Urban Cities In Nigeria Research Articles

EPH97 Application of Self-Protective Behaviors in Balancing Objective and Subjective COVID-19 Risk Assessments Among Residents in an Urban Setting

We examined the association between self-perceived and Latent Class Analysis (LCA) assessed risk of COVID-19 infection and evaluated their relationships with sociodemographic and modifiable behavioral factors among residents of Onitsha, an urban city in Nigeria. We analyzed data from a cross-sectional survey (n=140) conducted in March 2020. The survey elicited information on the participants’ demographic characteristics, COVID-19 knowledge, attitude, preventive practice, level of preparedness, misconceptions, and COVID-19 information gaps. Participants were classified as being “not at risk” or “at risk” based on self-perceived risk of COVID-19 infection (subjective) and LCA-segmented risk clusters (objective). We applied the Chi-square test and used Kendall rank correlation analysis to determine the relationship between demographic characteristics and self-protective behaviors by the risk assessment methods. There was a significant association between subjective (32.4%) and objective (50.7%) assessments of COVID-19 risk (X2=5.38, p<0.05) among the survey participants. However, those who perceived themselves at risk of COVID-19 were 58% less likely to be classified as such when assessed objectively (OR: 0.42, 95%CI: 0.20-0.88, p<0.05). In contrast, those who perceived themselves to be at no risk were 2.38 times (OR: 2.38, 95%CI: 1.13-4.99, p<0.05) more likely to be at risk when assessed objectively. Significantly negative and low correlation was observed between subjective and objective assessments ((Kendall's tau-b (τb)= -0.193,p<0.05). Relationship between knowledge and attitude of residents toward COVID-19 were in opposite direction (τb= 0.431,p<0.01 (subjective) and τb= -0.339,p<0.01 (objective)). Adoption of preventive practices was negatively correlated with information gap among persons assessed both subjectively (τb= -0.379,p<0.01) and objectively (τb= -0.404,p<0.001) for COVID-19 risks. Objective assessment allowed for the integration of self-protective behaviors in the model, making it a reliable framework for identifying at risk group and tailoring intervention program aimed at curbing the devastating impact of COVID-19 among the city residents.

Study of Influencing Factors of Domestic Solid Waste Management in Federal Capital Territory, Abuja

Purpose: The study is on the influencing factors of domestic solid waste management in Abuja targeted at investigating and studying the factors influencing domestic solid waste management in Abuja, Historically, the amount of wastes generated by human population was insignificant mainly due to the low population densities, coupled with the fact that there was very little exploitation of natural resources. The problem associated with the management of solid waste in most urban cities in Nigeria, like Abuja, does not completely appear to be a problem of absence of legislative framework for solid waste management owing to the fact that at Federal, States, and Local governments levels, there exist some form of sanitation legislations or the other, but some other factors have come to play with the crises experienced in the management of wastes in the Nigerian urban centers.&#x0D; Methodology: The research procedures involve the following: research design, population of the study, sample and sampling techniques, instrumentation, validation of the instrument, administration of the instrument and data analysis techniques.&#x0D; Findings: The result of the study to determine the social factor affecting the management of domestic waste: Location have great effect on waste management, not that everyone should leave in that location, but amenities available in that location should be considered in other locations too. There’s is inadequate waste bin located across the location of study. To determine the economic factor affecting the management of domestic waste: The key economic factor affecting waste management is the poor economy of the nation. Poor or bad technological concept lack of facilities, insufficient man power and more affect the waste management. To determine the natural factors affecting household waste management in Abuja: Top on the natural factor that affects solid waste management in Abuja is the wind, topography and flooding. Which made the management of this waste difficult by the waste management companies. Rain have a slight stand out as during rainy seasons waste management team don’t go into all sessions to extract waste.&#x0D; Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: Further finding solving the research questions shows that the social status of Abuja residence affects the disposal of waste. The lack of finance or poor economic condition result to poor waste management. Some natural element has significance on waste management in Abuja. Some other factor that have significant effect on household waste management, e.g. corruption, bad economy, lack of sensitization and lack of funds. Furthermore, waste reuse will not be out of place hence the territory moves closer to a zero waste level, where all said waste are recycled and reused by the host communities.

Traffic Management System for Prioritizing Emergency Over Time and Density

An analysis of the current traffic management system in Uyo, an urban city in Nigeria showed a heavy dependence on the use of traffic wardens. Where traffic control lights operate, they are based on fixed time allocation which often results in traffic congestion on the more operational lane and hinders the rescue work of first responders. This study proposes a traffic management system (TMS-ETD) that prioritizes the passage of Emergency vehicles over the lane with the longest waiting Time, and lastly the lane with highest traffic Density. The Dynamic Systems Development Method (DSDM) guided this work. A testbed to demonstrate the practicability of this model was designed using HC-SR505 IR sensor to measure traffic density and send the data to PIC 16F770A microcontroller, programmed using MikroC PRO version 6.0.0, for processing. The model was simulated using Proteus 8 professional version 8.6 where results showed a smoother passage of emergency vehicles necessary to safeguard lives and properties. Keywords: Traffic control, Queuing analysis, Actuators, Infrared Image sensors, Wireless sensor networks

Causes of Traffic Congestion and Possible Solutions along Akesan-Igando Road, Lagos Nigeria

Many urban cities in Nigeria are bedeviled with traffic congestion which tends to defy various remedial measures adopted by different governments over the years. Journey times from one point to another within a town have remained unreliable and residents have continued to face disturbing in conveniences in transportation especially traffic congestion. This study, therefore, addresses the problems of traffic congestion impacts on commuters along Akesan-Igando road. The set objectives incudes: identifying pattern of traffic congestion at the Corridor, ascertaining the cause(s) of traffic congestion, determine what can be done to reduce traffic congestion in the study area. Basically, primary data was used for the research through direct observation, interview and field measurement. Drones were also deployed to capture images from the field. It was discovered from the field that the causes of traffic congestion along this corridor include: narrow road conditions, increase in population leading to increase in vehicle ownership, activities of road traders, illegal parking and poor enforcement. The study recommended that t here should be proper and adequate enlightment for the drivers on the dangers inherent in congestion , t he law enforcement agencies (Police and LASTMA) should be motivated in other to act professionally and not to take bribe from public bus drivers, street trader should be completely banned from displaying their wares on the set back which impedes the free flow of vehicular movement, the state government should intensify effort to ensure BRT is operational on this corridor and t here is need for improved traffic management system and of the road condition along the corridor .

Investigating Dispute and its Effect on Real Estate Transactions: Evidence from Traditional Urban City in Nigeria

Clash of interest seems to be unavoidable in real estate matters. This could be due to the market’s complexity and the heterogeneous participants involved. The study examined the causes of dispute and its implication on real estate transactions in Akure (a traditional urban city), Nigeria. Data were collected through questionnaires administered to the target respondents, which comprise disputant residents and Estate Surveyors, and Valuers. The results were analyzed with mean item score and agreement analysis. Findings are that multiple allocations of land and boundary conflicts are the significant factors causing disputes within the study area. It was also discovered that development delay and market interruptions are the substantial implication in the disputes arising from real estate transactions. The study recommends that the concerned authority on land matters should ensure proper land record-keeping. This will help put to check the problem of multiple land allocations. Also, the appropriate land boundary mapping should be done to mitigate issues arising from boundary conflicts.

A Sustainable Governmental Intervention Policy for Slum Upgrading: Road Infrastructure in Railway Down Quarter, Kaduna, Nigeria

The urban cities in Nigeria are experiencing a deformation causing an urban decay with poor housing construction, improper use of unplanned land hindering urban spatial development. In this paper examination of slum prevalence in Nigeria and aims to propose development scheme to improve informal settlement of the urban cities focusing on governmental intervention and development policies in all level of governmental authorities to upgrade the living conditions and obtain value for the urban low class. Harvesting the potential of the work force of this regions for urban development, aims to provide highlight to the use of infrastructural development particularly road network to aid connectivity and urban design. A review of informal settlement mainly on the absence of infrastructure and degraded environmental conditions in an unplanned settlement in the city of Kaduna popularly known as Railway Down Quarter, proposes a possible strategy and approach for a sustainable upgrading policy. This research develops a conceptual approach of the necessity of mainly road infrastructure a medium that introduces services and a sustainable development in informal settlements in Kaduna, Nigeria by government intervention. &#x0D; Keywords: Slum upgrade, government policy, road infrastructure, Railway Down Quarter, Kaduna, Nigeria

Misconceptions and current use of contraception among women of reproductive age in six major cities in Nigeria

Objectives: The aims of this study were to assess the determinants of family planning misconceptions and modern contraceptive use, and the influence of misconceptions on the use of modern contraceptive methods.Methods: We reviewed and analysed data collected between October 2010 and March 2011 among a representative household sample of 13,575 women of reproductive age (15–49 years) in six urban cities in Nigeria. Multiple linear and logistic regression models were used to examine the predictors of misconceptions and current use of contraception and the association between misconceptions and modern contraceptive use.Results: Catholic women were significantly more likely to have misconceptions compared with Muslim women (β = 1.09; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.58, 1.60; p < .001); women with higher education were significantly less likely to have misconceptions about contraception compared with women with no formal education (β= −0.06; 95% CI −0.96, −0.29; p < .001). Unmarried women living with a partner were not significantly different from those who were not cohabiting (single, separated or widowed) in their current contraceptive use (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.91; 95% CI 0.79, 1.04; p > .05). Women with lower misconception scores were significantly more likely to adopt and use modern contraception compared with those with high misconception scores (adjusted OR 0.93; 95% CI 0.92, 0.94; p < .001).Conclusion: These findings suggest that programmatic efforts should be geared towards dispelling misconceptions by providing simple factual information related to the benefits of contraception and family planning.

Echocardiographic Study of Paediatrics Patients in a Private Hospital in an Urban City in Nigeria

Background: Most previous publications on echocardiography use in Nigeria emanate from public hospitals and academic settings. This study aims to elucidate the peculiarities of echocardiography use in an urban, private hospital study in pediatric patients. Methods: Prospective and cross-sectional, involving a review of consecutive echocardiogram done at the Pediatric Cardiology unit of the Reddington multi-specialist hospital between February 2005 to January 2009. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Level of significance set at p<0.05. Results: The age range of the subjects was three days to 256 months of age, with a mean age of 59.4 +/- 64months and a male to female ratio of 1: 1.1. Approximately thirty-seven percent of all the echocardiographs done were normal. The most common indication for echocardiography was heart murmurs. Ventricular septal defect was the most prevalent finding based on murmurs. All Patients whose indication for echocardiography was chest pain had normal findings. Congenital heart diseases constituted 108 (85%) of all the abnormal echocardiographic findings. Conclusion: Our findings in this study generally seem to fall in line with the appropriate use of heart murmur as an indication for echocardiography. There is a high incidence of LVH in patients evaluated via echocardiogram for obesity. There is a similar distribution in congenital heart diseases as compared to other studies both in private and public settings, as well as developed countries compared to developing nations.

Contamination of agricultural soils by selected heavy metals from municipal solid waste dumpsites-A case study of Oleh Town in Nigeria’s Niger Delta

The University town of Oleh in Nigeria‟s Niger Delta Area is one of the emerging urban cities in Nigeria currently facing waste disposal menace. In the present study, soil samples collected at three different distances (0, 5 and 20 meters) from four major dumpsites (DS 1 – DS 4) strategically located in the town were analyzed for Pb, Hg, Cd, Cr, Ni and Zn content.. The results of the analysis show heavy metal contamination of all the sites studied. Soil around DS 1, recorded the highest lead and zinc concentrations of 120 ± 5.21 mg/kg and 128.91 ± 0.38 mg/kg respectively compared to the control concentrations of 4.24 ± 0.07 mg/kg and 25.71 ± 0.82 mg/kg for the area. Samples from DS 2 and DS 3 have the highest nickel concentrations of 134 ± 0.5 mg/kg and 109.34 ± 4.80 mg/kg respectively while the control concentration for this metal is 12 ± 0.09 mg/kg for the area and the international allowable limit for the metal as endorsed by FEPA is 50 mg/kg.

Seatbelt use among drivers in an urban city in Nigeria: an observational study

Studies from parts of Nigeria reported low compliance with seatbelt. This study sought to establish driver seatbelt use in Enugu, Nigeria by gender, vehicle type/use and time of day. Observations were done day and night at randomly selected locations. Data were analysed with SPSS version 15. Differences in response were checked with chi-square for trend. Confidence interval was 95% and P value < 0.05 was regarded as significant. Average compliance was 37.6% for the 510 males (85%) and 90 females (15%) observed. It was 74.8% in the day and 0.3% at night. Among males, 218 (42.7%) wore seatbelt while 9 (10%) females did. For commercial drivers 159 (65.2%) complied while 68 (19.1%) private drivers did. Truck drivers had 100% compliance while sports utility vehicle drivers had the lowest (18.8%). There is poor seatbelt compliance in Enugu, Nigeria and need for educational campaigns and stricter enforcement.

A Conceptual Mathematical Examination of the Aerosols Loading over Abuja-Nigeria

One of the urban cities in Nigeria known for elevated levels of atmospheric aerosol pollution is Abuja, been the fastest growing city in Nigeria. Due to the health problems associated with this fact, a study of aerosol loading must be prioritized so as to identify the preventive measures required. This study aims at estimating the aerosol loading and retention over Abuja. Statistical AOD analysis for thirteen years was obtained from the Multi-angle imaging spectro radiometer (MISR). Statistical tools, as well as analytically derived model for aerosols loading were used to obtain the aerosols retention and loading over the area. Observations shows that, the highest AOD analysis was found in 2005, the highest skew and kurtosis can be found in 2010 and the highest Kolmogorov-Smirnov stat can be found in 2004. This results shows that the lower atmosphere of Abuja may not be dynamic as cities in the southern Nigeria and proposes an inclusion of the attenuation due to moving aerosols layer into the ITU model which is significant via the atmospheric constants over Abuja. The aerosols retention peak in Abuja occurs every ten years.

Pattern of impacted mandibular third molars in Calabar, Nigeria

Background: The study examines the pattern of impacted lower third molars in Calabar, Southern Nigeria. Patients and Methods: A retrospective analysis of the medical record of all patients, who were treated for symptomatic impacted lower third molar at the Dental and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinic of our institution over a 3-year period was undertaken. Information obtained included patients' demographics, location, type of impaction, presence of caries in the second molar, and indication for extraction. Results: A total of 2,156 patients were seen at the Dental and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinic over the 3-year period of study and of these patients, 118 impacted mandibular third molars were surgically extracted in 97 patients and thus giving a prevalence of 4.7%. The patients' ages ranged 18-48 years, the mean (SD) age was 27.5 (5.60) years. Impaction of the lower third molar occurred equally in both gender with an approximate ratio of 1:1. Mesioangular impaction was the most common type (N = 53; 44.9%), followed by horizontal impaction (N = 34; 28.8%). About half of the impacted teeth were located on the left side (N = 51; 43.2%). There was bilateral location in 21 (17.8%) cases. Recurrent pericoronitis (N= 65; 55.1%) and apical periodontitis (N= 41; 34.7%) were the most common indications for extraction. Conclusion: The prevalence of impacted mandibular third molar in Calabar is lower than previous reports from other urban cities in Nigeria. Mesioangular impaction was the most common impaction type, but unlike previous reports, horizontal impactions constitute a great proportion of third molar impactions seen in this environment.

Obesity epidemic has emerged among Nigerians.

BackgroundData from the WHO shows that the prevalence of overweight and obesity increased by ~20% between 2002 and 2010 in Nigeria. We conducted this study to examine the correlates of this fast growing epidemic.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study among a random sample of 1058 adults, who were visitors and staff of a government worksite in Abuja, an urban city in Nigeria. The study participants had varying socio-economic status and a wide range of occupations, including skilled labor and professionals. Log-binomial regression models were used to estimate the multivariable-adjusted associations of potential determinants with the prevalence of overweight and obesity.ResultThe mean age and body-mass index of the study population were 42 years ± (9.3) and 27 kg/m2 ± (4.8). The overall prevalence of overweight or obesity (body-mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2) was 64% (74% of the women and 57% of the men). For women compared to men, the prevalence ratio (PR) and (95% confidence interval, CI) was 1.24 (95% CI 1.08, 1.43, p = 0.004), for overweight, and 2.54 (95% CI 2.08, 3.10, p = <0.0001), for obesity. Individuals aged 40 – 49 years were more likely to be overweight or obese. The PR for overweight and obesity was 1.45 (95% CI 1.07, 1.97), p for age trend = 0.002 and 8.07(95% CI 3.01, 21.66, p for age trend = <0.0001) for those aged 40 – 49 years, compared with those aged <30 years. Compared with the individuals in the lower socio-economic status, the PR for obesity among those in the middle and high socio-economic statuses, were 1.39 (95% CI 1.13, 1.72) and 1.24 (95% CI 0.97, 1.59) respectively, p for trend = 0.003.ConclusionAbout two-thirds of urban, professional, high socio-economic status Nigerian adults are either overweight or obese. The prevalence of overweight and obesity among this population of adult Nigerians, is as high as it is in the United Kingdom. Female gender and older age were independent predictors of overweight and obesity; while middle or high socio-economic status were independently associated with obesity.

Knowledge and menstrual hygiene practices among adolescents in senior secondary schools in Ile Ife, south-western Nigeria

A culture of silence surrounds menstruation while inadequate facilities predispose adolescents to psycho-social trauma and cyclic absenteeism from schools. This study assessed the knowledge and menstrual hygiene management (MHM) practices among in-school adolescents in an urban city in Nigeria. The descriptive, cross-sectional study identified 400 respondents through a multistage technique and collected data through validated questionnaire and observational checklist. The mean age and age-at-menarche of respondents were 15.3 ± 1.5 and 12.8 years, respectively. Most respondents (70%) were aged 10–15 years, had good knowledge of MHM (296, 74%) and knew about menstruation before menarche (85.4%). MHM knowledge was significantly associated with: mother's education (p = 0.029); absorbents changing frequency (p = 0.003); and age-at-menarche (p = 001). The number of absorbents used daily was 2.5 ± 0.7; 90% of adolescents changed absorbents at least twice daily while 24.2% had previously changed it in school. Moreover, 14.4% of respondents abstained from school during menstruation and there was a significant association between school type and menstrual absorbents used (p = 0.0001), mothers' education (p = 0.0001) and disposal of used absorbents (p = 0.004). Spent absorbents were mostly disposed of in pit latrines (35.1%) and by burning (32.6%). A wide disparity remains between good MHM knowledge and poor practices. Therefore, gender-friendly facilities should be provided in schools to ensure retention of girls and end psycho-social trauma experienced during menstruation.

Progression of pre-eclampsia to eclampsia under spinal anaesthesia

Eclampsia remains a problem in the developing countries despite improvements in antenatal care and emergency obstetric facilities. It is an important cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in Nigeria. A 26-year-old primipara, residing in an urban city in Nigeria with antenatal care facilities, booked for antenatal care at 36 weeks of gestation and was then diagnosed with severe pre-eclampsia. She initially refused therapy and was later booked for an emergency cesarean section. She had eclamptic fits during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia, and the seizure was aborted with intravenous diazepam. The postoperative period was uneventful. Progression of pre-eclampsia to eclampsia during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia is rare, but it can occur. Early booking for antenatal care to enable an early diagnosis and treatment are necessary to prevent the progression of pre-eclampsia to eclampsia. There is need to educate the populace on the importance of ante natal care so as to improve its utilization.

Assessment of noise levels generated by music shops in an urban city in Nigeria

To assess the level of noise generated by music shops in an urban city in Nigeria. Cross-sectional, descriptive study. The study involved music shops in three out of eight identified clusters of market areas in Benin City. A semi-structured, researcher-administered questionnaire was also used to collect data from music shop owners. Noise levels generated by speakers in the music shops were measured using a sound level meter, and blood pressure measurements were taken with a mercury sphygmomanometer. Of the 250 music shops studied, more than 90.0% generated noise levels >85dB, and 54.8% had a continuous pattern of noise. Longer duration of working years was significantly associated with decreased hearing (P=0.01), shouting when talking (P=0.04) and high blood pressure (P=0.003). The position of music dealers in relation to the speakers was significantly associated with shouting when talking (P=0.000). A significant association was found between higher levels of noise and high blood pressure (P=0.004). This study found very high levels of noise in music shops, which could be a source of occupational noise exposure among music dealers. Enlightenment campaigns on the hazards of exposure to loud noise and periodic audiometry examinations are recommended for this occupational group.

P3-S7.03 The prevalence of Bacterial Vaginosis among young women in urban areas in Nigeria and its major risk factors

IssueVaginitis is polymicrobial Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs), associated with some STD agents, presenting signs/symptoms such as foul smelling vaginal discharge, irritation, and itching. Among the leading infectious agents causing vaginitis among young women in urban communities in Nigeria,Gardnerella vaginalis(cause of Bacterial Vaginosis) was found to top the list. Also, unprotected sex during first sexual intercourse and multiple sexual partners are found to be the major risk factors for the wide spread of Bacterial vaginosis among the study's young women.MethodBacteriological and differential laboratory tests (microscopic examination, normal physiological saline wet-preparation, Potassium Hydroxide (OH) solution, whiff test, the litmus paper/PH level test, and gram staining) were carried out on High vaginal swab (HVS) specimens collected aseptically within 6 months from non-pregnant, non-menstruating young women who are not on antibiotics for a week before specimens were collected, and whose consent is sought before the study. The Study population is made up of both STD center attending and non-attending young women (mean age=25.50). In addition, a standard questionnaire (r=0.77) was administered to answer the major research/study questions on the major risk factors for Bacterial vaginosis.ResultFrom the 200 HVS collected, 68 % of primary isolates were isolated:G vaginalis(51.72%),C albicans(41.92%), andT vaginalis(06.36%) respectively (p&lt;0.0001). According to the result from the study questionnaire, among 200 respondents, 37.71% had their first sexual intercourse without any protection, 39.16% were protected during their first sexual intercourse, and 23.13% did not recollect. Also, 31.65% had engaged in sexual intercourse with more than one sexual partner before with no protection in few occasions, 37.21% had had multiple sexual partners before with protection, 31.14% declined to provide answer to the multiple sexual partner questions.ConclusionsBacterial vaginosis was found to be the most prevalent among young women in urban cities in Nigeria, and the major risk of contracting the infectious disease is unprotected sexual intercourse with multiple partners, and during first sexual intercourse. However, there is need for effective and efficient sex education and awareness to encourage the partners to be faithful to one another and for the promotion of safe sexual intercourse by using preventive means such as condoms.

Motorcycle injuries in north-central Nigeria

The increasing use of commercial motorcycle as mode of transportation in urban cities in Nigeria has become important source of morbidity and mortality. This is coupled with poor helmet use, narrow roads, increasing traffic, and poor licensing of the motorcycle riders. The objectives of this study are to determine the pattern of injuries following accident involving motorcycles, the mortality rate, and the immediate causes of mortality. This is a combined retrospective and prospective study spanning over 2 years (1 year each). Patient's records were retrieved to collate data for the retrospective study while all the patients presenting to the casualty unit of Jos University Teaching Hospital following involvement in motorcycle accidents between April 2006 and March 2007 were selected for the study. Out of 485 motorcycle injured patients, 295 and 190 were recruited from the retrospective and prospective study respectively. The male: female (M: F) ratio was 4.8:1. The ages ranged from 2.5 to 84 years with a peak at 21-30 years. The total number of injuries was 559 with 443 patients singly injured and 42 patients multiply traumatized. Head injury (40.1%) was the most frequently occurring injury followed closely by extremity injuries (38.1%). None of the patients wore protective helmet. Thirty-six (36) mortalities (7.4%) were recorded and all dead patients had head injuries. All deaths occurred within 24 h. Head injury represents a common cause of morbidity and mortality following motorcycle injuries in our environment. Therefore, strict enforcement of helmet laws from May 10, 2010 may reduce morbidity and mortality.

Anxiety Disorder amongst Secondary School Children in an Urban City in Nigeria

Anxiety is a source of concern to the clinicians as it is co morbid with other mental disorders, particularly depression and learning disabilities, and it causes low self-esteem. The aim of this research was to evaluate the prevalence of anxiety disorder amongst secondary school children in Port Harcourt. A two-staged stratified sampling method was used to select the schools. Structured questionnaire based on Vanderbilt ADHD Diagnostic Teacher Rating Scale for anxiety and depression symptoms was use in evaluating the students. The questionnaires administered to the students were filled with the assistance of the researchers and the classroom teachers. Direct verbal interview was conducted for those noted to have symptoms of any of the various types of anxiety disorders and fears. Out of 885 students, 91 met the criteria for the diagnosis of anxiety/ depression disorder; prevalence was 10.28%, age range was 9-18 years. There were 37 males and 54 females giving a male: female ratio of 0.69:1. Majority 52 (57.14%) of the children lived with their parents, 28 (30.77%) of them lived with family relations and 11 (12.09%) of them were working as house helps to other families. The reasons given for being anxious were poor self image, fear of death, repeated physical and sexual abuses by their care givers and other adults. Learning disability was the major associated co morbid disorder (18.68%). Generalized anxiety was the most common type of anxiety disorder identified (32.97%). Anxiety disorders are debilitating chronic conditions. When it affects school aged children it contributes significantly to poor academic performance.

Stratification And Livestock Population Census For Enugu Urban, Nigeria: A Pilot Survey

Stratification and livestock population census for Enugu Urban, Nigeria, between February and April 2005 is described. Based on ground reconnaissance, six stratification zones identified for Enugu Urban (180 km 2 ) were, unplanned Village set-up (9.69 km 2 ), High-density built-up areas (20.25 km 2 ), Medium-density built-up areas (7.90 km 2 ), Low-density built-up areas (9.50 km 2 ), Commercial areas (26.44 km 2 ) and Undeveloped lands/Farms (106.93 km 2 ). About 46.63 km 2 or 25.90 % of the stratified Enugu Urban was principal suburbs. Estimated livestock population was achieved with 91.70 % of 2927 households in 21 sample blocks of about 8.34 Km 2 or 17.88 % of the principal suburbs. Livestock population and average population density for stratified Enugu Urban were 32309 (179) for goats, 17027 (95) for sheep, 3765 (21) for pigs, 16152 (90) for dogs, 4338 (24) for cats, 108354 (602) for chickens, 28985 (161) for turkeys and 17160 (95) for ducks. The results of this study may be useful in the formulation of Veterinary, Livestock, Public and Environmental Health Policies, as well as for Livestock Diseases Surveillances, Research Communications and Bioinformatics. The model for this survey could also be adapted for other urban cities in Nigeria and the developing countries of the world where there are no reliable livestock population statistics.