Program Update Research Articles

416 Providing Screening and Linkage to HIV Preventive Services for At-Risk 13–17-Year-Olds in a Pediatric Emergency Department: A Two-Year Program Update

416 Providing Screening and Linkage to HIV Preventive Services for At-Risk 13–17-Year-Olds in a Pediatric Emergency Department: A Two-Year Program Update

Adulthood dietary and lifestyle patterns and risk of breast cancer: Global Cancer Update Programme (CUP Global) systematic literature review

BackgroundAn increasing number of studies in recent years investigate various dietary and lifestyle patterns and associated breast cancer (BC) risk. ObjectivesThis study aimed to comprehensively synthesize and grade the evidence on dietary and lifestyle patterns and BC risk. MethodsDatabases were systematically searched up to 31 March, 2022, for evidence from RCTs and prospective cohort studies on adherence to a dietary pattern alone or in combination with lifestyle behaviors and incidence of or mortality from primary BC in adult females. Findings in all, premenopausal, and postmenopausal females were descriptively synthesized instead of meta-analyzed due to patterns heterogeneity. An independent Global Cancer Update Programme Expert Panel graded the strength of the evidence. ResultsA total of 84 publications were included. Results for patterns reflecting both a healthy diet and lifestyle were more consistent than for patterns that included diet only. There was strong-probable evidence that a priori World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) and American Cancer Society (ACS) dietary and lifestyle scores may reduce BC risk in all and postmenopausal females, whereas in premenopausal females, less evidence was found contributing to limited-suggestive grade. There was also a limited-suggestive evidence that adherence to the Healthy Lifestyle Index and other diet and lifestyle scores may reduce BC risk in postmenopausal females; a posteriori Western/meat/alcohol dietary patterns may increase BC risk in postmenopausal females; and prudent/vegetarian/Mediterranean dietary patterns may reduce BC risk in all females. For the remaining patterns, evidence was graded as limited-no conclusions. ConclusionsAdvice to adopt combined aspects of a healthy diet and lifestyle according to WCRF/AICR and ACS scores, encouraging a healthy weight, physical activity, alcohol and smoking avoidance, and a healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, (whole)grains and cereals and discouraging red and processed meat, can be proposed to females to lower BC risk.This review was registered at PROSPERO as ID CRD42021270129 (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021270129) on 28 August, 2021, and further updated on 4 May, 2022, in order to extend the search period.

Opportunities and Challenges of CSR Digitalization: Lessons from Major Companies in Indonesia in Mitigating Post-COVID-19 Unemployment

In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, global impacts extended beyond communities' physical and mental health, encompassing nations' economic stability. Many companies responded actively by contributing to government efforts in addressing post-pandemic economic challenges, particularly through Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives. This research aims to identify opportunities and challenges in digitalizing CSR to mitigate the financial impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study focuses on the CSR program, Indosat Digital Camp (IDCamp), implemented by Indosat Ooredoo. The objective is to evaluate the opportunities and challenges faced by Indosat Ooredoo in digitizing CSR to address the economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Utilizing a qualitative methodology and a single case study design, the research involves interviews with 6 representatives from Indosat Ooredoo and 10 IDCamp participants from Yogyakarta, Bandung, Jakarta, Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ulu, and Kota Tangerang. Research findings reveal that digitalizing CSR presents sustainable opportunities as it can reduce unemployment, provide industry-relevant competencies, align with Indonesia's digital era, remain relevant to post-COVID-19 digital activities, align with government programs, support the demand for digital talents, and attract community participation due to its practical nature. However, IDCamp implementation poses potential challenges, including responsive organization, internet network issues, government program support, program updates, established execution systems, coordination with mass media, and ensuring digitalization facilitates community participation in CSR programs. Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, CSR digitization, CSR Collaboration, CSR opportunities, CSR challenges.

Application of Chairside CAD/CAM and Its Influencing Factors among Chinese Dental Practitioners: a Crosssectional Study.

To examine the increased use of chairside CAD/CAM among Chinese dental practitioners, and to explore the existing barriers influencing its further application and satisfaction levels. A semi-structured questionnaire was developed to gather respondents' demographic information, as well as their experiences and behaviours regarding the implementation of chairside CAD/CAM. A specialised web-based survey system and WeChat were used to display and distribute the final questionnaire. Then, the data were analysed with Chi-square tests and regression analyses to determine the effects of various demographic variables on chairside CAD/ CAM applications. A total of 1,969 questionnaire responses were included in the analyses. Chairside CAD/ CAM systems were used by 36.9% of participants, with a higher usage rate observed among prosthodontists (60.0%) and dental practitioners holding a PhD degree (57.7%). Chairside CAD/ CAM-fabricated prostheses were most commonly used in the posterior maxilla (83.3%) and mandible (86.0%), followed by the anterior maxilla and mandible (63.8% and 48.6%, respectively). Major barriers to further application included high initial investment, frequent updates of equipment and software programs, and a lack of expertise in chairside CAD/CAM usage. Most dental practitioners did not use chairside CAD/CAM systems. The application rate was significantly influenced by sex, location, educational background, department and type of healthcare facility. Chairside CAD/CAM users showed limited satisfaction with the aesthetic performance of the fabricated prostheses. To improve the popularity of chairside CAD/CAM systems, especially among dental practitioners lacking advanced academic degrees, it is highly advisable to optimise CAD software programs and offer comprehensive training opportunities.

"By Us for Us": Lessons Learned in Developing a National Training and Technical Assistance Center by and for CHWs.

In 2021, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) funded 67 health departments to implement community health worker (CHW) programs to enhance COVID-19 response. The CDC also funded a unique CHW-led Technical Assistance and Training (TTA) Center called Envision, which supported health departments to implement CHW programs and promote CHW workforce sustainability. After 1 year, Envision evaluators interviewed Envision staff to assess barriers and facilitators in developing the Center and the degree to which CHW leadership was operationalized. Thematic analysis revealed 3 themes regarding relationships, CHW values in practice, and operational challenges. Findings informed program updates. CHWs, funders, and policymakers may learn from these experiences.

Talent Cultivation Model of Universities Based on Employment Needs

This study investigated a talent cultivation model tailored to employment needs, analyzing responses from 561 individuals, primarily young adults aged 20-24. It evaluated the model's effectiveness in various components such as training goals, processes, and leadership development, highlighting the need for improvements in lifelong learning and transferable skills. A descriptive correlational design aimed to explain the relationship between two or more variables without making any claims about cause and effect. The majority of respondents were recent graduates, indicating a necessity for targeted talent cultivation efforts to address gender disparities and promote equal opportunities. Challenges identified include adapting to changing skill demands, managing a multigenerational workforce, and integrating technology into talent management. Age and graduation year significantly influenced engagement with talent cultivation efforts, while no consistent correlations were found with other demographics. Recommendations included focusing on lifelong learning, personalized training, continuous program updates, and leveraging technology for talent management enhancement. The study underscored the importance of a multifaceted approach to address talent cultivation challenges, emphasizing continuous skill development and strategic efforts to enhance model effectiveness in promoting comprehensive skill development and leadership capabilities.

A Study on h‐BN Resistive Switching Temporal Response

AbstractPrevious work that studied hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) memristor DC resistive‐switching characteristics is extended to include an experimental understanding of their dynamic behavior upon programming or synaptic weight update. The focus is on the temporal resistive switching response to driving stimulus (programming voltage pulses) effecting conductance updates during training in neural network crossbar implementations. Test arrays are fabricated at the wafer level, enabled by the transfer of CVD‐grown few‐layer (8 layer) or multi‐layer (18 layer) h‐BN films. A comprehensive study of their temporal response under various conditions–voltage pulse amplitude, edge rate (pulse rise/fall times), and temperature–provides new insights into the resistive switching process toward optimized devices and improvements in their implementation of artificial neural networks. The h‐BN memristors can achieve multi‐state operation through ultrafast pulsed switching (< 25 ns) with high energy efficiency (≈10 pJ pulse−1).

Алгоритм моніторингу та перегляду освітніх програм у системі внутрішнього забезпечення якості

The article presents an algorithm for monitoring and periodic review of study programs in the university system for quality assurance in higher education. It is proved that the responsibility for quality assurance in higher education is delegated to the institutional level, where the learning process is directly planned, organized and implemented. The procedures and order of monitoring, periodic review and updating of study programs at five organizational levels of the internal quality assurance system (IQAS) are characterized. It was determined that information about stakeholders' satisfaction of the quality of training and their recommendations for further improvement of study programs is collected at the first level of the IQAS. The second level of IQAS (department) is responsible for monitoring the study programs and periodic review based on changes in the legislative framework, taking into account the best pedagogical education of Ukrainian and foreign universities, the results of stakeholder surveys, etc. Responsible persons of the third level of IQAS (faculty) control the deadlines, the process of preparation and completion of procedures for external quality assurance in higher education, periodic review of study programs, curricula, programs of subjects for their compliance with higher education standards, urgent requirements of the labor market, educational needs and the interests of students. At the fourth level of the IQAS, structural units monitor the content of study programs for compliance with the Licensing Requirements for Educational Activities, the regulatory framework of higher education of Ukraine, and the current regulatory university documents. The fifth level of the IQAS is responsible for monitoring compliance with the requirements of the internal quality assurance system, including the academic integrity system at all organizational levels. It is summarized that compliance with the procedure for monitoring and periodic review of study programs will allow the university to achieve strategic goal of providing high-quality educational services to students based on sustainable cooperation with stakeholders.

Effectiveness and Challenges of the Kadiwa ng Pangulo Program in Zambales, Philippines: A Case Study

This case study examined the experiences of the Zambales community and investigated the impact of the Kadiwa ng Pangulo (KnP) program on agricultural sustainability and economic empowerment. Using a qualitative design, the study involved focus groups comprising selected Kadiwa personnel and representatives from the Local Government Unit (LGU) involved with the community and active participants in the program. Data analysis followed Colaizzi’s (1978) methodology to ensure credibility, with trustworthiness evaluated through Lincoln and Guba’s (1985) Evaluative Criteria. The initiative successfully enhanced community collaboration and expanded local markets, participants encountered several notable challenges, including limited marketing strategies, financial management issues, logistical barriers in distribution and transportation, restricted market access for some farmers, and limited consumer awareness of the program. The findings KnP program have substantial potential to improve community resilience and local food security. Recommendations include implementing targeted training and resource allocation to address these challenges effectively. This research highlights the program’s broader impact potential, suggesting that local administrators update program regulations to optimize its influence on community development and promote sustainable agricultural methods. Findings provide valuable insights for policymakers on crafting effective community-based programs, demonstrating that addressing these operational challenges can lead to lasting benefits for Zambales farmers and consumers, elevating local livelihoods and supporting regional agricultural resilience well into the future.

Post-diagnosis adiposity, physical activity, sedentary behaviour, dietary factors, supplement use and colorectal cancer prognosis: Global Cancer Update Programme (CUP Global) summary of evidence grading.

Based on the World Cancer Research Fund Global Cancer Update Programme, we performed systematic reviews and meta-analyses to investigate the association of post-diagnosis adiposity, physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and dietary factors with colorectal cancer prognosis. We searched PubMed and Embase until 28th February, 2022. An independent expert committee and expert panel graded the quality of evidence. A total of 167 unique publications were reviewed, and all but five were observational studies. The quality of the evidence was graded conservatively due to the high risk of several biases. There was evidence of non-linearity in the associations between body mass index and colorectal cancer prognosis. The associations appeared reverse J-shaped, and the quality of this evidence was graded as limited (likelihood of causality: limited-no conclusion). The evidence on recreational physical activity and lower risk of all-cause mortality (relative risk [RR] highest vs. lowest: 0.69, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.62-0.77) and recurrence/disease-free survival (RR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.70-0.92) was graded as limited-suggestive. There was limited-suggestive evidence for the associations between healthy dietary and/or lifestyle patterns (including diets that comprised plant-based foods), intake of whole grains and coffee with lower risk of all-cause mortality, and between unhealthy dietary patterns and intake of sugary drinks with higher risk of all-cause mortality. The evidence for other exposures on colorectal cancer outcomes was sparse and graded as limited-no conclusion. Analyses were conducted excluding cancer patients with metastases without substantial changes in the findings. Well-designed intervention and cohort studies are needed to support the development of lifestyle recommendations for colorectal cancer patients.

Post-diagnosis physical activity and sedentary behaviour and colorectal cancer prognosis: A Global Cancer Update Programme (CUP Global) systematic literature review and meta-analysis.

Low physical activity and high sedentary behaviour have been clearly linked with colorectal cancer development, yet data on their potential role in colorectal cancer survival is limited. Better characterisation of these relationships is needed for the development of post-diagnosis physical activity and sedentary behaviour guidance for colorectal cancer survivors. We searched PubMed and Embase through 28 February 2022 for studies assessing post-diagnosis physical activity, and/or sedentary behaviour in relation to all-cause and cause-specific mortality and recurrence after colorectal cancer diagnosis. Total and recreational physical activity were assessed overall and by frequency, duration, intensity, and volume using categorical, linear, and non-linear dose-response random-effects meta-analyses. The Global Cancer Update Programme (CUP Global) independent Expert Committee on Cancer Survivorship and Expert Panel interpreted and graded the likelihood of causality. We identified 16 observational studies on 82,220 non-overlapping patients from six countries. Physical activity was consistently inversely associated with colorectal cancer morbidity and mortality outcomes, with 13%-60% estimated reductions in risk. Sedentary behaviour was positively associated with all-cause mortality. The evidence had methodological limitations including potential confounding, selection bias and reverse causation, coupled with a limited number of studies for most associations. The CUP Global Expert panel concluded limited-suggestive evidence for recreational physical activity with all-cause mortality and cancer recurrence. Total physical activity and its specific domains and dimensions, and sedentary behaviour were all graded as limited-no conclusion for all outcomes. Future research should focus on randomised trials, while observational studies should obtain objective and repeated physical activity measures and better adjustment for confounders.

Post-diagnosis dietary factors, supplement use and colorectal cancer prognosis: A Global Cancer Update Programme (CUP Global) systematic literature review and meta-analysis.

The role of diet in colorectal cancer prognosis is not well understood and specific lifestyle recommendations are lacking. We searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and longitudinal observational studies on post-diagnosis dietary factors, supplement use and colorectal cancer survival outcomes in PubMed and Embase from inception until 28th February 2022. Random-effects dose-response meta-analyses were conducted when at least three studies had sufficient information. The evidence was interpreted and graded by the CUP Global independent Expert Committee on Cancer Survivorship and Expert Panel. Five RCTs and 35 observational studies were included (30,242 cases, over 8700 all-cause and 2100 colorectal cancer deaths, 3700 progression, recurrence, or disease-free events). Meta-analyses, including 3-10 observational studies each, were conducted for: whole grains, nuts/peanuts, red and processed meat, dairy products, sugary drinks, artificially sweetened beverages, coffee, alcohol, dietary glycaemic load/index, insulin load/index, marine omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, supplemental calcium, circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) and all-cause mortality; for alcohol, supplemental calcium, circulating 25(OH)D and colorectal cancer-specific mortality; and for circulating 25(OH)D and recurrence/disease-free survival. The overall evidence was graded as 'limited'. The inverse associations between healthy dietary and/or lifestyle patterns (including diets that comprised plant-based foods), whole grains, total, caffeinated, or decaffeinated coffee and all-cause mortality and the positive associations between unhealthy dietary patterns, sugary drinks and all-cause mortality provided 'limited-suggestive' evidence. All other exposure-outcome associations provided 'limited-no conclusion' evidence. Additional, well-conducted cohort studies and carefully designed RCTs are needed to develop specific lifestyle recommendations for colorectal cancer survivors.

COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT VERSIONS OF THE Midjourney AND ITS USE IN VARIOS SPHERES OF CREATION VISUAL CONTENT

To date, the use of applications for the generation of illustrative material with the help of artificial intelligence (AI) is one of the most progressive for creating content in the field of visual occupations (designers, architects, artists), for marketers, students and ordinary people. The main reason for using neural networks is to save time and create inspiring examples in any field of human activity. Currently, there are more than 20 independent programs that generate visual content, and many companies such as Adobe and Canva use neural network tools. The use of artificial intelligence is irreversible and requires practice and some experience in its work with the creation of visual content. The development and updating of the main programs in this direction, such as Midjourney and Leonardo, is constant and needs to be studied. The photo-realism and image detailing of the latest versions of Midjourney allows you to create visual content that can be used to generate new ideas and use it for creation quality visual content for advertising. The article compares the quality parameters of the visual content created on the basis of artificial intelligence by the Midjourney program using its different versions. The updates from the initial version to the latest V6.0 were phased in less than a year and a half. Certain deviations in the images are considered, which leads to the impossibility of their further use. Analyzed the parameters of writing explanations (promts), which will affect the final quality of the generated image, the possibility of writing complex promts with one and several images, as well as advanced promts. The possible use of neural networks that work with text for targeted writing of appropriate prompts for better automation of the generation process is considered. The article considers the possible use of the Midjourney program for various spheres of human activity that use various images, and also raises the question of the role of a person as the main creator and generator of creative ideas.

The Alignment between The Official Physical Education Curriculum and The Taught Curriculum

Although the written physical education curriculum is the same throughout the country, the implementation phase in schools differs from each other. Hence the purpose of this study is to examine the implementation process of the 5th-grades physical education and sports curriculum (updated in 2018) in different school contexts. Case study pattern was used. The participants of the study are two physical education teachers in Eskisehir. The data collection process consisting of observations, interviews, and field notes was completed in the fall semester of the 2018-2019 academic year. As a result of the analysis, the implementation process of the curriculum sub-theme which is related to the main theme of "taught curriculum", were reached. In conclusion, it can be said that the implementation process in schools is mostly teacher-centered, including the teaching of sports techniques and evaluating the psychomotor domain. The game-based and student-centered structure of the updated program could not be implemented by the teachers in the study. Also, it can be stated that the sufficiency of physical education course materials and the suitability of the areas used in physical education lessons are important factors in the implementation process of the curriculum.

Tapping into the art of teaching: Unveiling pedagogical content mastery through a riveting case study

This study aims to examine investigate variations in teachers’ perspectives regarding the pedagogical content knowledge acquired through the school experience in the pre-2018 curriculum for elementary mathematics teaching compared to its updated counterpart, now known as teaching practice in the current curriculum. In this direction, six teachers from the department of elementary mathematics teaching at the faculty of education of a university in Western part of Turkey were selected by criterion sampling method. A semi-structured interview form developed by the researchers was used as a data collection tool in the study in which holistic multiple case design, one of the qualitative research methods, was used. The data obtained were analyzed by content analysis. As a result of the research, it was found that the teachers who studied with the old program were inadequate compared to the teachers who studied with the updated program in terms of classroom management, communication with students teaching methods, skills to use techniques.

An Interval Throwing Program for Baseball Pitchers Based upon Workload Data.

Interval throwing programs (ITP) have been used for decades to enable baseball pitchers to return to competition after injury or surgery by gradually applying load to the throwing arm. Past programs have been based on personal experience; however, advances in our understanding of the biomechanics and workloads of throwing allow for a more modern data-based program to be developed. To 1) develop a updated ITP for rehabilitation of modern baseball pitchers based upon biomechanical and throwing workload data, and 2) compare the updated program with a past program to determine differences in chronic workload and acute:chronic workload ratios (ACWR). Cross-sectional study. Workloads (i.e.daily, acute, chronic, and ACWR) for the original ITP were built from the prescribed throwing schedule. Elbow varus torque per throw was calculated based upon a relationship between elbow varus torque and throwing distance. Throw counts, daily/chronic/acute workloads, and ACWR were calculated and plotted over time. A new ITP was built to model current pitcher's throwing schedules and gradually increased ACWR over time. The original ITP had a throwing schedule of 136 days, final chronic workload 15.0, and the ACWR above or below the "safe" range (i.e.0.7 - 1.3) for 18% of the program with a peak of 1.61. The updated ITP was built to consist of a 217-day schedule, final chronic workload of 10.8, and deviated from the safe range for 9% of the program, with a peak of 1.33. The newly created ITP is more familiar to modern baseball pitchers while exhibiting a more gradual buildup of chronic workload than traditional ITP programs. This ITP may be used to return baseball pitchers back to competition as safely and efficiently as possible, and potentially with less risk of setbacks or reinjury. The ITP may be used following common injuries or surgeries to the throwing shoulder and elbow, such as Tommy John surgery, while also serving as a basis for future development of shorter duration ITPs. 2c.

«Вторники» и «Воскресенья»: к вопросу о существовании братства «Христос и Свобода»

The article is devoted to the study of one of the main controversial points in the historiography of the largest post-revolutionary religious and philosophical association of Petrograd-Leningrad in the 1920s - "Voskresen’ya". This issue is connected with the history of the brotherhood "Hristos i Svoboda" ("Christ and Freedom"), created, according to the established historiographical tradition, at the religious and philosophical circle "Voskresen’ya". It was revealed that the only source through which we learn about the existence of this "brotherhood" are the memories of E.N. Fedotova. Other sources do not contain a word about this "brotherhood". It is not mentioned either in the investigative materials or in the memoirs of the participants of the "Voskresen’ya". Almost all researchers of the history of "Voskresen’ya" ignore this moment, and only two articles express doubts about the existence of this brotherhood, which are not supported by evidence.In this study, an attempt is made to consider this issue more closely than it was done earlier. All currently available sources on the history of religious and philosophical associations - "Vtorniki" and "Voskresen’ya" – were reviewed and analyzed. As a result of the analysis of the historiography of the issue, errors and inaccuracies existing in the works of researchers related to the history of "Vtorniki" and "Voskresen’ya" were revealed. As a result of the application of the comparative historical method, it was possible to reveal that all publications mentioning the "brotherhood" unreasonably call it the brotherhood "Hristos i Svoboda", ignoring the fact that there is no information in the source to support this judgment, since E.N. Fedotova mentions precisely the "brotherhood with the vow "Christ and Freedom", without a clear designation of its name.It was revealed that the vow "Christ and Freedom" mentioned by E.N. Fedotova really took place within the framework of the activities of the "Voskresen’ya". The combination of these words in the updated program of "Voskresen’ya" from 1928, as well as a number of other indirect facts, allowed us to draw a parallel and put a sign of identity between the brotherhood "Hristos i Svoboda" and "Voskresen’ya". On the basis of indirect signs, the fact of inaccuracies and unreliable facts in the memoirs of E.N. Fedotova, it was assumed that the message about the "brotherhood" was based on the erroneous ideas of E.N. Fedotova. Since her husband G.P. Fedotov participated in the meetings of the Brotherhood of St. Sophia in Petrograd, it remains likely that years later E.N. Fedotova could have mistakenly used the word "brotherhood" in relation to the religious and philosophical association known to us as "Voskresen’ya".

On-the-Fly Static Analysis via Dynamic Bidirected Dyck Reachability

Dyck reachability is a principled, graph-based formulation of a plethora of static analyses. Bidirected graphs are used for capturing dataflow through mutable heap data, and are usual formalisms of demand-driven points-to and alias analyses. The best (offline) algorithm runs in O ( m + n · α( n )) time, where n is the number of nodes and m is the number of edges in the flow graph, which becomes O ( n 2 ) in the worst case. In the everyday practice of program analysis, the analyzed code is subject to continuous change, with source code being added and removed. On-the-fly static analysis under such continuous updates gives rise to dynamic Dyck reachability, where reachability queries run on a dynamically changing graph, following program updates. Naturally, executing the offline algorithm in this online setting is inadequate, as the time required to process a single update is prohibitively large. In this work we develop a novel dynamic algorithm for bidirected Dyck reachability that has O ( n · α( n )) worst-case performance per update, thus beating the O ( n 2 ) bound, and is also optimal in certain settings. We also implement our algorithm and evaluate its performance on on-the-fly data-dependence and alias analyses, and compare it with two best known alternatives, namely (i) the optimal offline algorithm, and (ii) a fully dynamic Datalog solver. Our experiments show that our dynamic algorithm is consistently, and by far, the top performing algorithm, exhibiting speedups in the order of 1000X. The running time of each update is almost always unnoticeable to the human eye, making it ideal for the on-the-fly analysis setting.

Fusing Direct Manipulations into Functional Programs

Bidirectional live programming systems (BLP) enable developers to modify a program by directly manipulating the program output, so that the updated program can produce the manipulated output. One state-of-the-art approach to BLP systems is operation-based, which captures the developer's intention of program modifications by taking how the developer manipulates the output into account. The program modifications are usually hard coded for each direct manipulation in these BLP systems, which are difficult to extend. Moreover, to reflect the manipulations to the source program, these BLP systems trace the modified output to appropriate code fragments and perform corresponding code transformations. Accordingly, they require direct manipulation users be aware of the source code and how it is changed, making "direct" manipulation (on output) be "indirect". In this paper, we resolve this problem by presenting a novel operation-based framework for bidirectional live programming, which can automatically fuse direct manipulations into the source code, thus supporting code-insensitive direct manipulations. Firstly, we design a simple but expressive delta language DM capable of expressing common direct manipulations for output values. Secondly, we present a fusion algorithm that propagates direct manipulations into the source functional programs and applies them to the constants whenever possible; otherwise, the algorithm embeds manipulations into the "proper positions" of programs. We prove the correctness of the fusion algorithm that the updated program executes to get the manipulated output. To demonstrate the expressiveness of DM and the effectiveness of our fusion algorithm, we have implemented FuseDM, a prototype SVG editor that supports GUI-based operations for direct manipulation, and successfully designed 14 benchmark examples starting from blank code using FuseDM.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ СИСТЕМ МАТЕРИАЛЬНОГО И НЕМАТЕРИАЛЬНОГО СТИМУЛИРОВАНИЯ ПРИ УПРАВЛЕНИИ ПЕРСОНАЛОМ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЙ В СОВРЕМЕННЫХ УСЛОВИЯХ

The article analyzes various aspects of motivational mechanisms in modern organizations, with an emphasis on the importance of fulfilling critical conditions for the successful achievement of results. Particular attention is paid to the development of effective non-financial motivation programs that correspond to the strategic directions of the organization and are adapted to the needs of various groups of employees. The authors analyze the experience of foreign and Russian companies, emphasizing the importance of an integrated approach to motivating personnel and justify the need for regular updating of motivational programs in response to changes in the market environment and the structure of labor resources. The purpose of the article is to study the features of the use of financial and non-financial incentive systems in modern conditions at enterprises. For this work, a comprehensive methodological approach was used, including the use of general scientific and private scientific methods, analysis and a systematic approach; the current practice in international companies was analyzed and the main practices of material and non-material incentive systems were identified in a comparative analysis based on the results of existing research at various enterprises. The main features of the use of material and non-material incentive systems at enterprises in modern conditions are identified, both financial and non-financial approaches to motivating employees are considered, including individual and group, short-term and long-term strategies, the features of various types of incentives for employees are analyzed and conclusions are drawn about the need for implementation a systematic approach that takes into account the interaction of various elements of the incentive system in a complex to achieve the best results of the enterprise. This work has revealed that the effective use of financial and non-financial incentive systems in enterprises requires flexibility, result orientation, and openness. As a result, it can be concluded that the development of individual employee incentive programs, taking into account the specifics of the enterprise’s industry and the needs of employees are key elements of a successful staff motivation system.