Unproductive Forms Research Articles

New-Build Speculation and the Financialization of Urban Development in the Global South: A Perspective from Phnom Penh, Cambodia

This article analyzes how urban development and property management strategies shape and accelerate new-build speculation (i.e., speculation mechanisms attached to the development of newly built real estate projects) in Phnom Penh (the capital of Cambodia), a city experiencing a growing financialization of its real estate markets. By discussing dominant conceptions of property speculation within critical research in geography and urban studies, the article shows that speculation has primarily been seen as a fictitious and unproductive form of capital accumulation rather than as an effective mechanism of urban production. Analyzing the development of mixed-use, large-scale, and condominium projects, the article argues that not only does property speculation participate in shaping real estate development but also that the production and management of real estate projects “engineer” property speculation and the spatialization logics of real estate financialization. Four main mechanisms of new-build speculation are identified: the design of speculative urbanity, the refining of the liquidity of real estate assets, the spatialization of speculation, and the production of territorial investment platforms. Ultimately, the article discusses how the intensification of the construction of large-scale, mixed-use, and condominium projects in Global South cities is supporting a speculative turn of urban development in so-called frontier markets.

In Defence of Obfuscation

AbstractIn this article I challenge the standard view that clarity and coherence in moral philosophy and ethics are always good and obscurity necessarily bad. The appraisal of clarity, I argue, entails a risk of reducing and misrepresenting the complex and multifaceted nature of good, productive and true thinking and communication. Uncertainty and obscurity do not necessarily lead to vagueness, imprecision or meaning-obstruction. There are productive forms of uncertainty and there are unproductive forms. Indeed, to be precise, lucid and truthful sometimes requires respecting and linguistically and conceptually reproducing the incoherence, obscurity and uncertainty of reality.

THE SPECIFIC OF THE TRANSLATION OCCASIONAL WORDS IN THE ENGLISH-LITERARY DISCOURSE

We have analyzed the ways of translating occasional words in the English-literary discourse. In our research we use the methods of quantitative and qualitative analysis, comparative method and contextual analysis. The aim of the research is to determine the specifics of the translation of occasional words and to confirm or refute the productive or unproductive forms of the formation of occasionalisms. As a result of the research, the author came to the conclusion that the occasional words have some difficulties for translation. To translate occasionalisms the translator should know the translation techniques, know the features of the word-formation model and also have a lateral thinking and creative abilities. Analyzing our research we come to conclusion that translators use calques (50%) as a productive model. However, other translation techniques were also used: transcription, transliteration, semantic neologism and functional equivalent.

PROBLEMS OF SEXUAL SOCIALIZATION OF STUDENT YOUTH IN THE LIGHT OF “STANDARDS OF SEXUAL EDUCATION IN EUROPE”

In the late 20-th – early 21-st centuries in society under the influence of globalization and informatization there were dramatic changes in the field of sexual values of domestic youth: pluralism and tolerance in relation to sexual life; autonomization of adolescent and youthful sexuality from external forms of control; commercialization of sex (prostitution, pornography, eroticization of advertising, etc.); rehabilitation of unproductive forms of sexuality; legalization of same-sex love; etc. There was a need to radically improve the theoretical and practical solution to the problems of sexual socialization. The first step towards the implementation of this goal was the adoption by the European Union in 2010 of the “Standards of Sexual Education in Europe”, which marked the beginning of the creation of a regulatory framework for sexual socialization of pupils and was to promote a holistic system of sexual education and provide children and young people with objective, scientifically reliable information about all aspects of sexuality.
 The aim of the article: Based on the analysis of “Standards of Sexual Education in Europe” to prove the need and relevance of the introduction in educational institutions of Ukraine sexual socialization of the school children, to indicate the main steps in the implementation of the best foreign experience in light of the recommendations of this document. The article points out the Standards’ emphasis on the mistakes of traditional sexual socialization, which tried to misgive the youth associative relationship between sex and danger, focusing on the potential risks of sexuality. The article on a large array of research material shows the low level of sexual education and sexual culture of Ukrainian schoolchildren, noted factors that hinder the introduction of sexual education courses recommended by WHO for all European countries.
 The article on the experience of educational systems of the European Union emphasizes the positive aspects of the introduction of systematic courses of sexual education into the domestic education system. A detailed study of the “Standards of Sexual Education in Europe” and the study of the staging of sexual socialization in foreign countries gave the authors the opportunity to justify the need to use a number of elements of foreign experience in Ukraine. The article defines criteria for assessing the successful implementation of sexual socialization: sexual issues are considered and discussed openly as a positive, integrative part of health; sexual education programs must be adapted to the specific needs and realities of the respective country; there is state support for measures on sexual socialization; sexual socialization takes into account the gender aspect; mandatory linkage of sexual socialization to premarital training of schoolchildren and responsible parenthood; partnership of schools and families, government and non-governmental organizations, various consulting centers in solving the problems of sexual socialization of schoolchildren, etc.

Structural origins of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase open promoter complex stability

The first step in gene expression in all organisms requires opening the DNA duplex to expose one strand for templated RNA synthesis. In Escherichia coli, promoter DNA sequence fundamentally determines how fast the RNA polymerase (RNAP) forms "open" complexes (RPo), whether RPo persists for seconds or hours, and how quickly RNAP transitions from initiation to elongation. These rates control promoter strength in vivo, but their structural origins remain largely unknown. Here, we use cryoelectron microscopy to determine the structures of RPo formed de novo at three promoters with widely differing lifetimes at 37 °C: λPR (t1/2 ∼10 h), T7A1 (t1/2 ∼4 min), and a point mutant in λPR (λPR-5C) (t1/2 ∼2 h). Two distinct RPo conformers are populated at λPR, likely representing productive and unproductive forms of RPo observed in solution studies. We find that changes in the sequence and length of DNA in the transcription bubble just upstream of the start site (+1) globally alter the network of DNA-RNAP interactions, base stacking, and strand order in the single-stranded DNA of the transcription bubble; these differences propagate beyond the bubble to upstream and downstream DNA. After expanding the transcription bubble by one base (T7A1), the nontemplate strand "scrunches" inside the active site cleft; the template strand bulges outside the cleft at the upstream edge of the bubble. The structures illustrate how limited sequence changes trigger global alterations in the transcription bubble that modulate the RPo lifetime and affect the subsequent steps of the transcription cycle.

РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ СОЦІАЛЬНО-ТРУДОВИХ ВІДНОСИН В УМОВАХ ПАНДЕМІЇ COVID-19 ДОСВІД ПОЛЬЩІ

The main factors that reduce the efficiency of the use of human capital in the socio-labor sphere are determined: socio-economic and political instability; shadowing of the economy; "cheap labor" policy; lack of a culture of investing in employee development, as well as systematic career planning; the need to adapt the labor market and employers to the conditions of remote work during the COVID-19 pandemic, etc. The Polish experience in the regulation of the social and labor sphere, the reduction of asymmetries that determine the formation and use of unproductive forms of human capital is studied. The priority directions of its implementation are determined: de-shadowing of the economy through the introduction of a system of actions at the state level, which will increase social guarantees, increase the official size of the average wage, improve working conditions; implementation of anti-discrimination policy in the national labor market; increasing the level of social responsibility of employers; implementation of long-term strategies for professional development of employees; support for further development of digital competencies of employees; increasing the level of digitalization of business processes of enterprises; ensuring a balance between work and personal life; providing protection against cyber threats, etc.

Beyond Gay: Denton Welch’s In Youth is Pleasure

ABSTRACT This essay considers Denton Welch’s autobiographical novel In Youth is Pleasure (1945) as a queer response to the classic bildungsroman design. It argues, first, that the novel exists structurally within Welch’s oeuvre as an instance of failed development or maturity, evidencing his inability to move beyond the ‘precious’, adolescent stories of his youth. I turn in this context to consider In Youth is Pleasure as a novel that is itself about immobile, unproductive forms of living. While the novel is structured around a common bildungsroman premise – a sensitive, isolated boy yearning for independence – it also resists the generic movement toward maturity and resolution. This is especially marked in the novel as a question of sexuality. In contrast to queer ‘coming of age’ stories that emphasise a progression toward sexual identification, Welch’s novel ultimately refuses the narrative logic of the closet. There is no single, illicit desire at the centre of the novel waiting to be exposed and claimed, but rather, an unlimited copia of pleasure that exists ‘beyond’ the terms of sexual identity altogether.

Reflective Processes and Social Orientation at Different Stages of Professionalisation (on the Example of Preparation for Medical Activity)

Introduction. In recent decades, competency-based approach is considered to be the leading one in the system of vocational education in Russia. However, the preparation for future employment cannot be limited to competencies. This is particularly true for anthropocentric professions, for example, the training of medical workers. In such fields of employment, the personal qualities of a specialist are extremely important, i. e. his or her ability to communication, productive interaction, which implies a certain type of reflection.The aim of the present research was to identify the role of reflection, when forming the social orientation of physicians at different stages of their specialty training and realisation of oneself in this or that specialty – from university education to the end of career.Methodology and research methods. In the course of the research, psychodiagnostic methods based on the questionnaire “Differential Type of Reflection” by D. A. Leontiev et al. and FIRO – Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation questionnaire by A. Schutz in the adaptation of A. A. Rukavishnikov were employed, taking into account the key provisions of theories concerning personality psychology and social behaviour. Automated neural networks based on the architecture of a multilayer perceptron according to the type of regression analysis and analysis of Kendall’s tau correlation coefficient were used to process the data.Results. Reflective processes among future physicians and physicians-practitioners were studied on the sample of 384 people (aged from 17 to 76 years old) – 169 students of medical universities and 215 employees of stationary and outpatient clinics of Chelyabinsk region. It was revealed that at different stages of mastering the profession, the level of productive (systemic) reflection turned out to be different, but it was growing according to the increased degree of professionalisation. However, this level did not reach normative values in all groups, pointing to the need for psychological correction of self-determination and self-distancing. The identified ways of respondents’ social orientation demonstrate the contradictory nature of relations to oneself and to others; and such relations were mostly expressed at the beginning of training. Along with the fear of being rejected, manifested at an unconscious level, the respondents took the conscious decisions to preserve own individuality and to maintain the distance with other people. This contradiction means the presence of intra-personal conflict, which, like dissatisfaction with individual needs for interpersonal communication, provokes the prevalence of unproductive types of reflection – introspection and quasi-reflection.Scientific novelty. The integration of ideas about the role, structure, content and determinants of reflection can be represented as follows: traditional understanding from the perspective of inter-individual approach as a mechanism of social perception and interpretation from the point of view of intra-individual (personal) and subject-activity approaches as the higher mental process, which is formed in the process of the acquired profession. This integration allowed the authors to identify the relationships between the level of reflection development, personal peculiarities, experience and medical specialisation.Practical significance. The research materials and the authors’ conclusions can serve as a basis for the development of recommendations for the correction and prevention of unproductive forms of reflection at the initial stages of education in a medical university (e.g. specially organised extracurricular classes), as well as in the system of advanced training of practicing physicians.

Understanding and measuring coping with cyberbullying in adolescents: exploratory factor analysis of the brief coping orientation to problems experienced inventory

Research examining coping with cyberbullying has resulted in mixed findings, however, it is known that unproductive forms of coping can lead to mental health concerns in young people. The Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Inventory (COPE) has shown mixed results regarding the factorisation of coping styles. The researchers aimed to use this scale with a sample of adolescents to determine coping intentions if cyberbullied, and the relationship between these coping styles and mental health. The Brief COPE scale was adapted for use in this study with a sample of 229 adolescents (age 12–17 years) if hypothetically involved in cyberbullying. Participants were recruited form eight secondary schools in South Australia, and completed an online survey. The results of Exploratory Factor Analysis on the Brief COPE with this sample revealed seven distinct sub-constructs of coping with adequate psychometric properties. Results regarding cyberbullying involvement and coping intentions revealed that whilst young people intended to cope actively, the more young people were cybervictimised or cyberbullied others the less likely they were to do so. Young people who were more likely to use unproductive coping strategies were also more likely to have higher scores of depression, anxiety and stress. The Brief COPE shows promise as an adequate measure of coping with cyberbullying. Findings around preferred coping styles, and their impacts on mental health and wellbeing, could aid the development of education programs in schools, as well as informing practitioners around the coping intentions of young people if involved in cyberbullying.

Factors of human capital fictivization: current trends and influence on the processes of reproduction of human capital

The proliferation of unproductive forms of human capital, deepening of the processes of its digitization, which is currently taking place in the sphere of education, health care and social and labor sphere, is a rather threatening trend for the national economy. In this regard, the purpose of the article is to study the influence of the main factors of the process of the formation of labor potential, the development, use and preservation of human capital in the field of education, health care and social and labor sphere, as well as substantiation of the ways of reducing the negative influence of the factors of digitization. The existing asymmetries in socio-economic development are described, the deepening of which contributes to the spread of unproductive forms of human capital are described by the author. In the educational sphere, it is primarily the reduction of the quality of educational services and corruption; low wages; low level of academic integrity, etc. In the health sector, the processes of filing are primarily due to the poor state of the material base of the national state health care institutions; low wages in state health care institutions; low availability of quality medical services for the general population; insufficient distribution of a culture of health support throughout life, etc. In the social and labor sphere of human capitalization, the following factors contribute to the following: low wages in the whole economy; low social stability, low social guarantees; orientation of entrepreneurs for «fast results», short-term planning; discrimination of certain categories of people in the labor market; low level of social responsibility of the state, etc.

Формування людського капіталу у сфері охорони здоров'я: проблеми та напрями зменшення фіктивізації

The dynamics of processes of human capital formation in the sphere of healthcare is investigated. The trends, processes and asymmetries in this area that accompany the gradual market transformation of the national health system are often characterized, and often provoke the formation of unproductive forms of human capital and the processes of fiktivization. The system of indicators for estimating nominal and real human capital is proposed. The dynamics of nominal human capital is estimated by the following indicators: the growth of the rate of the number of doctors of all specialties per 10 thousand population; the growth rate of the number of average medical personnel per 10 thousand population; the growth rate of the planned capacity of outpatient clinics for 10 thousand people. To assess the dynamics of nominal human capital: growth rate of the average life expectancy at birth (without gender differentiation); the growth rate of the disease per 100 thousand population (all diseases). According to our methodology, the growth of the index of real human capital shows progress in the medical sphere. The growth of the nominal human capital index shows an increase in spending on this area, and it does not always indicate progress, although its substantial reduction is alarming and requires a more detailed analysis. If real human capital grows faster than nominal, then healthcare activities are effective, and if on the contrary – in this area the processes of fictivization takes place. Recommendations for reducing the fiktivization processes in the sphere of healthcare are proposed, which include: development and implementation of a system for monitoring the quality of medical services on the basic data of the eHealth system; the further introduction of digital technologies into the national health system and, on this basis, – increasing the availability of analytical information for both medical professionals and researchers, and for the public, the dissemination of medical literacy and healthy lifestyles.

Extending William Baumol’s theory on entrepreneurship and institutions: lessons from post-Second World War Greece

This article examines William Baumol’s theory about the interaction between taxation and entrepreneurship and proposes an extension to it. The analysis shows that the traditional form of Baumol’s model, focusing mainly on the level of taxes, cannot be used in order to explain what happened in the Greek case. Utilising historical evidence from the mid 1950s to the late 1980s, this article confirms that problematic tax rules create difficulties for entrepreneurship and can lead to unproductive forms of it, as Baumol suggests. However, the focus here is on aspects of the system of taxation that Baumol’s model, examining solely tax rates and levels of taxation, neglected. It is shown that, as far as Greek entrepreneurship is concerned, the adverse effects of the system of taxation came not from the level of taxes, but mostly from a series of issues that increased its perceived unfairness and illegitimacy. Some of such issues were the complexity and frequent change of legislation, the insufficient organisation of the tax bureaus as well as the lack of adequate training and arbitrariness of the members of tax services. The evidence presented here suggests that Baumol’s model can be enriched by taking into consideration these aspects of taxation too.

Unproductive accumulation in the USA: a new analytical framework

In this paper I offer an innovative analysis of unproductive accumulation in the United States economy from 1947 to 2011. I develop a new theoretical and empirical framework to analyze the accumulation of capital in its productive and unproductive forms. I also develop a methodology to compute Marxist categories predicated on the idea that the production of knowledge and information is an unproductive activity that relies on the creation of knowledge-rents. In particular, I provide new empirical estimates to uncover the shifting balance between productive and unproductive forms of accumulation. The accumulation pattern observed during the 1947-1979 phase that prioritized productive accumulation gave way after the 1980s to a contrasting pattern prioritizing unproductive accumulation. Unproductive activity has been growing at a fast pace in terms of incomes, fixed assets, and employment. Among all forms of unproductive activity, my approach places special attention on how the production of knowledge and information has constituted a rising share of total unproductive income and capital stock. Additionally, productive stagnation and rapid unproductive accumulation have been related to greater exploitation of productive workers and to widening income inequality.

The Shadow Price of Social Change and Its Evaluation

This paper analyzes the “shadow price” of social transformation. For the first time, an attempt was made to determine the approaches to measuring this value with regard to nonmarket phenomena and processes, and to apply these approaches in an empirical analysis, based on a representative survey in Russia (N = 1,000) using experimental situations.Specifically, it quantitatively evaluates (1) the degree of divergence between the real and the ideal structure of the time budget of several important domains of social life; (2) the ratio of social ills to social benefits; (3) individual public welfare functions; and (4) the social cost, legitimated by citizens, of reproducing two fundamental public goods: “the capacity to maintain ‘superpower’ status” and “the well-being of the future generations.”The authors introduce and operationalize the novel concept of the socially suboptimal product of labor, that is, the product resulting from alienated (or unwilling) labor, and conversely, the product that could potentially result from using unutilized willing labor. In doing so we support the idea of distinguishing productive and unproductive forms within both the notion of labor and the notion of leisure. Aggregated estimates of these values show the share of gross domestic product (GDP) that could be optimized due to a redistribution of the time budget of the population between the main areas of life, according to ideal social preferences.The balance of social benefits and social ills resulting from the life experiences and activities of individuals is empirically evaluated. We consider this balance, which is the sum of impacts of the social environment on the individual, as a suitable model for explaining how individuals make decisions about whether or not to participate in public life.“Individual public welfare functions” are assessed empirically, demonstrating that individual utility depends on personal and collective consumption. Empirical testing covered a wide range of nation-building areas with public investment in relevant types of merit and public goods.Then the authors propose and test on empirical data an opportunity cost approach to evaluating socially legitimate amounts of funding for the fundamental social benefits “superpower” or “additional power” of the nation.The cost of the public good “well-being of the future generations” is calculated for the Russian sample.Finally, the estimates of the discount rates of human lives and “healthy and prosperous years of life” were obtained for Russia for the first time.The findings of the study are relevant for the efficient management of complex socioeconomic systems. The authors strongly believe that revealing the structure of existing social preferences and estimating their impact on various areas of social life will help improve policymaking by explicitly taking into account the specifics of the real social contract between the state and society.

THE ROLE OF SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE MARKETING IN THE REPRODUCTION OF THE HUMAN CAPITAL AND REDUCTION OF ITS FIKTIVIZATION PROCESSES

The urgency of the research. Before the modern person at different stages of reproduction of the human capital, there are many calls and risks that need to be considered and also to adapt to consequences of their action. Target setting. Use of marketing tools is rather a perspective direction of improvement of processes of the human capital reproduction. However, improvement of these processes is promoted by only socially responsible marketing. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. Almost unexplored are questions of use of marketing tools in the realization of processes of reproduction of the human capital. The purpose of the paper is to study the use of marketing tools for more effective implementation of reproduction processes of human capital at different stages. The issue of reproduction of human capital is considered in such areas: education, health, and social and labour sphere. Methodology. The paper is based on a critical analysis of scientific researches in the sphere of socially responsible marketing and processes of reproduction of human capital. These issues are researched by Blagov Yu.E., Carroll A., Hrishnova O.A., Kotler P., Lantos J., Lambin J., Libanova E.M., Mishchuk H.Yu., and others. Results. Issues of the human capital reproduction are considered in the following spheres: education, healthcare, and social and labour sphere. It is defined that in modern conditions, social responsibility has to become a basis for the creation of all system of the public relations and cover all stages of reproduction of the human capital. Socially irresponsible marketing leads to the formation, accumulation, and distribution of the fictitious human capital and other its unproductive forms. Practical implications. Now reproduction of the human capital in Ukraine is rather strongly influenced by fiktivization processes connected with the distribution of its unproductive forms. In this context, socially irresponsible marketing of educational and medical institutions, enterprises-employers, pharmaceutical and intermediary firms, plays a considerable role. Socially responsible marketing is impossible without the general spread of the ideology of social responsibility in society. The concept of social responsibility should become widespread in all spheres of public life, should become a fundamental basis of social and labour relations and one of the most important directions for overcoming a systemic socio-economic, political, and military crisis in Ukraine.

Evolution of the Gambling Contract in Europe in the Modern Age

The development of the discipline of the gambling contract during the Modern age is very important to understand better its nature. If during the Middle Ages the gambling contract influenced the development of the category of aleatory contracts and therefore was crucial to the development of some widespread contractual models, the Modern age has led to a new stage of development of gambling which resulted in the substantial distinction of gambling contract from other types of contracts. The result of this distinction was the inclusion of the gaming contract in the general theory of contracts even if this contract was considered morally dangerous. During the Modern age the gambling contract was linked to the development of society and the transition from individual morality to the good for the economy. The legislation and politics have made a distinction between the various forms of the game, supporting the productivity of some and leaving unproductive forms without access to the law. This important evolution begins in the UK, where gambling was widely practiced and regulated. Instead continental Europe, living the period of the great codifications, inserts the gambling contract in the codes, offering a very special position: denying action and repetition, so recognizing agreements that could hardly be considered real contracts as they do not involve the creation of legal obligations to the parties. This article attempts to outline the existence of a European perspective on regulation and development of the modern age gambling contract. This purpose is very important because the approach has remained unchanged and the code positions even now reproduce the common position of the gambling contract with action and repetition denied. The current article is also about the need to create a regulation of gambling at European level. For this purpose the historical analysis allows to identify the origins and common approaches in the various European countries. The argument is innovative as confirmed by the presence of very few sources in the field of legal science dedicated to the analysis of the game and gambling contract in the Modern period. The article is based on a wide range of works, written by lawyers from different backgrounds, dealing with the theme of the gambling on a piecemeal basis. The consequence is that the article also attempts a unified composition of these studies, with the hope that this may provide a new scientific contribution to legal literature on the subject of gambling and gambling contract. The first part of the article is dedicated to the development of the gambling contract in the UK which led to an important event: the distinction between insurance and gambling. The second part is dedicated to the development of legal thought on the ludic phenomenon in continental Europe. This part describes the approaches taken in various countries such as France, Italy, Spain, Austria and others. The final part is trying to identify the differences and commonalities between these European countries, as well as the doctrinal positions and practices still present today.

PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF SYSTEMATIZATION OF FORMS AND KINDS OF FAITH

The paper offers the views of psychologists on the study of the different forms and kinds of faith. It analyses some attempts to classify faith, according to which it is divided into: healthy and toxic, authentic and inauthentic, rational and irrational, organismic-vital, existential-cultural and ontological. The classifi cation of productive and unproductive forms of the individual’s faith is also offered.

Media Piracy and the Terrorist Boogeyman: Speculative Potentiations

The criminalization of media piracy, which dates as far back as the seventeenth-century yoking of copyright infringements to more violent forms of looting on the open seas, runs up against the romantic allure of the swash-buckling pirate. Whether the rogue booksellers of the eighteenth century or contemporary digital file sharers, the media pirate cuts a hip, antiestablishment figure: at once creative, transgressive, and enterprising. So the search for more demoniacal associations continues, roping in the smuggler, the counterfeiter, the serial killer, and, closer to our times, the terrorist. As the war on terror bleeds into the war on piracy, the dual logics of segregation and immunization that shape all biopolitical paradigms of security increasingly inform reports brought out by government agencies and ostensibly independent think tanks. Securitizing the global population against piratical depredation requires the partitioning of piracy into creative activities (collage, sampling, mash up) that produce something new and acts of mere poaching that add no value. This demarcation is mapped onto the planet: large parts of Asia, Africa, and Latin America—the historically constituted Global South—are marked as problem zones for the global governance of intellectual property. Within these regions, there is a widening chasm between neoliberal elites and the relationally subaltern masses in their adherence to IPR (intellectual property rights) regimes and their attitude toward piratical activities. Starting with the liberal distinction between productive and unproductive forms of media piracy, a distinction that shores up a geopolitics of legality with Asia as its wild and recalcitrant outpost, this article explores the implications of the gap that opens up between legality and legitimacy. In the absence of hard evidence from the informal “survival” sectors, the article draws on ethnographic and anecdotal evidence to explain the lack of political will in enforcing IPR laws. Taking into account the myriad ground-level practices around media forms and platforms, the concept of global media is reconsidered. Finally, the article ends with two takes on the framing of piratical activities as “parasitical.” First, it argues that the “third” of Third Cinema now lives on in these “Southern” piratical practices. Second, in a more speculative vein, it argues for a development of the parasitical as a framework for apprehending the creative potentiations of media piracy beyond the confines of bourgeois legality.

The Substance of Entrepreneurship and the Entrepreneurship of Substances

Abstract: James Buchanan argues that profit seeking and rent seeking are formally the same sort of behavior, but that the substance of such activities — whether they create or destroy wealth — depends on the institutional environment within which they take place. William Baumol and Israel Kirzner each flesh out this distinction between form and substance in more detail but in different ways. Baumol distinguishes between productive, unproductive, and destructive forms of entrepreneurship, while Kirzner distinguishes between ordinary types of entrepreneurial discovery and superfluous discoveries. In this essay we argue that Baumol and Kirzner’s contributions are complementary, providing a more complete taxonomy of the substance of entrepreneurial activity. We also integrate these ideas with recent work on institutional entrepreneurship that examines changes in the rules governing economic activity. We illustrate this taxonomy by examining entrepreneurial innovation in drug markets both legal and illegal, identifying cases of productive, superfluous, erroneous, unproductive, destructive, and protective entrepreneurship.

Foucault and Human Rights: Seeking the Renewal of Human Rights Education

This article takes up Foucault's politics of human rights and suggests that it may constitute a point of departure for the renewal of HRE, not only because it rejects the moral superiority of humanism—the grounding for the dominant liberal framework of international human rights—but also because it makes visible the complexities of human rights as illimitable and as strategic tools for new political struggles. Enriching human rights critiques has important implications for HRE, precisely because these critiques prevent the dominance of unreflexive and unproductive forms of HRE that lead toward a declarationalist, conservative and uncritical approach. It is argued that Foucault's critical affirmation of human rights—that is, an approach which is neither a full embrace nor a total rejection—provides a critique that can be disruptive to the conventional HRE approach and creates openings that might renew HRE, both politically and pedagogically.