Unresolved Conflicts Research Articles

Clustering the Impacts of The Russia-Ukraine War on Personnel and Equipment

In post-pandemic recovery efforts, uncertainty arose due to the unresolved conflict between the Russia-Ukraine war. This conflict impacts world security stability and affects the economic, energy, and food sectors. This conflict also impacts humanity by causing death to civilians and military personnel, including children in Ukraine. The clustering analysis results of the impact of the Russian-Ukrainian war show losses and losses in personnel and war equipment, with three cluster optimization methods used through k-means. Of the two methods that can be recommended, namely elbow and Silhouette, both produce K=3. The profiling results show that losses or losses in Ukrainian personnel and war equipment are categorized into three clusters, with cluster one being the lowest category, cluster two being the very high category, and cluster three being the moderate category. This research is helpful for state agencies, international organizations (NGOs), and other stakeholders.

Fertility signalling games: should males obey the signal?

Game theory is frequently used to study conflicting interests between the two sexes. Males often benefit from a higher mating rate than females do. A temporal component of this conflict has rarely been modelled: females' interest in mating may depend on when females become fertile. This sets conditions for male-female coevolution, where females may develop fertility signals, and males may obey the signal, such that they only target signalling females. Modelling this temporal aspect to sexual conflict yields two equilibria: (i) a trivial equilibrium without signals and with males targeting all females, and (ii) a signalling equilibrium where all females signal before ovulation, and where either some, or all, males obey the signal. The 'all males obey the signal' equilibrium is more likely if we assume that discriminating males have an advantage in postcopulatory sperm competition, while in the absence of this benefit, we find the 'some males obey the signal' equilibrium. The history of game-theoretic models of sex differences often portrays one sex as the 'winner' and the opposite sex as the 'loser'. From early models emphasizing 'battle of the sexes'-style terminology, we recommend moving on to describe the situation as non-signalling equilibria having stronger unresolved sexual conflict than signalling equilibria. This article is part of the theme issue 'Half a century of evolutionary games: a synthesis of theory, application and future directions'.

Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Boucheona (Oligochaeta, Hormogastridae) in France with a newly described species and a redescribed species

Hormogastrid earthworms are found in the diversity hotspot of the Franco-Iberian domain, together with the better-known family Lumbricidae. Integrative systematics (the combination of morphological, molecular and ecological data) have increased our knowledge of the diversity and evolutionary history of these earthworms, highlighting unresolved taxonomic conflicts. One example of a species group in need of integrative taxonomic revision is the genus Boucheona in France. In this work, we analyzed their diversity using previously published data together with additional data obtained from recently sampled localities. Molecular data including DNA barcodes and additional markers enabled us to reconstruct Bayesian and time-calibrated phylogenies to discuss the evolutionary relationships among the different taxa, and to propose hypotheses regarding their biogeographical history. Based on our results, four species of Boucheona are present in Southern France, including two new taxa. Morphological distinctness and molecular phylogenetics results supported the status of four populations as the newly described Boucheona corbierensis sp. nov., as well as the status of "Hormogaster pretiosa var. nigra" as an independent species, redescribed as Boucheona tenebrae sp. nov. These results provide a new perspective of the importance of the genus Boucheona in southern France, as the possible evolutionary origin of a clade of giant anecic earthworms with unknown (but probably remarkable) impact on ecosystem functioning across their range.

Clustering the Impacts of The Russia-Ukraine War on Personnel and Equipment

In post-pandemic recovery efforts, uncertainty arose due to the unresolved conflict between the Russia-Ukraine war. This conflict impacts world security stability and affects the economic, energy, and food sectors. This conflict also impacts humanity by causing death to civilians and military personnel, including children in Ukraine. The clustering analysis results of the impact of the Russian-Ukrainian war show losses and losses in personnel and war equipment, with three cluster optimization methods used through k-means. Of the two methods that can be recommended, namely elbow and Silhouette, both produce K=3. The profiling results show that losses or losses in Ukrainian personnel and war equipment are categorized into three clusters, with cluster one being the lowest category, cluster two being the very high category, and cluster three being the moderate category. This research is helpful for state agencies, international organizations (NGOs), and other stakeholders.

Fascia and friends

According to Wilhelm Reich, character structures and their underlying unresolved conflicts are fixed in chronic muscle tensions in early childhood. Fascia research, on the other hand, shows that these psychogenic chronic muscle tensions are fixed in the fascia system. In addition to its form-giving function, the fascia system is above all a complex information system that changes via stimuli registered here. How can the results of this research area help to better understand the work with Bioenergetic analysis? How can Bioenergetic analysts become even more effective in their work in the future?

Dysfunkcyjne przywództwo Jeremy’ego Corbyna

JEREMY CORBYN’S DYSFUNCTIONAL LEADERSHIP Jeremy Corbyn’s tenure at the helm of the Labour Party was exceptional for number of reasons. He was the first Labour leader elected directly by party members and supporters. Leftwing rebel, Corbyn had not spent a single day in frontbenches during his more than three decades long parliamentary career, until he took the top spot. Elected against the wishes of party establishment, he found himself in constant opposition with the parliamentary party. This unresolvable conflict both defined and doomed his leadership. This article looks at Jeremy Corbyn’s tenure as a leader of the Labour Party as an example of a dysfunctional leadership. It tries to explain how and why it became leadership that was both ineffective and detrimental to the party

The efficacy of art therapy on hope and resilience in youth within a secure care centre

ABSTRACT Background Art therapy is one rehabilitation treatment which enables youth in secure care to express unresolved conflicts, increase self-esteem, and gain insight to personal experiences in a creative and supportive therapeutic space. Aims This study investigated hope and resilience outcomes following art therapy for youth residing in a secure care centre located in Canada. Methods In this pre–post experimental design study, thirteen (N = 13) youth, ages 12–19, received 12 weekly individual art therapy sessions. Hope, resilience, and goals were measured using the Children’s Hope Scale (CHS), the Resilience Scale (RS-25), and the Bridge Drawing with Path (BDP) art-based assessment. Results Results indicated that the 12 weekly individual art therapy sessions enhanced hope and resilience in youth residing in secure care by 29% and 16%, respectively. Conclusions Secure care environments may benefit from incorporating art therapy as a rehabilitation treatment to improve youths’ levels of hope, resilience, self-determination, and future pathways. Implication for Future Research Future studies should utilise a group design with a control group to evaluate the effects of art therapy on youth residing in secure care environments. Plain-language summary Art therapy is one rehabilitation treatment which enables youth in secure care to express unsettled conflicts, increase self-esteem, and gain understanding of personal experiences in a creative and supportive therapeutic space. This study investigated the effectiveness of art therapy on the levels of hope and resilience in youth residing in a secure care centre located in Canada. In this pre–post experimental design, thirteen youth, ages 12–19, received 12 weekly individual art therapy sessions. Hope, resilience, and goals were measured using the Children’s Hope Scale (CHS), the Resilience Scale (RS-25), and the Bridge Drawing with Path (BDP) art-based assessment. Results showed that the 12 weekly art therapy sessions enhanced hope and resilience in youth residing in secure care by 29% and 16%, respectively. Secure care environments may benefit from including art therapy as a rehabilitation treatment to improve youths’ levels of hope, resilience, self-determination, and future pathways. Future studies should use a group design with a control group to measure the effects of art therapy on youth residing in secure care environments.

The Role of Intercultural Communication Competence in Business Collaboration to Develop Start Ups in the Global Era

In this global era, more and more startups are developing their businesses with partners from other regions or countries. However, intercultural cooperation that is not accompanied by intercultural communication competence will often create unresolved conflicts. This research is a qualitative study with a phenomenological approach. In this study, researchers wanted to dig up information about the experiences of informants in developing business partnerships and the difficulties encountered when communicating with business partners from different countries or regions. Data collection was carried out using unstructured interviews so that the informants could be more flexible in sharing their experiences when starting their business development. They can also tell freely about any cultural background conflicts that are often encountered when discussing or communicating with business partners from different cultures. In this study, researchers interviewed 10 informants consisting of start-up actors, who have been in business for more than 5 years and have collaborated with business partners from other regions or countries. This is to dig up information about their experiences when communicating with these business partners and to get data on what obstacles start-ups experience when collaborating with their business partners. The results of this study indicate that Intercultural Communication Competence (ICC), which consists of cognitive, affective and behavioral aspects, is needed by start-ups, especially if they want to develop their business by working with domestic and foreign partners. With the existence of ICC, start-up actors can avoid ethnocentrism, stereotypes and prejudice, as well as language barriers and differences in values.

A Psychoanalysis on Internal Conflict of Bruce Wayne as Seen in Matt Reeves’ The Batman (2022) Movie

People need to learn about the causes of internal conflict; people need to be aware of experiencing it. Unresolved inner conflict is a major cause of aggression, anger, apathy, and passivity. Emotional discomfort and self-sabotage are specifically related to internal conflict. This research aims to figure out the representation of internal conflict and the causes of internal conflict in Bruce Wayne's character in The Batman (2022) movie. This study applied a psychological approach from Sigmund Freud. The representation theory by Stuart Hall was applied to reveal the representation of internal conflict in the Bruce Wayne character. It was also supported by personality theory by Barbara Engler to determine the type of internal conflict and the theory of internal conflict by Peter Michaelson to determine the causes of internal conflict. This study applied a descriptive qualitative method. The data were a picture, dialogue, and narration, and the data source was from The Batman (2022) movie. The result reveals avoidance-avoidance conflict caused by Bruce's inability choosing to keep being Batman. He destroys himself or stops and leaves Gotham in ruin. Double approach-avoidance is caused by Bruce's inability to choose whether Riddler's method is right or wrong. The revelation from The Riddler causes approach avoidance. Bruce has two choices: not being Batman or continuing to be Batman to make his father proud.

The Impact of Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine on East Asia

Although unfolding a continent away, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine is detrimental to the strategic stability of East Asia, which is already riven by its own unresolved conflicts and territorial control disputes. The degradation of global security norms, the disruption to global energy supplies and the need to pick sides for or against Russia have each contributed to making East Asia’s security a more complex Rubik’s cube to manage. This article examines the implications of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine on Russia–China relations; Taiwan Strait’s stability; Japan’s defence policy; and the Korean peninsula. How and on what terms Russia’s invasion ends will carry another set of impacts and lessons for East Asia. In closing, the lessons of freezing conflicts in East Asia are applied to the emerging situation in Eastern Europe: of an unresolveable and unwinnable war that may become a lasting feature of European security, in the way that unresolved wars over Korea and Taiwan have become enduring realities in East Asia.

The Unresolved Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: A Complex Web of Factors

The Unresolved Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: A Complex Web of Factors

КОНФЛИКТ ИНТЕРЕСОВ ПРИ ПРОВЕДЕНИИ ЗАКУПОК: ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА ПРАВОВОГО РАЗРЕШЕНИЯ

The article deals with issues related on the one hand to the procurement system, on the other hand, the procedure for implementing requirements in the legislation on the contract system obliging the customer to prevent a conflict of interest during procurement. Conflict of interest is a systemic issue that runs through not only the legislation on the contract system, but also in anticorruption legislation. The authors in this article have tried to pay attention to the procedure for declaring the absence of a conflict of interest and possible consequences for procurement participants in the event of an unresolved conflict of interest.

Western Sahara Legal Case: The International Law Narrative of Unresolved Conflict

Western Sahara Legal Case: The International Law Narrative of Unresolved Conflict

Expected effects of projected institutional changes in digital out-of-home advertising

During the political, economic instability and uncertainty, both the goals of economic regulation and the methods of decision-making are changing. Against the backdrop of changes in state policy, the need to ensure national security is becoming more acute, while there are still decision-making risks associated with the rent-seeking behavior of the regulatory authority or some market players. This article considers Draft law no. 160605–8 “On Amendments to the Federal Law “On Advertising” in context of regulating relations in the outdoor advertising, both in terms of the legislative innovation effectsand the compliance of these norms with the criteria for “promising trajectories” of institutional changes. After a resonant discussion in the media, the Draft law was rejected by the State Duma in its second reading, which confirms the importance of public discussions on lawmaking and economic analysis of the proposed measures. With the regulatory impact assessment methodology, we get a qualitative and quantitative estimation of organizational and technical measures of the proposed regulation (namely, the emergence of a private single operator of digital advertising structures). We also offer alternative institutional solutions that allow achieving the proclaimed goal of the draft law with greater efficiency: the introduction of business requirements (licensing, accreditation, maintaining a registry) or implementation of market self-organization. We conclude that granting control functions to one of the market players creates risks associated with an unresolved conflict of interest, which can lead to monopolization of digital out-of-home services and budget losses.

DEFENSE MECHANISM IN THE CHARACTER OF HARDIN SCOTT REFLECTED IN ANNA TODD’S AFTER

This thesis tries to analyze a fiction novel written by an American writer, Anna Todd with the novel titled After. This thesis tells about the background faced by Hardin and also his father until there was an unresolved conflict in the relationship between Hardin and his father and Tessa as Hardin's closest person. Here the author focuses on one of the first characters, namely Hardin, his defense mechanisms, and how he shows them. The method used for this thesis is qualitative description because this thesis aims to explain the defense mechanism of the main character in After novel. The data used is taken from the novel itself. The author uses Sigmund Freud's theory of self-defense mechanisms as the main theory to work on this thesis. The data is analyzed by reading, understanding, and identifying. With this analysis, the writer finds that the first character uses denial, projection, rationalization, isolation, identification of aggressors, and displacement. The first character uses this defense mechanism to shape himself so that anxiety does not occur, therefore the main character forms a self-defense mechanism.

BENJAMIN’S ANXIETY IN MASON DEAVER’S I WISH YOU ALL THE BEST

This thesis discusses the issues of anxiety reflected in Deaver’s I Wish You All the Best. It aims to describe three problems related to anxiety, namely Benjamin’s anxiety reflected in the novel, the core issues of Benjamin’s anxiety, and the impacts of Benjamin’s anxiety on himself. In doing the analysis, Freudians’ theories of psychoanalysis are applied. This belongs to descriptive qualitative study because the data of the research are qualitative data and the results of the analysis are presented descriptively. The result of the analysis shows that three types of anxiety are suffered by Benjamin. They are neurotic anxiety, moral anxiety, and realistic anxiety. Benjamin's anxiety is triggered by his repressed wounds and unresolved conflict aggravated by his parent's rejection. In addition to the repressed wounds and unresolved conflict, other core issues that lead to Benjamin's anxiety are threat, fear, and repression. Benjamin's anxiety affects his physical and mental health. After doing the analysis, the researcher finds out that Benjamin’s anxiety arises from the environment, especially parental factors that trigger fears and then manifest into anxiety. It can be inferred that poor parenting has a great influence on determining the future condition of a child. Parents should apply good parenting to avoid future bad impacts on children’s lives.

Advances in mitigating the Td-d33 trade-off via compositionally graded diffusion in BNT-based piezoceramic

A notoriously unresolved conflict that the substantial increment of depolarization temperature Td was generally accompanied by the sharply deterioration of piezoelectric constant d33 in Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-based (BNT-based) piezoceramics severely limit their practical applications. Herein, a new strategy by Ba2+ gradient diffusion layer in 0.94Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-0.06BaTiO3 (BNT-6BT) ceramic via interface-diffused sintering to suppress the ferroelectric-relaxor phase transition is presented to manipulate the incompatibility of Td and d33. By this strategy, the compositionally graded diffusion in the BNT-6BT ceramic can offer both the properties simultaneously with the Td deferring from 109 °C to 170 °C and maintaining the initial d33 (145pC/N). Furthermore, by integrating the interface-diffused sintering and quenching process, the TF-R is significantly deferring from 115 °C to 214 °C while the d33 * is retaining the initial value (d33 *=Smax/Emax=258 pm/V). Diffusion phase transition caused by Ba2+ concentration gradient promotes the greatly increased tetragonal phase ratio and the development of built-in field thereby leading to well-balanced performance between Td and d33 in BNT-6BT ceramic. Our work opens a new avenue for developing the high-performance lead-free BNT-based piezoceramics.

Феномен социальной апатии и его актуальность в современной России

The article is devoted to the analysis of the phenomenon of social apathy in the modern Russian realities. Despite the prevalence of the term “social apathy” in the assessment of the current state of the Russian society, there is still no consensus as to whether apathy boils down to rejection of the socio-political sphere or implies broader interpretations — the dominance in the society of an orientation towards minimizing activities, or even loss of faith in the value of the present day (except family and immediate relatives and friends). The key problems in using the concept of social apathy are the lack of a proven scientific methodology for applying the concepts of individual psychology to the collective, mass states, as well as the historically unambiguously negative attitude towards apathy as a vice, deviation, laziness, which makes it difficult to fully comprehend this phenomenon. The article outlines key approaches to explaining social apathy in the modern Russia, revealed in the course of the research project “The Phenomenon of Social Mobilization as the Antipode of Social Apathy”, carried out by the Petersburg Politics Foundation jointly with the “Insomar”, the Institute for Social Marketing, in the second half of 2021. Possible reasons for social apathy include purposeful actions of the authorities, spontaneous reaction of citizens to the activities of politicians, anxiety about the future against the backdrop of the weak attractiveness of the present, the collapse of paternalism in the face of a shortage of tools and skills for living without the help of the state, and the unresolved internal conflicts. The authors reconstruct the main interpretations of the triggers of the current cycle of apathy, such as the economic changes of the 1990s, the failure of the “Medvedev thaw” and the pension reform of 2018, the consequences of which were exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on the results of an expert survey and focus groups, the authors delineate hypothetical scenarios for overcoming social apathy and possible directions for the development of the public sentiments, and formulate a number of recommendations for managing political risks, taking into account possible social dynamics.

THINGS LEFT UNDONE: RELATION OF GRIEF TO SENSE OF PURPOSE IN BEREAVED OLDER ADULTS

Abstract Sense of purpose is grounded in life experiences (Ko et al., 2019) and can be threatened by the loss of a loved one. The death of a spouse in late life can be particularly disruptive when the bereaved struggle with perceptions of unfinished business with the deceased. This mentality may also derail their sense of life purpose. This study examined the association between persistent grief symptomatology (Prigerson et al.,1995) and sense of purpose (Ryff, 1989) in conjugally-bereaved older adults (N = 53; Mage = 81.59). Unfinished business constructs (i.e., unfulfilled wishes, unresolved conflict; Holland et al., 2018) were tested as mediating grief-purpose relations. Older adults who reported greater grief symptomology also experienced lower sense of purpose (r = -.27, p < 0.05). Extent of unfulfilled wishes fully mediated the relation between grief symptomology and sense of purpose (t = -2.26, p < 0.05); unresolved conflict did not act as a mediator. Findings indicate that the association between experiencing pervasive grief symptomology and a disrupted sense of purpose may be due, in part, to ongoing rumination about unfulfilled wishes: missed opportunities to meaningfully engage with one’s spouse before death. Results are poignant given recent COVID-19 physical distancing requirements that separated older couples during spouses’ dying days, potentially prompting unfulfilled wishes across bereavement. Findings highlight the need for palliative care practices that facilitate optimization of relationships at end of life and grief support practices that re-ignite purpose after difficult spousal loss.

Authority, Plurality, and Anarchist Scepticism

AbstractAccording to A. John Simmons's anarchist scepticism, there is no duty to obey the law as things stand, as legal obligations have legitimacy only when voluntarily incurred by most or many citizens. However, an alternative, pluralist position is suggested by Simmons's sensitivity to the diversity of reasons and to the possibility of unresolved conflict. It shows that the grounds of legitimate authority are plural, and include distributive justice. Also, even voluntarily incurred obligations can be defeated by conflicting reasons, as when we are duty bound to an unjust regime.