Unsaturated Fatty Acid Composition Research Articles

Tissue-specific molecular and cellular toxicity of Pb in the oyster (Crassostrea gigas): mRNA expression and physiological studies

Lead (Pb) is one of the ubiquitous and toxic elements in aquatic environment. In oysters, gills and digestive glands are the main target organs for Pb-induced toxicity, but there is limited information on the molecular mechanisms underlying its toxicity. The present study investigated the Pb-induced toxicity mechanisms in the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) based on transcriptome, phenotypic anchoring, and validation of targeted gene expression. Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analyses revealed the differential Pb toxicity mechanisms in the tissues. In the gills, Pb disturbed the protein metabolism, with the most significant enrichment of the “protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum” pathway. The main mechanism comprised of a Pb-stimulated calcium (Ca2+) increase by the up-regulation of transporter-Ca-ATPase expression. The disturbed Ca2+ homeostasis then further induced high expressions of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperones, leading to ER stress in the oysters. Unfolded proteins induced ER associated degradation (ERAD), thereby preventing the accumulation of folding-incompetent glycoproteins. However, Pb mainly induced oxidative reduction reactions in the digestive gland with high accumulation of lipid peroxidation products and high expression of antioxidant enzymes. Further, Pb induced fatty acid β-oxidation and CYP450 catalyzed ω-oxidation due to increased metabolic expenditure for detoxification. The increased content of arachidonic acid indicated that Pb exposure might alter unsaturated fatty acid composition and disturb cellular membrane functions. Taken together, our results provided a new insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying Pb toxicity in oysters.

Changes in the Functional Components and Radical Scavenging Activity of Korean Maize Hybrids According to Different Cropping Seasons

We evaluated the proximate composition, free sugar content, fatty acid composition, carotenoid content, total phenol content, and radical scavenging activity of the grain from various Korean maize hybrid cultivars grown in two different cropping seasons. The moisture, crude ash, crude fat, crude protein, total starch, and amylose contents were significantly higher in most of the maize hybrid cultivars when grown in the early-season than when grown in the late-season. The free sugar content, fatty acid composition, carotenoid content, and total phenol content differed significantly between cultivars and cropping seasons. The highest unsaturated fatty acid compositions of maize hybrids of early-season and late-season were 86.05 and 86.29%, respectively, in the Daanok cultivar. The carotenoid contents were significantly higher in maize hybrids of late-season compared to those of early-season. The highest total phenol content was 108.09 mg/100 g in Singwangok of the late-season. The radical scavenging activity of maize hybrids differed significantly between cultivars and cropping seasons.

Effect of medium and incubation time on production of AA, DHA and EPA from Aspergillus oryzae by solid state fermentation

Lately, artificial surfactant is more often used than natural surfactant for petroleum industry. The main advantages of using natural surfactant is because the continuous availability. Single Cell Oil, which utillizes one-cell microorganism, can be a solution, such as Aspergillus oryzae, to produce AA, DHA & EPA. A. oryzae was cultivated on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), Czapek Dox Agar (CDA) and Malt Extract Agar (MEA), and then the incubation times are 2,4,5,6 and 7 days in optimal medium. Lipids were extracted using ethanol and n-hexane. The characterization of lipid was done by gas chromatography (GC) method. The most optimal medium is CDA with a lipid concetration of 0,18 g. The best incubation time on CDA medium was 5 days with 0,216 g lipid content containing 0,123 g unsaturated fatty acid, 0,0613 g PUFA and 0,0615 g MUFA. The unsaturated fatty acid composition produced on the 5th day was 29.2% oleate; 29.1% linoleate and ± 0.046% EPA.

Single Cell Oil from Oleaginous Yeast Grown on Sugarcane Bagasse-Derived Xylose: An Approach toward Novel Biolubricant for Low Friction and Wear

Yeast lipid as single cell oil (SCO) is evaluated as an alternative renewable source of vegetable oils for a biolubricant formulation. The Rhodotorula mucilaginosa IIPL32 yeast strain is cultivated on lignocellulosic pentosans derived from sugarcane bagasse to produce the SCO. The chemical composition and distribution of variable fatty acids in the yeast SCO are characterized by NMR, FTIR, and GC × GC analyses. The high viscosity index and a low pour point of yeast SCO owing to the favorable composition of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids promise its potential as a renewable and environmentally friendly lube base oil. The yeast SCO as lube base oil significantly reduced the coefficient of friction (72%) and wear (24%) compared to those of conventional mineral lube base oil (SN 150). The fatty acids in the yeast SCO formed a good quality tribo-chemical thin film on the engineering surfaces, which not only reduced the friction but also protected the contact interfaces against wear. This study demonstra...

Effect of fed‐batch and semicontinuous regimen on Nannochloropsis oculata grown in different culture media to high‐value products

AbstractBACKGROUNDHigh cell density in cultures of microalgae is a key factor to recover biomass and extract metabolites of interest. A fed batch tubular reactor (FBTR) and semi‐continuous reactor (SCR) with f/2 Guillard Medium (f/2GM) and algal medium (AM) were evaluated. Both modes were operated under completely defined conditions to assess their effect on cell density, and lipid, protein and carbohydrate productivity of the microalgae Nannochloropsis oculata.RESULTSResults show that the FBTR promotes the highest cell density for both culture media, achieving 525 ± 1.84×106 cell mL‐1. With AM in the SCR, specific growth rate, productivities of biomass and lipids were the highest, as well as content of protein (48%), lipid (52.1%) and carbohydrates (17%). No significant differences were found in saturated fatty acids composition, whereas unsaturated fatty acids composition was affected by the operating regimen, this being higher in the FBTR.CONCLUSIONThe use of AM in both operating modes, FBTR and SCR, increased the cell density and improved the lipid content of N. oculata. A good option would be to combine both culture modes; first, use the FBTR to obtain high cell densities and then apply the SCR mode to increase lipid productivity; finally, an important quantity of high‐value products could be recovered. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry

Selecting and training a panel to evaluate the rancid defect in soybean oil and fish hamburgers

Due to its composition of unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, oils and fats are very susceptible to oxidation, with rancidity being one of the main defects. Among the several existing methodologies to monitor oxidation in foods, sensory analysis stands out because of the sensitivity of responses. Accordingly, this study aimed to select and train a panel of expert assessors to identify the rancid flavor, showing the statistical steps in the process. Assessors were selected according to their individual performance, statistically analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey’s mean comparison, Wald Sequential Analysis and chi-square test. The validation of the trained panel was carried out with the sensory analysis of fish burgers and soybean oil. F Value and box-plot graphic methods were effective for better visualization of results when used along with the mean and standard deviation tables. The final trained panel consisted of seven assessors, who have been able to identify and differentiate rancid taste in both samples used for validation.

Interaction between C18 fatty acids and DOPE PEG2000 in Langmuir monolayers: effect of degree of unsaturation.

In this study, we address the effect of the cis-double bond in 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamide-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-2000, DOPE PEG2000 (DP), on the Langmuir monolayer of C18 fatty acids-namely, stearic acid (SA), oleic acid (L1), linoleic acid (L2), and linolenic acid (L3)-with the same head group but different degrees of saturation on their hydrocarbon chains. Negative values of Gibbs free energy of mixing (ΔG mix) were obtained throughout the investigated ranges of the unsaturated C18 fatty-acid (L1, L2 and L3) mixed systems, indicating that very strong attractions occurred between molecules in the monolayers. The bend and kink effects from the cis-double bond(s) in the hydrocarbon chain affected the membrane fluidity and molecular packing in the monolayers, which resulted in a greater interaction between unsaturated C18 fatty acids and DP. The most thermodynamically stable mole composition of unsaturated C18 fatty acids to DP was observed at 50:1; this ratio is suggested to be the best mole ratio and will be subsequently used to prepare DP-C18 fatty-acid nanoliposomes. The presence of cis-double bonds in both hydrocarbon chains of DOPE in DP also created an imperfection in the membrane structure of lipid-drug delivery systems, which is expected to enhance lipid-based systems for antibody conjugation and drug encapsulation.

Lipid membrane modulation and pigmentation: A cryoprotection mechanism in Arctic pigmented bacteria.

The present study aims to address the effect of gradual change in temperature (15-4 °C) followed by freeze-thaw on pigmented bacterial strains - Leeuwenhoekiella aequorea, Pseudomonas pelagia, Halomonas boliviensis, Rhodococcus yunnanensis, and Algoriphagus ratkwoskyi, isolated from Kongsfjorden (an Arctic fjord) to understand their survival in present climate change scenario. The total cell count and retrievability of the isolates were not affected despite the variation in temperature. In all the isolates, the saturated fatty acids, particularly stearic and palmitic acid were predominant at higher temperature, while at 4 °C, the unsaturated fatty acids, primarily cis-10-pentadecenoic, palmitoleic, and oleic acid, were major constituents, confirming homeoviscous adaptation. Even after freeze-thaw, the unsaturated fatty acid composition was retained in all the isolates except A. ratkwoskyi. The increase in unsaturated fatty acids was at the expense of their saturated analogs, probably by desaturase activity. The major pigment in the isolates resembled Zeaxanthin, whose concentration was found to be 26-65% higher after freeze-thaw, suggesting its vital role as a cryoprotective agent in regulating membrane fluidity. Such experimental simulations related to freeze-thaw in polar bacterial isolates are helpful in understanding the physiological plasticity adaptations, which could be critical for survival in harsh and rapidly changing polar environments.

Response of seed yield and fatty acid compositions for some sunflower genotypes to plant spacing and nitrogen fertilization

A field experiment was conducted at the experiment Farm of Kafr-El-Hamam Research Station, Zagazig, Sharkia Governorate, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt during the two successive summer seasons of 2015 and 2016 to achieve the highest yield and good oil quality of three tested sunflower genotypes. In both seasons, the experiment was conducted using the split split plot design in randomized complete block design with three replicates arrangement keeping plant spaces (15, 20 and 25cm apart between hills) in main plots, nitrogen fertilization levels (15, 30 and 45Nfad.−1) in sub plots and sunflower genotypes (Giza 102, Sakha 53 and promising line of L120) in sub sub plots. Yield and quality traits were significantly influenced by plant spaces, nitrogen fertilization levels and genotypes as well as interactions in both seasons and their combined analysis. The wider plant spacing of 25cm seems to be a good compromise between the highest seed yield fad.−1 and good acid composition of oil. Gradually increasing of nitrogen fertilization level had a positive reflected on yield and desirable acid composition of oil. Sakha 53 was ranked in the first order in stem diameter, head diameter, 100-seed weight, seed weight plant−1, flowered late and hence seed yield fad.−1 as well as seed oil content whereas, Giza 102 characterized with its contained the highest proportion of oleic and linoleic unsaturated fatty acids. The highest values of head diameter, 100-seed weight, seed weight plant−1 and hence seed yield fad.−1 as well as the highest proportion of oleic and linoleic unsaturated fatty acids composition were obtained by grown sunflower cv. Sakha 53 at wider spacing of 25cm with application of nitrogen fertilization levels of 45Nfad.−1. Correlation and path analyses revealed that 100-seed weight and head diameter had the highest direct and indirect influence on seed weight plant−1, at the same time also, oleic acid content and linoleic acid content had the highest direct and indirect effect influence on seed oil content indicating their importance as selection criteria to improve yield and oil quality of sunflower.

Validation of an equation predicting highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) compositions of human blood fractions from dietary intakes of both HUFAs and their precursors

Proportions of omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6) in 20- and 22-carbon highly unsaturated fatty acids with 3 or more double bonds (HUFA) accumulated in tissue HUFA (e.g., the %n-6 in HUFA) are biomarkers reflecting intakes of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids. An empirical equation, referred to here as the Lands’ Equation, was developed previously to use dietary intakes of n-6 and n-3 HUFA and their 18-carbon precursors to estimate the %n-6 in HUFA of humans. From the PubMed database, we identified clinical trials reporting (a) dietary intake of at least linoleic acid (18:2n-6) and alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3), and (b) the amounts of at least arachidonic acid (20:4n-6), eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) in lipids of plasma, serum, or red blood cell. Linear regression analyses comparing reported and predicted %n-6 in HUFA gave a correlation coefficient of 0.73 (p<0.000000) for 34 studies with 92 subject groups. These results indicate that circulating HUFA compositions can be reliably estimated from dietary intake data that not only includes n-3 and n-6 HUFA consumption, but also includes consumption of 18 carbon n-3 and n-6 precursor fatty acids.

Biological Implications of Lipid Oxidation Products

AbstractEssentially all fat‐containing foods have the potential to undergo lipid oxidation even where unsaturated fatty acid compositions are low. Therefore, consumption of lipid oxidation products is potentially common with risk of consuming lipid oxidation products increasing in foods with high amounts of unsaturation (e.g. foods with omega‐3 fatty acids), foods subjected to extensive thermal processing (e.g. fried foods), or food high in pro‐oxidants (e.g. meats). Lipid oxidation generates potentially toxic products that have shown correlation with inflammatory diseases, as well as cancer, atherosclerosis, aging, etc. These potentially toxic products can enter the body through the diet and can develop in vivo during the digestion of lipids. Oxidation products can be absorbed into the blood and in some cases transported to tissues. The aim of this manuscript is to review how potentially toxic lipid oxidation products are formed and evaluate their potential to impact health. While lipid oxidation produces literally hundreds of oxidation products, this review focused on acrolein, 4‐hydroxy‐trans‐nonenal, 4‐hydroxy‐trans‐hexanal, crotonaldehyde, malondialdehyde, and cholesterol as they are the most reactive oxidation products and also the most studied.

Milk Yield and Composition As Affected by Nutritional Manipulations

The objective was to evaluate milk yield, milk composition and milk fatty acids contents of lactating Harri ewes (n=24) receiving different concentrate to roughage (A 80:20; B 60:40; C 40:60 and D 20:80 C:R) rations. The results revealed that no differences (P = 0.29) in body weights of ewes were detected after parturition but body weights declined steadily as ewes continued on lactation. Group D produced more (P &lt; 0.01) milk (1.38±0.5 kg/day) than groups A (0.76±0.5 kg/day), B (0.88±0.5 kg/day) and C (0.66±0.5 kg/day). Yields of milk fat, SNF, protein, lactose and minerals yields (g/day) were greater (P = 0.01) in group D than groups B and C not group A. No differences were found in milk fat, SNF, protein, lactose and minerals percentages (%). Groups D and A had more (P = 0.06) C18:2c (3.15±0.21 and 2.99±0.08 g/100g fat) than group B (1.98±0.54 g/100g fat) not group C (2.72±0.05 g/100g fat). Poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were increased (P&lt;0.01) in groups A and D (4.07±0.18 and 4.49±0.27 g/100g fat) than groups B and C (3.34±0.12 and 3.41±0.23 g/100g fat). Lactating ewes' diet should include adequate ratio of roughage to increase milk yield and improve milk fat composition of unsaturated fatty acids.

Type 3 Diabetes Reflects Disordered Lipid Metabolism in the Human Brain Related to Higher Degree of Unsaturated Fatty Acids Composition and is not Related to Body Mass Index

In this study we investigated lipid profiles of brain of post mortem type 2 diabetes patients T2DM elderly patients in comparison to a Control group (Co) of the “Netherlands Brain Bank” using LCMS techniques. Here we report that brains of these T2DM patients contain more double bonds and consequently are more rigid. In a small cohort (≈200 patients) we prove that these brain diseases are not interrelated with BMI so obesity is not a major cause. The predicted wave of brain diseases of mild-Alzheimer (m-AD), dementia and depression of the “baby boom generation” might be evolved due to the “fatty” and more “rigid” brain structure due to the quality of fats eaten during earlier lifespan. Our major conclusion is that diabetes and its treatment among T2DM patients are more associated with structural disturbances (lipid composition) in the brain than with glycaemic control. Therefore we introduce the new terminology “Type 3 diabetes” (T3DM) referring to the mental disorders as a consequence of a disordered lipid metabolism in the human brain related to higher degree of unsaturated fatty acids composition.

Meat quality and intramuscular fatty acid composition of Catria Horse.

In order to extend scientific knowledge on autochthonous Italian equine meat, the physical-chemical parameters of Catria Horse Longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle and its nutritional characteristics have been investigated. Ten steaks of Catria foal raised at pasture and fattened indoors for 2months were dissected, and LT muscle was analyzed for chemical composition, total iron, drip loss, colorimetric characteristics, intramuscular fat, fatty acid profile and nutritional indexes. Steak dissection showed that LT muscle accounted for 36.78% and fat accounted for 9.19% of weight of steak. Regarding chemical composition, protein and fat content was 20.31% and 2.83%, respectively. Total iron content (1.95mg/100g) was lower than data reported in the literature. Color parameters showed a luminous and intense red hue muscle. The sum of unsaturated fatty acid composition (50.3%) was higher than the sum of saturated fatty acids (46.64%). The fatty acid profile and nutritional values of Catria Horse meat could be modified adopting extensive rearing systems and grazing. The data suggests that further investigation on the composition of Catria Horse meat should be carried out to valorize this autochthonous breed, reared in sustainable livestock systems, and its meat in local short-chain systems.

Δ9 desaturase from Trypanosoma cruzi: Key enzyme in the parasite metabolism. Cloning and overexpression

Desaturases, key enzymes in the metabolism of fatty acids, regulate the physical and biochemical properties of membranes. They adjust the composition of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in response to changes in the environmental.We demonstrated the existence of Δ9 desaturase activity in epimastigotes of the Trypanosoma cruzi Tulahuen strain. In the present study, showed that this enzyme has an approximate molecular mass of 50kDa and a pI value of approximately 9. In order to characterize the Δ9 desaturase of Trypanosoma cruzi, (TcΔ9DES) we have cloned, sequenced and expressed in Escherichia coli. The gene consists of 1300bp and encodes a peptide of 433 amino acids with a molecular weight of 50kDa. Analysis of the amino acid sequence revealed three clusters of histidine and two hydrophobic regions, characteristic of membrane-bound desaturases.Gene expression studies showed that TcΔ9DES was overexpressed as an active protein. Fatty acid analysis showed that the expressed protein was confirmed to be functional with Δ9 desaturase activity. This enzyme changed the fatty acid profile of TcΔ9DES-expressing E. coli, decreasing the levels of palmitic (16:0) and stearic (18:0) acids and enhancing palmitoleic (16:1Δ9) and monounsaturated 18 carbons fatty acids. When [1–14C]palmitic or [1–14C]stearic acid was used as substrate, TcΔ9DES-expressing E. coli exhibited high desaturase activity associated with increased levels of monounsaturated fatty acids, suggesting that the TcΔ9DES enzyme was actively expressed in E. coli.To check the commitment of TcΔ9DES against sterol biosynthesis inhibitors we tested the activity under ketoconazole effect. Native TcΔ9DES, showed a significant activity inhibition.Since TcΔ9DES has shown active participation under different environmental factors, among them, ketoconazole, we consider that it plays a critical role in the metabolism of the parasite

Composição centesimal e de ácidos graxos do músculo Longíssimus de cordeiros confinados, alimentados com dietas contendo casca de mandioca

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de inclusão da casca da mandioca (CM) sobre a composição centesimal e de ácidos graxos do músculo Longíssimus de cordeiros. Foram utilizados 32 cordeiros mestiços Santa Inês, machos não castrados, peso corporal médio de 21 ± 1,5kg. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso aos animais, cujo os níveis de inclusão da CM foram (0, 10, 20, 30%) baseado na matéria seca da dieta. Utilizou-se como volumoso o feno da parte aérea de mandioca, e a relação volumoso:concentrado foi de 48:52. O experimento teve duração de 70 dias. Logo após, os cordeiros passaram por um jejum sólido de 16h e, depois, foram abatidos. A carcaça foi conduzida à câmara fria, permanecendo por 24h, a uma temperatura de 4°C. Na carcaça fria, foi retirada uma amostra do músculo Longíssimus, a qual foi congelada (4°C), até o início das análises. Os resultados de umidade, cinzas e proteína não foram influenciados pela CM, observando-se efeito linear decrescente para os teores de lipídeos. Com relação à composição de ácidos graxos, houve efeito linear para o C15:0 e efeito quadrático para C14:0, C18:0 e C22:0. Nos monoinsaturados, observou-se efeito linear para C16:1, C18:1-9c e C22:1-9c e efeito quadrático para C15:1, C17:1 e C20:1; já nos poli-insaturados, foi observado efeito linear para CLA, C20:3n-6, C20:4n-6, C20:5n-3 e C22:6n-3, e quadrático para C20:2 e C18:3n-6. Assim, conclui-se que a composição centesimal e de ácidos graxos apresenta variações em razão da inclusão da CM, porém não compromete a qualidade da carne.

An implementation of central composite design: Effect of microwave and conventional heating techniques on the triglyceride composition and trans isomer formation in corn oil

ABSTRACTTriglyceride composition and trans fatty acid content of corn oil subjected to microwave and conventional heating were evaluated with the aid of central composite design methodology. Oil samples with and without α-tocopherol were prepared on the basis of central composite design and, the effects of the main three factors (temperature, contact time, and the amount of α-tocopherol) were tired to investigate 10 at different five levels. Linoleic acid-linoleic acid-linoleic acid content in triglyceride structure of corn oil and the amount of trans fatty acids in the same oils were taken as response values for evaluation of central composite design assays. Based on the response surface, the optimum conditions (at which trans fatty acid formation and the change in the triglyceride composition are minimum) were determined for both heating procedures. The results showed that the increasing of the temperature and contact time increased the trans fatty acid formation and changed triglyceride structure of the oil in both heating techniques, although, the addition of α-tocopherol at high concentration caused pro-oxidant effect on triglyceride composition (bad effect), while reducing the formation of trans fatty acid (good effect). The results revealed that the heating 20 treatments caused significant changes in the triglyceride composition and trans fatty acid isomers of unsaturated fatty acids of the oil, while the saturated fatty acid contents did not change substantially. These alterations were much greater in microwave-heated samples (trans fatty acid ≤ 7.26%) than in Q3 corresponding samples heated in a conventional stove (trans fatty acid ≤ 0.56%).

Correction to: Oxidative stability, thermal decomposition, and oxidation onset prediction of carrot, flax, hemp, and canola seed oils in relation to oil composition and positional distribution of fatty acids

Triacylglyceride positional distribution of fatty acids in flax, hemp, and canola seed oils were determined using Novozyme 435 and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) compared with the less convenient standard method using pancreatic lipase and thin layer chromatography (TLC). SFA were exclusively incorporated into the sn-1,3 position and PUFA were higher at the sn-2 position as expected. Thermogravimetic analysis (TGA) was used to predict onset of oxidation of carrot, flax, hemp, and canola seed oils and could replace conventional oxidation prediction methods due to its simplicity and time-saving nature. Carrot seed oil exhibited higher oxidative stability and longer oxidation onset time compared with the other three oils in the isothermal heating trials due to having the lowest polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content. Thermal decomposition was influenced by the fatty acids in the oils. Flax, hemp, and canola seed oils contained higher levels of natural antioxidants due to their extraction methods although the effect of natural antioxidants on the maximum temperature of thermal decomposition was masked because of the significant differences in their unsaturated fatty acid compositions, as temperature increased. The decomposition for carrot seed oil commenced earlier compared with the seed oils containing more antioxidants, despite having low PUFA content, once natural antioxidants had been exhausted. Practical applications: This research illustrates the advantage of using novozyme 435, HPLC, and ESI-MS for positional distribution analysis compared to the traditional method employing pancreatic lipase and thin layer chromatography followed by gas chromatographic analysis. Further, the use of thermogravimetry for determination of oxidative stability, shelf life determination and thermal decompositional analysis is illustrated. Results demonstrate influence of fatty acid type and antioxidant content on stability and positional distribution of fatty acids in the oil triglycerides. Triglyceride structure and fatty acid contents of seed oils are analyzed by HPLC, positional location and fatty acid type. These are shown to affect onset of oxidation and thermal stability profiles. Instrumental methods of thermal analysis allow for rapid analysis of shelf-life prediction.

The study of fatty-acid spectrum of blood serum in patients with aspirin associated polypous rhinosinusitis

Aim of research – to study the composition of the main representatives of polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids in blood serum of patients with chronic polypous rhinosinusitis, associated with intolerance to acetylsalicinic acid.Materials and methods. The fatty-acid composition of blood serum was determined by the method of capillary gas-liquid chromatography in 20 ill and 7 healthy donors.Results: The change of composition of unsaturated fatty acids is in increase of arachidonic acid level, decrease of the content of its main predecessors – linoleic and eicosapentaenoic acids, normal level of intermediate products:α – and γ – linoleic acid and increase of the level of oleic acid. The content of the main saturated fatty acids: palmitic, stearic, arachidic ones is increased. The fatty acids imbalance testifies to the proinflammatory directionality of lipid metabolism.Conclusions:1. The increase of the level of polyunsaturated (arachdonic and oleic acids) leads to the compensatory decrease of the level of the main predecessors of arachinonic – linoleic and eicosapentaenoic acids. This mechanism allows keep the intermediate products of synthesis of arachidonic acid - α – and γ – linoleic acids at the normal level.2. The content of saturated fatty acids with alternative biological effects is increased in blood serum as a compensatory mechanism of leveling of biological effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids and their metabolites,.3. The revealed imbalance of fatty acids testifies to the proinflammatory directionality of the lipid metabolism.4. The changes of fatty-acid spectrum of lipids in the blood serum prove the hypothesis of “genetic block COG1” as the main pathogenetic link of aspirin associated polypous rhinosinusitis

Lack of Effects of a Single High-Fat Meal Enriched with Vegetable n-3 or a Combination of Vegetable and Marine n-3 Fatty Acids on Intestinal Peptide Release and Adipokines in Healthy Female Subjects.

Peptides released from the small intestine and colon regulate short-term food intake by suppressing appetite and inducing satiety. Intake of marine omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids (FAs) from fish and fish oils is associated with beneficial health effects, whereas the relation between intake of the vegetable n-3 fatty acid α-linolenic acid and diseases is less clear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the postprandial effects of a single high-fat meal enriched with vegetable n-3 or a combination of vegetable and marine n-3 FAs with their different unsaturated fatty acid composition on intestinal peptide release and the adipose tissue. Fourteen healthy lean females consumed three test meals with different fat quality in a fixed order. The test meal consisted of three cakes enriched with coconut fat, linseed oil, and a combination of linseed and cod liver oil. The test days were separated by 2 weeks. Fasting and postprandial blood samples at 3 and 6 h after intake were analyzed. A significant postprandial effect was observed for cholecystokinin, peptide YY, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, amylin and insulin, which increased, while leptin decreased postprandially independent of the fat composition in the high-fat meal. In conclusion, in healthy, young, lean females, an intake of a high-fat meal enriched with n-3 FAs from different origin stimulates intestinal peptide release without any difference between the different fat compositions.