators has little impact on bird diversity. This study could provide suggestions for the rational allocation of vegetation in urban mountain parks in southeast coastal areas to improve local ecological service functions as habitats for urban wildlife, especially wild birds.The coastal areas of southeast China have typical high-density urbanization characteristics, and urban mountain parks are important green spaces in these urban green space systems. Our study was conducted in five typical urban mountain parks in Fuzhou, China. The bird survey was carried out in 25 transects of different vegetation habitats for 10 months, and the vegetation survey was conducted in 25 habitats to investigate the characteristics of bird communities in different vegetation habitats and the causes of their differences. The results showed: (1) From 1 October 2021 to 15 July 2022, we recorded a total of 90 bird species in 8 orders, 37 families, and 64 genera, with 1879 individuals in five vegetation habitats in the urban mountain parks. (2) Abundance and diversity of trees are vegetation variables affecting bird diversity (bird species richness, abundance, and Shannon diversity) in urban mountain parks, and the average branch height under trees has a significant effect on bird evenness. (3) We found more bird species and higher bird diversity in both sparse and dense forest habitats, but fewer bird species in waterfront, shrub, and grassland habitats; (4) Average tree height (AVE_HEIt) was only present in the best model of bird abundance and evenness. However, none of the best models found a significant effect of the number of tourists and predators on bird diversity. Our results could provide a theoretical basis and guidance for the future improvement of ecological service functions of bird habitats in urban mountain parks in subtropical coastal areas.

Energy Conservation Optimization and Numerical Simulation of Urban Green Space Landscape Pattern

In order to alleviate the urban heat island effect, absorb harmful gases, reduce temperature, and increase humidity, a method of energy conservation optimization and numerical simulation of urban green space landscape pattern is proposed. Based on the theory of landscape ecology, green wedge, green belt, green road, park, and other types of green space with different ecological functions are designed in Shenyang, and an optimization scheme of urban green space network spatial structure of “four belts, three rings, seven wedges, and network connection” is formed. Combined with remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) spatial analysis technology, the atmospheric environment effect under the influence of green space landscape optimization pattern in summer based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical simulation technology is analyzed, and the corresponding optimization strategies of urban green space planning are put forward. The simulation results show that in the bottom wind speed field of 1.5 m, the area ratio of 0∼0.375 m/s wind speed is 15.87%, and the area ratio of 2.625∼3 m/s wind speed is 32.06%. In the bottom concentration field of 1.5 m, the spatial diffusion capacity of SO2 pollutants is enhanced, and the concentration of pollutants is relatively low. The area ratio of SO2 concentration is 10.06% in the range of 0.1292∼0.1551 mg/m3, and the area ratio of SO2 concentration is 68.08% in the range of 0∼0.05169 mg/m3. It is concluded that the spatial diffusion of wind speed, SO2, and temperature is closely related to the urban spatial layout. The optimal spatial layout of urban green space can effectively alleviate the urban heat island effect, promote the spatial diffusion of SO2, and better form the urban ventilation corridor. The research on atmospheric environmental effects of urban green space based on CFD can effectively simulate and evaluate the optimization measures and conceptual design of urban green space system planning, and also provide new ideas for the quantitative planning of urban green space system.

The Evaluation of Urban Green Space Landscape Changes and Ecosystem Services in Beijing

As a very important part of the urban ecosystem, the urban green space system plays an active role in maintaining the urban ecosystem stability, providing ecosystem services, and improving the quality of the urban environment. In order to deal with the problems brought about by the deterioration of the urban ecological environment, it is necessary to study and analyze the spatial distribution pattern, evolutionary characteristics and ecosystem services of urban green space to maximize its ecological benefits and comprehensive functions. In this study, we took Beijing urban area as an example, and based on the spatial distribution data of urban green space and remote sensing data, we first calculated the urban green space type transition matrix, landscape pattern index and ecosystem services. Then, we analyzed the changes in urban green space landscape patterns, ecosystem services and their spatial distributions from 2000 to 2020, and studied the interactive relationships between landscape changes and changes in ecosystem services. The results showed three key findings. (1) Beijing's urban green space construction has achieved remarkable results from 2000 to 2020. The area of green space has increased by 77.41%, mainly from cultivated land and construction land. (2) From 2000 to 2020, the amounts of dust retention, SO2 absorption, NO2 absorption, cooling and humidification, carbon fixation and oxygen release, and rainwater runoff reduction in Beijing's urban green space have shown continuous increases in general. (3) There is a close relationship between urban green space landscape changes and green space ecosystem services, and total area (TA) has the highest correlation with ecosystem services. Except for rainwater runoff reduction, the correlation coefficients between TA and ecosystem services are all higher than 0.85. This research can provide theoretical guidance for optimizing Beijing's green space and determining how to maximize the effect of green space for improving the ecological environment, and ultimately provide a scientific basis for the construction of Beijing's ecological environment.

Research on Thermal Comfort of Underside of Street Tree Based on LiDAR Point Cloud Model

As a major part of the urban green space system, street trees play a corresponding role in adjusting the thermal comfort of the environment and alleviating heat island effects. The correlation between the morphological structure and microclimate factors in the lower canopy of street trees was studied, using data that were captured with vehicle-borne LiDAR to model the morphological structure and geometric canopy features of six key street tree species in the built-up area of Zhumadian City, Henan Province. The regulating ability and differences of canopy geometry on cooling, humidification, shading, and Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) were studied. Research shows that: (1) Canopy Volume (CV), Canopy Area (CA), Canopy Diameter (CD), and Tree Height (TH) have a linear negative correlation with air temperature, relative humidity, and luminosity. TH had significant effects on the air temperature and relative humidity (R2 = 0.90, 0.96), and CV and CD had significant effects on luminosity (R2 = 0.70, 0.63). (2) The oval-shaped plant (Platanus acerifolia (Aiton) Willdenow) had a strong cooling and shading ability, with an average daily cooling of 2.3 °C and shading of 318 cd/m2. The spire-shaped plant (Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) G. Don) had a strong ability to humidify, with an average daily humidification of 4.5%. (3) The oval-shaped and spire-shaped plants had a strong regulation ability on PET, and the daily average regulation values were 40.5 °C and 40.9 °C, respectively. (4) The CD of the oval-shaped plant had a significant effect on PET (R2 = 0.49), and the TH of the spire-shaped plant had a significant effect on PET (R2 = 0.80), as well as a significantly higher CV and Leaf Area Index (LAI) than other street tree species. Therefore, selecting oval and spire canopy-shaped plants with a thick canopy, dense leaves, and high CD and TH values as street trees can provide significant advantages in cooling, humidifying, and shading, and can effectively adjust human comfort in the lower canopy understory. This study is the first to apply LiDAR technology to the regulation of urban microclimate. The research results provide a theoretical basis and quantitative reference for street tree design from the perspective of outdoor thermal comfort evaluation and play a guiding role in the application of LiDAR to urban forestry research.

The spatial heterogeneity of urban green space inequity from a perspective of the vulnerable: A case study of Guangzhou, China

Urban green space (UGS) plays an essential role in sustainable urban development and is closely related to public health and human well-being. The inequity of UGS violates environmental justice and threatens the life quality of residents. Although previous studies have examined UGS distribution and the disparity between social groups, they seldom consider the spatial heterogeneity of the UGS inequity for the vulnerable. To find out which vulnerable groups are suffering the insufficiency of UGS resources and to identify the specific spaces with severe UGS inequity in the context of high-density cities, this study employed a geographically weighted regression (GWR) approach to investigate the spatial relationship between UGS availability and neighborhood vulnerable socio-economic variables in Guangzhou, China. Results showed that the older adults, less-educated population, immigrants, and households with a living area below 50m2 in more than half of the neighborhoods in Guangzhou were suffering UGS inequity. These neighborhoods were detected spatially and had different spatial agglomeration characteristics. Based on this, the UGS inequity level of each neighborhood was comprehensively evaluated so that we can identify the spaces facing serious UGS inequity issues that should be paid attention to in future UGS system planning and policymaking.

Differences in Ecological Traits between Plants Grown In Situ and Ex Situ and Implications for Conservation

Ex situ conservation plays an important role in maintaining global plant biodiversity and protects thousands of wild plants. Plant conservation in botanical gardens is an important part of ex situ conservation; however, little attention has been given to whether plant ecophysiological traits change and whether plant conservation goals are reached following ex situ conservation. In this study, tree and shrub plants were selected from Shanxi, Beijing of China and from Beijing Botanical Garden, and plants with good growth and similar ages were randomly selected to measure their light response curves, CO2 response curves with a portable photosynthesis system (Li-6400XT), relative chlorophyll contents using a chlorophyll meter (SPAD-502) and leaf water potential using a dew point water potential meter (WP4C). In comparison with cultivated plants, wild plants had higher water use efficiencies among all plants considered (by 92–337%) and greater light use efficiencies among some of plants considered (by 107–181%), while light response curves and CO2 response curves for wild plants were either higher or lower compared with cultivated plants. Ecological traits of wild and cultivated plants changed more as a result of habitat factors than due to plant factors. The initial slope of the light response curve, net photosynthetic rate at light saturation, light saturation point, maximum light energy utilization efficiency, maximum water use efficiency, leaf water content, and the leaf water potential of wild plants were larger or equal to those of cultivated plants, while dark respiration rate (by 63–583%) and light compensation point (by 150–607%) of cultivated plants were higher than those of wild plants. This research compared the ecophysiological traits of common green space plants cultivated in botanical gardens and distributed in different areas in wild environments. The response of plant ecophysiological traits to the changing environment has important theoretical and practical significance for wild plant conservation and urban green space system construction.

Study on urban green space planning strategy considering ecological effect

At present, people pay more and more attention to the benefits of urban ecological environment, including the demands of human living environment. Based on this, through the research on urban green space planning strategy considering ecological effects, and on the basis of fully clarifying the supporting conditions for integrating ecological effects into urban green space planning and the contradiction between supply and demand existing in the current planning, from improving the planning and control of urban green space system, establishing the performance evaluation and monitoring system of urban green space ecosystem Several planning strategies are proposed to realize the compound ecological effect and service function of urban green space. It is expected to provide an important basis for solving the contradiction between supply and demand in urban green space planning and realizing the reasonable maintenance of urban green space.

基于街景测量的南昌市行道树结构特征与健康状况研究

行道树作为城市绿地系统的网络和骨架, 在城市居民生活中发挥着无可替代的作用。快速准确的掌握城市行道树的结构特征和健康状况, 有利于城市森林建设与管理, 进而提升其生态服务功能。基于百度街景平台, 通过街景测树法对南昌市的963个样方, 共计26727株行道树展开调查。测量内容包括行道树大小指标(树高、胸径、冠下高和冠幅)、健康状况(支架比例、枯稍比例、叶色不健康比例和死亡比例)和植被垂直结构配置情况; 并且探究了不同行政区和不同城市化强度(环城道路发展下的城乡梯度)下行道树的空间分布特征。结果表明: (1)南昌市行道树小树比例较高: 胸径在10-20 cm的占65%, 冠下高在1.5-2.5 m间的占76%, 树高在4-8 m间的占71%, 冠幅在2-6 m间的占76%;行道树生长整体表现为健康, 各指标所占比例较小, 但是叶片健康较差; 35%的样地无叶色不健康, 77%的样地无支架, 76%的样地无枯梢, 93%的样地无死亡; 植被垂直结构配置状况良好, 以乔-灌-草复合结构为主(比重为75%); (2)在空间分布上, 不同行政区行道树大小指标和垂直结构配置上差异显著、健康状况(支架比例和叶色不健康比例)均表现显著性差异(P < 0.05);不同环路行道树大小指标存在显著差异, 表现为1环>2环>3环, 垂直结构从内环到外环更为复杂, 配置等级为1环 < 2环 < 3环, 不同环路行道树健康状况(支架比例和叶色不健康比例)表现显著性差异(P < 0.05)。综上所述, 南昌市行道树整体健康状况良好, 行道树个体较小, 而且以复层结构为主, 本研究基于百度街景对南昌市行道树结构特征和健康状况进行比较全面的评价, 为南昌市今后城市行道树的规划和管理提供了基础数据支持。;As the network and skeleton of urban green space system, roadside trees play an irreplaceable role in urban residents' life. Rapid and accurate grasp of the structural characteristics and health status of urban roadside trees is conducive to the construction and management of urban forest, thus improving its ecological service function. Based on the Baidu Street View platform, this study investigated 963 quadrats, a total of 26, 727 roadside trees, in Nanchang by street view tree measurement method. Measures included indicators of street tree sizes (diameter at breast height (DBH), underbranch height (UBH), tree height (TH) and canopy size (CS)), health status (the proportion of Tripod-supporting, the proportion of Dieback, the proportion of Non-greenness leaf color and the proportion of Death trees), and vertical structure configuration of vegetation. Moreover, the spatial distribution characteristics of road trees under different administrative regions and different urbanization intensities (urban and rural gradient under the development of ring roads) were explored. The results showed that: (1) there was a high proportion of small trees in Nanchang: DBH of 10─20 cm accounted for 65%, UBH of 1.5─2.5 m accounted for 76%, TH of 4─8 m accounted for 71%, CS of 2─6 m accounted for 76%. The overall performance of the growth of street trees was healthy, the proportion of each index was small, but the leaf health was poor. In 35% of the plots, no leaf color was unhealthy, 77% of the plots had no Tripod-supporting, 76% of the plots had no Dieback and 93% of the plots had no death. The vertical structure of vegetation was in good condition, mainly composed of arbor-shrub-herb (75% of the sample land). (2) In terms of spatial distribution, there are significant differences in the sizes index and vertical structure configuration of road trees in different administrative areas, and significant differences in health status (proportion of Tripod-supporting and proportion of Non-greenness leaf color) (P < 0.05). There were urban-rural differences in the size index of road trees in different ring-road areas, which are manifested as 1^st ring > 2^nd ring > 3^rd ring, the vertical structure of the outer ring is more complex, configuration grade is 1^st ring < 2^nd ring < 3^rd ring. There were significant differences in the health status of different ring-road (proportion of Tripod-supporting and proportion of Non-greenness leaf color) (P < 0.05). To sum up, the overall health status of the roadside trees in Nanchang is good, the individual of the roadside trees is small, and they are mainly composed of multiple layers. Based on the Baidu Street View, this study makes a relatively comprehensive evaluation of the structural characteristics and health status of the roadside trees in Nanchang, which provides basic data support for the planning and management of the urban roadside trees in Nanchang in the future.

Tarihi Yedikule Bostanları (İstanbul) Peyzaj Tasarım Projesi

Urban agriculture has been an important issue throughout the history as an economic and leisure time effort. Also urban agriculture has played an important role in increasing the quality of urban life in ecological terms by contributing to the urban green space system. Historical Yedikule Gardens was chosen as a study area in order to embody these important roles of urban agriculture on an example and incorporate it in today's experience. The study area has history of 1500 years in the borders of Istanbul Fatih District. This area is considered as one of the most basic examples of urban agriculture. People have been producing and selling vegetables and fruits in this area for hundreds of years. With this work, it was aimed to reorganize Historical Yedikule Farmland to increase the contribution of the area to the texture of the urban green area with its renewed landscape and to provide economic gain and hobby area to the city people while maintaining a past culture. In this context, the landscape design project of the study area was carried out within the scope of historical environmental protection and urban agriculture area regulation principles. In the result of the work it is seen that the area renewed as historical, cultural and economic values will be contribution to the users of and the city. The study can be an example of such similar areas in terms of urban green space system and community use.

Significance of Allotment Gardens in Urban Green Space Systems and Their Classification for Spatial Planning Purposes: A Case Study of Poznań, Poland

Almost five thousand allotment gardens divided into one million plots are used by roughly 10% of Polish society. Several studies have emphasized their social importance and significance for enlargement of the area and the integrity of urban spatial greenery systems. However, the area of allotment gardens in Polish cities has been decreasing since the changes in the post-communist country in the 1990s. There is a lack of a simple method of classification and valuation of allotment gardens in relation to their significance in urban green space systems that could be used by officials and city planners. Hence, this study aims to examine the significance of allotment gardens in the spatial development of the green space system of Poznań and classify them with a simple and universal method of valuation which could be used in urban planning. The location of allotment gardens in the urban green space system in Poznań was examined with the classification method elaborated here. It was based on the valuation of several internal and external features of individual allotment gardens. The results showed that allotment gardens are important areas and spatial elements of the green space system in Poznań. Over 30% of allotment gardens are of high significance in the green space system of the city. Nevertheless, according to urban planning documentation, there are plans to reduce the area of allotments in Poznań. Even gardens indicated in the research to be of high significance to the integrity and enlargement area of the urban green space system are planned to be liquidated. Use of the developed classification could influence the decision-making process regarding the liquidation of allotment gardens and preserve the most valuable objects.

Evaluation of Recreational Territories: a Case Study of Biržai Tow of the Republic of Lithuania

The need for recreational territories in urban areas has recently become increasingly relevant. In order to create and develop an effective urban green space system, it is necessary to study its main structural components. The aim of the research is to perform the analysis and evaluation of recreational territories of Biržai town. During the research, the territory of Biržai town, green spaces were analyzed, the main cadastral data of recreational territories as real estate objects were determined: areas, land use purposes, land use types, special land use conditions and easements. The influence of cadastral indicators in adapting objects to recreation and tourism has been determined. Possibilities of recreational activities in Biržai town were evaluated. Following the SWOT, a generalized analysis of the situation was provided. The performed research revealed that the town of Biržai is dominated by built-up and water-occupied territories. The areas of the territories intended for recreation do not correspond to the areas provided for in the Master plan of Biržai town. The green space system is uneven, the recreational territories do not ensure a full life for the townspeople. The town lacks green spaces adapted to various activities, and the integration of water bodies into the urban living environment is moderate. It is proposed to activate communities in the development of living environment in Biržai.

Analysis on the Disaster Prevention Strategy of Macau Urban Green Space

With the frequent occurrence of natural disasters in cities in recent years, the disaster prevention and mitigation function of urban green space has been attracting more attention from the public. Because the urban green space system not only has the function of improving environmental quality and maintaining ecological balance, but also has the function of disaster prevention and mitigation. Macau located in the coastal region of southern China suffers from natural disasters such as typhoons, rainstorms and floods. however, due to its small land size and dense population, the development of its green spaces for disaster prevention has been hampered. This paper analyzed the current situation of green space in Macau, summarized the main problems, and proposed corresponding design strategies to provide reference for the disaster prevention construction of urban green space in Macau.

Suitability Analysis of Urban Green Space System Based on GIS and Remote Sensing in case of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Suitability Analysis of Urban Green Space System Based on GIS and Remote Sensing in case of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

植被群落特征对城市生态系统服务的影响研究进展

生态空间（林地、灌木、草地、水体）所产生的生态系统服务极大的改善了人类的生存环境，在城市绿地破碎化日益严重、绿地质量逐渐降低、乡土植物逐渐减少、入侵风险逐渐加剧等生态背景下，如何维持稳定而持续增长的城市生态系统服务供给，一直困扰着当下从事城市生态学领域研究的学者和城市管理者。植被群落作为城市绿地系统的基本组成单元，在绿地破碎化趋势下，可作为研究内容来探讨城市生态系统服务维持或提升策略；植被群落泛指城市中常见的、具有明显边界的、按照一定分布规则的植物群落单元，既包括道路绿地、居住区绿地、公园绿地等，也包括城市郊野自然林地。但对植被群落生态功能的研究也多停留在对某一生态问题的简单相关性研究，缺乏系统性和整体性。从微观层面的植被群落角度，整合相关文献研究，介绍了受植被群落特征影响的6种典型城市生态系统服务，综述了植被群落特征对这6种城市生态系统服务的影响机理，对植被群落特征因子进行总结、归类，从树种特性、垂直结构、水平结构、其他4个角度构建了"植被群落特征因子对城市生态系统服务影响关系表"。最后面向典型生态系统服务提升提出了城市低质量植被群落地区的营建和更新原则，以期为今后城市园林部门、规划部门制定城市绿地系统规划提供基础性技术支撑。;The ecosystem services generated by ecological spaces (woodlands, shrubs, grasslands, and water bodies) have greatly improved the human living environment. In the context of increasing fragmentation of urban green spaces, decreasing quality of green spaces, diminishing native plants and increasing risk of invasion, how to maintain a stable and sustainable increase in the supply of urban ecosystem services has been troubling scholars and urban managers. As a basic component of urban green space systems, vegetation communities can be used as a research component to explore strategies for maintaining or enhancing urban ecosystem services in the context of green space fragmentation; vegetation communities refer to common urban plant community units with distinct boundaries and according to certain distribution rules, including both road green space, residential green space and park green space, as well as natural woodland in the urban countryside. while studies on the ecological functions of vegetation communities were mostly confined to simple correlation studies of a certain ecological problem, lacking in a systematic and holistic approach. This paper introduces six typical urban ecosystem services that are influenced by vegetation community characteristics from the perspective of urban vegetation communities at the micro level, integrating relevant literature studies. This is followed by an overview of the mechanisms by which vegetation community characteristics affect these six urban ecosystem services, and a summary and categorisation of vegetation community characteristics factors. A table of relationships between vegetation community characteristics and urban ecosystem services was then constructed from four perspectives:tree species characteristics, vertical structure, horizontal structure and others. Finally, the principles for the establishment and renewal of urban low-quality vegetation communities are proposed for the enhancement of typical ecosystem services, with the aim of providing basic technical support for urban landscape departments and planning departments in their future planning of urban green space systems.

Community Catalyst: Building a Water Sanitation System for Social Inclusion in Winneba, Ghana

Located on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea in Ghana, West Africa, the city of Winneba boasts one of the important ecological wetlands inscribed on the list of Ramsar Sites. However, Winneba faces daunting environmental, economic and social challenges—e.g. water sanitation crisis, infrastructure deficiency, environmental degradation, gender inequality, and social conflicts—interacting with each other to create a vicious cycle. Based on a collaborative workshop, a “crowd-sourcing” decisionmaking process, on-site fieldworks, and an Interactive Web Map, the project team develops in-depth study of the social context and traditional customs of Winneba. A water sanitation system, also as a network of public spaces that facilitates ecological and social improvement, is proposed. It includes drainage systems, rain gardens, water kiosks, orchards, public biogas toilets, and organic waste collection stations. Combining a three-phase implementation, i.e. establish the concept of public space, create a site through collaborative work, and connect communities, the project team introduces a bottom-up incentive system that encourages local community residents to collaborate and participate in constructing and maintaining the public space system for their communities, so as to improve the wellbeing of the communities and the city. Not just proving a design strategy for a kind of public space or a plan for a network of urban green space system, this project sets an exemplar to long-term sustainable management of water sanitation system through self-government of residents and communities in developing countries.

城市绿地与居民健康福祉相关性研究进展——基于生态系统服务供需匹配视角

城市绿地耦合了生态系统服务与人类福祉，兼顾公平与效率的城市绿地空间格局，是提升人居环境和改善民生的重要途径。在厘清相关概念内涵的基础上，基于Citespace软件对城市绿地生态系统服务与健康福祉及其相近概念进行关键词共现图谱与聚类分析，可以发现：研究集聚性强、各集群下研究领域重叠度高，研究尺度逐渐精细化，城市绿地与建成环境、休闲性体力活动与健康空间分异成为近几年研究热点。从供给侧：城市绿地绿地生态系统服务类型以及其估与测度方法，需求侧：居民健康福祉需求测度方法及时空表达，供需匹配：城市绿地生态系统服务供需匹配方法与空间公平，提升与调控：城市绿地时空结构优化与高效服务4个方面系统地综述了绿地生态系统服务与居民健康相关性研究，并指出目前城市绿地生态系统服务供需研究在研究内容、研究逻辑、研究方法及研究结果等方面还需进一步深化与提升。未来研究应重点关注城市绿地生态系统服务空间特征关系与居民健康需求层级的供需匹配程度，通过耦合新数据环境下精细化、规范性居民健康时空行为空间研究，总结供需平衡状态下多维度城市绿地高效服务的空间形态、功能结构与要素组织，并将其应用到城市绿地空间格局研究与绿地系统规划实践中，拓展人居环境优化提质的理论与方法。;Urban green space couples with urban ecosystem services and human well-being. The pattern of urban green space which takes fairness and efficiency into account is an important method to enhance the human settlements environment and improve people's livelihood. On the basis of clarifying the relevant concepts and connotations, based on Citespace software, keyword co-emerging network analysis and cluster analysis of urban green space ecosystem services, residents' health and human well-being and their similar concepts can be found:The research clusters are highly concentrated, the research fields under each cluster have a high degree of overlap, and the research scale is also more refined. The differentiation of urban green space and the urban built environment and leisure physical activity and health spatial has become the research hot spots in recent years. In this paper, the correlation research between urban green space ecosystem services and residents' health is systematically summarized from the following four aspects:1) Supply side, which mainly includes the types of urban green space ecosystem services as well as their evaluation and measurement methods; 2) demand side, that is, the measurement methods of urban residents' health and human well-being needs and their temporal and spatial expression; 3) the matching of supply and demand, relating to the matching method of supply and demand of urban green space ecosystem services and spatial equity; 4) and the promotion and regulation, including optimization of spatial and temporal structure of urban green space and efficient service. It is pointed out that the existing research on the supply and demand matching of urban green space ecosystem services needs to be further deepened and improved in terms of research content, research logic, research methods and results. Future research needs to pay more attention to the spatial characteristics of urban green space ecosystem services and the matching degree of supply and demand at the level of residents' health needs. The spatial form, functional structure and element organization of multidimensional urban green space efficient service under the equilibrium state of supply and demand are summarized through the coupling with refined and normative research of residents' health temporal and spatial behaviors in the context of new data environment. At the same time, it is applied to the research of the spatial pattern of urban green space and the practice of urban green space system planning for expanding the theory and methods of optimization and improvement the quality of human settlements environment.

Adana Yüreğir Kıyı Park Tasarımı ve Kentsel Rekreasyon Planlamasındaki Rolü

Today’s most important problem in terms of urban planning is rapidly diminishing urban green areas due to rapidly increasing housing. In urban planning, urban green space systems play an important role in meeting the recreational needs of people living in the city. Thus, within the urban green space system, urban parks contribute to the unification of disconnected biotopes in the urban green space system, the development of green corridor lines, and the sustainability of wildlife in the city as well as its benefits such as providing an aesthetic look, reducing noise, cleaning air, creating a microclimate, and reducing the pollution. In this study, “Adana Coastal Park Project” has been prepared for an urban green area in Yüreğir, Adana, which was reserved by Yüreğir Municipality and its function in Adana's urban green space system has been evaluated. In the evaluations, criteria such as activity, functions, materials used, aesthetic design principles, comfort, image, security, and maintenance have been taken into consideration.

Optimization Strategy of Landscape Ecological Planning in Urban Green Space System

In recent years, China’s urbanization process has increased year by year, and the environmental problems brought by it have become increasingly prominent. The urban ecological environment and urban green space are closely connected. The improvement and reconstruction of the ecological environment need to be realized through the urban green space system planning. Therefore, it is imperative to apply landscape ecology in the urban green space system planning. This paper first outlines the important role of urban green space systems in restoring ecological and environmental problems. Second, based on the research on the landscape ecological progress of urban green space systems at home and abroad, through in-depth investigation of some representative urban green space systems in China, the current domestic Problems existing in urban green space system planning. Finally, based on the principles of landscape ecology, an optimization strategy for landscape ecological planning in urban green space systems was proposed. The results show that the use of landscape ecology can rationally plan the landscape space, green space corridors, green space patches and other factors in the green space system, thereby achieving the purpose of improving the urban environment and promoting ecological balance.