Abstract
Peptides released from the small intestine and colon regulate short-term food intake by suppressing appetite and inducing satiety. Intake of marine omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids (FAs) from fish and fish oils is associated with beneficial health effects, whereas the relation between intake of the vegetable n-3 fatty acid α-linolenic acid and diseases is less clear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the postprandial effects of a single high-fat meal enriched with vegetable n-3 or a combination of vegetable and marine n-3 FAs with their different unsaturated fatty acid composition on intestinal peptide release and the adipose tissue. Fourteen healthy lean females consumed three test meals with different fat quality in a fixed order. The test meal consisted of three cakes enriched with coconut fat, linseed oil, and a combination of linseed and cod liver oil. The test days were separated by 2 weeks. Fasting and postprandial blood samples at 3 and 6 h after intake were analyzed. A significant postprandial effect was observed for cholecystokinin, peptide YY, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, amylin and insulin, which increased, while leptin decreased postprandially independent of the fat composition in the high-fat meal. In conclusion, in healthy, young, lean females, an intake of a high-fat meal enriched with n-3 FAs from different origin stimulates intestinal peptide release without any difference between the different fat compositions.
Highlights
Peptides released from the small intestine and colon such as cholecystokinin (CCK), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and peptide YY (PYY) are regulating short-term food intake by suppressing appetite and inducing satiety
We observed a significant increase in plasma amylin levels from baseline to corresponding 3 h, which declined 6 h after intake of all the test meals, respectively (Figure 1D)
Normal weight, and young females, a single high-fat meal exerts significant postprandial effects on plasma levels of CCK, PYY, GIP, amylin, and insulin, which increased while leptin decreased
Summary
Peptides released from the small intestine and colon such as cholecystokinin (CCK), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and peptide YY (PYY) are regulating short-term food intake by suppressing appetite and inducing satiety. GIP potentiates meal-induced insulin secretion from pancreas [7], and the release is stimulated by nutrients shortly after ingestion. Carbohydrates, and protein all stimulate PYY release but to different degrees and with different time courses [13]. Both chain length and degree of saturation seem to play a role in fat-induced PYY release [14,15,16]. Glucose is the most powerful regulator of both insulin and amylin [17]; less is known about the effect of vegetable and marine n-3 FAs on amylin release
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