Unorganized Group Research Articles

Ocular morbidity patterns among metal workers from an unorganized sector: A cross-sectional study

Introduction and Aim: The metal working process has many hazards that the metal workers are exposed to resulting in several health disorders and diseases. However, there is a lack of documented information regarding the prevalence of ophthalmic safety practices and the factors influencing them among metal workers in the Moradabad region or the study area. The aim of the present study is to assess ocular morbidity patterns among the metal workers from an unorganized sector. Methods: We conducted this study to find out the morbidity patterns among the metal workers working in Northwestern Uttar Pradesh, district Moradabad. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 metal workers using a pre-validated structured questionnaire. Results: All the metal workers working, without any formal eye health and safety training. Eye Injury was the most common problem at work. The age of the metal workers, duration of employment & welding hours per day were associated with ocular morbidities among the metal workers. In this study, among 100 metal workers, 18% of workers were suffering from an occupational eye injury. 98% metal workers population don’t have any personal protective eye device.86% of them feel this protective eye device is not so necessary. Conclusion: There is a need for occupational health safety awareness services for metal workers in Moradabad as well as in Uttar Pradesh. While further research may be required to make policy recommendations, the current study provides a baseline morbidity burden among these mental workers to look for interventions to promote health and safety at work for this neglected unorganized group.

The Basic Law of Human Stupidity: Unraveling the Dark Force Hindering Human Welfare and Happiness

"The Basic Law of Human Stupidity" explores the deplorable state of human affairs throughout history and identifies a powerful yet unorganized group within the human race that perpetuates unnecessary troubles and miseries. This group, operating without leadership or regulations, functions in perfect unison, amplifying the detrimental effects of each member's actions. This book seeks to understand the nature, character, and behavior of this group, providing insights to neutralize its impact on human welfare and happiness. It is important to note that this work is not an exercise in cynicism or defeatism, but rather a constructive effort to shed light on and address a significant obstacle to human progress.

Multifunctionality of a peri-urban landscape: exploring the diversity of residents’ perceptions and preferences

ABSTRACT Developing successful policies for sustainable land use requires understanding the perspectives of different actors. This study explored how residents – an often under-represented and un-organized group – vary in their valuation of ecosystem services (ES) and perception of multifunctionality in a peri-urban setting. We conducted 127 interviews in the Kromme Rijn region of the Netherlands guided by an interactive, visual canvas tool (STREAMLINE). We addressed four research questions: (1) Is there variation among residents regarding preferences for ES? (2) Which competing interests do residents see in this landscape? (3) Where are hotspots of perceived multifunctionality? and (4) Can the level of perceived multifunctionality be explained by its location on the rural–urban gradient? Our findings demonstrate that while the majority of ES are important to residents of a peri-urban landscape, there is variation in relative preference towards a subset of ES (mainly provisioning services). A typology of preferences distinguishes three groups: (A)‘I want it all’ – all ES (very) important; (B)‘I want most of it’ – majority of ES important; and (C)‘I want some’ – several ES not important at all. The majority of competing interests identified by respondents were between biodiversity and either a provisioning or cultural service. Universal hotspots of perceived multi-functionality overlapped with the area around residential areas, whereas natural (grassland) areas and water were considered multifunctional by only a small share of respondents. These perceptions and preferences do not necessarily align with current policy and management efforts, it is advised that residents’ perceptions and values are better accounted for in landscape governance.

Review: Wearing the Niqab: Muslim Women in the UK and the US, by Anna Piela

Countless academic research projects discuss the perennial niqab bans that pop up in various Western municipalities, addressing the legality of these policies as well as the media coverage. However, the voices of the women who choose to wear the niqab are rarely heard. Anna Piela attempts to rectify this research gap by centering on the personal experiences of women who wear the niqab in the United States and United Kingdom, two contexts that are also underdiscussed with the hyper-focus on niqab bans in France and Canada. Building on Piela’s training in gender studies and feminist methods, Wearing the Niqab relies on extensive interviews, in which the women share their own faith narratives and the various reasons they have for wearing the niqab.Chapter 1 provides important context to how the British and U.S. media misrepresent niqabi women with a critical discourse analysis of nearly a hundred articles. Piela finds two common frames in the coverage of niqabi women: “paternalistic feminist,” or helping the women who are assumed to be oppressed; and “security discourses” around fear of what is hidden under the niqab. In response to these stereotypical portrayals, chapter 2 analyzes how niqabi women express themselves through digital media spaces, often using humor, intimacy, and authenticity to come across as less threatening. This chapter could employ media and religion theories a bit more in terms of how the women use media to make accounts of their religious lives.While the background chapters provide useful foundations, Wearing the Niqab is groundbreaking when it begins to highlight Piela’s extensive interviews and observations in chapters 3 through 5. Chapter 3 is one of the highlights of the book, as Piela concentrates on the religious act of wearing the niqab. Feminist scholars trained within a secular-liberal context have a difficult time conceiving of wearing the niqab as a gesture of agency, but Piela frames the women’s discussion around wearing the niqab as acts that are about inhabiting, not resisting, norms. In this chapter, the women articulate their view that wearing the niqab is a form of submission to God’s will, a way to emulate the Prophet and his followers, an act of worship, and a way to grow closer to God. The secular-liberal framing of the niqab as purely a repressive cultural act fails to account for these religious motivations.Building on the theoretical work of the previous chapter, chapter 4 examines the distinct formulation of agency in secular contexts. For instance, women may have religious motivations for wearing the niqab but within the “secular-liberal discourses” (91) of the United States and United Kingdom, it might be more advantageous to consider arguments about rights and freedoms. While the women often utilize narratives of choice, this can sometimes backfire when the courts often protect religious actions that are requirements.Finally, chapter 5 analyzes the racialization of Muslims and misogyny in Islamic communities and wider society. Muslim women who wear the niqab, especially those who are Black, often face intersecting forms of oppression because they are hyper-visible in the niqab but also experience misogyny and racism. This chapter analyzes the complexities of race in ways that studies of Islam too often ignore. For example, Black Muslim women sometimes find the niqab protects against anti-Black racism, whereas White Muslims are perceived as foreign and threatening when they wear the niqab. Piela also discusses the strategies that niqabi women deploy to deal with discrimination and appear less threatening in public, such as showing that they are “engaged” in their surroundings or always being friendly and helpful. When the women face more serious public harassment and violence, they develop strategies to determine safe and unsafe spaces to wear the niqab.Despite the challenges of researching the relatively unorganized group of women who wear the niqab, Anna Piela offers an insightful analysis of the experiences, negotiations, and narratives of niqabi women. Starting in the opening chapters, the book might capture the reader’s attention more effectively if it featured the material from Piela’s interviews with niqabi women and ethnographic accounts. Moreover, sections that discuss online advocacy would benefit from deeper analysis of the role of digital media in creating space for religious expression. With that said, this book offers an original contribution to larger conversations on religious practices within liberal-secular public spaces, personal narratives of religious meaning, and feminist studies of agency.

Responsibility for Collective Epistemic Harms

AbstractDiscussion of epistemic responsibility typically focuses on belief formation and actions leading to it. Similarly, accounts of collective epistemic responsibility have addressed the issue of collective belief formation and associated actions. However, there has been little discussion of collective responsibility for preventing epistemic harms, particularly those preventable only by the action of an unorganized group. We propose an account of collective epistemic responsibility that fills this gap. Building on Hindriks’s (2019) account of collective moral responsibility, we introduce the epistemic duty to join forces. Our theory provides an account of the responsibilities of scientists to prevent epistemic harms during inquiry.

AN ANALYSIS OF UNORGANIZED LABOR CLASS: DURING COVID 19 A STUDY WITH REFERENCE TO SELECT SEGMENT IN BANGALORE

An attempt has been made in this paper regarding impact on life of unorganized group of laborers and migrants in the city of Bangalore, especially during the present situation of disaster COVID19 epidemic. Even after being necessary element of the informal part of the economy. These workers are often invisible from the point of view of societal, cultural and political main stream of this global city. The migrant laborers in the city are marginalized from the conventional urban prospect. In this regard analysis of this section was felt essential. A few essential aspects must be taken to tackle for survival during the epidemic COVID19 deadly disease by the government. From the point of view these workers who are unskilled, semi skilled specially their job depend on contractual or which is in the form of unorganized laborers primarily they are working in automotive, manufacturing, construction industries, and also in hotels, street vendors, auto rickshaw drivers, gardeners and household helpers. The data gathered from personal experiences i.e. primary and from news reports, magazines and other secondary sources to analyze conditions of unorganized labors community in Bangalore city.

Mitochondrial DNA copy number and cytogenetic damage among fuel filling station attendants.

Fuel filling attendants are constantly exposed to the complex mixture of gasoline and all refinery environments are probably carcinogenic for humans. These workers are considered as an unorganized group in India and unaware of the risk. The present study was focused to monitor workplace pollutants (particulate matter size 10 [PM10 μm], total volatile organic compound [VOC], and carbon monoxide [CO]), benzene exposure (phenol), and to evaluate their genotoxicity effect with reference to relative mitochondrial DNA copy number (MtDNAcn), 8-OHdG (8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine), and micronuclei (MN) frequency (%) among fuel filling attendants. This study recorded 318 ± 134 and 1,050 ± 260 μg/m3 time-weighted average concentration of PM10 and CO, respectively. However, total VOC levels recorded were below the detectable level (BDL) to 290 ± 50 μg/m3 . A total of 53 subjects (26 exposed and 27 control) participated in this study with similar sociodemographic information. It was noticed that fuel filling attendants were not using proper personal protective equipment (PPE) and are younger generation. The significantly (p = <.001) higher level of phenol, a metabolite of benzene, was detected in the exposed group. The significantly elevated level of urinary 8-OHdG (p = .01), MN frequency (p = .001), and relative MtDNAcn (p = .001) was observed in exposed group as compared to the control group. The study exemplify that workers were exposed to the benzene, workplace pollutant, and observed genotoxicity suggest malignancy risk. This study highlights the importance of biomonitoring in occupational settings to avoid malignancies. The possible engineering controls, frequent health check-ups, awareness about the risks, and PPE use can reduce health hazards.

Simulation of unorganized group behavior in case of emergency

Simulation of unorganized group behavior in case of emergency

Health-related fitness in preschool children: Difference between organized and unorganized physical activity

The aim of this research was to determine the differences in health-related fitness between preschool children involved in organized and unorganized physical activities. This study was performed on a sample of 220 healthy preschool children that were divided into two groups, organized physical activity group (N=99) and unorganized physical activity group (N=121). Beside the set of anthropometric variables children were tested for Standing broad jump, Classic sitand- reach test, Bent arm hang, Sit-ups in 30 seconds and Handgrip strength test. The t-test applied to determine differences between anthropometric characteristic revealed differences for almost all variables (p≤0.05). Moreover, the organized physical activity group showed better results in all fitness variables compared to unorganized group (p≤0.01). It can be concluded that the developmental gymnastics program has influence on improvement of health-related fitness in preschool children.

Sociological Study of Women Domestic Workers in Bangalore City

&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Women in India are approximately about out half of the population, they have been the weakest of the weaker sections which have been the most exploited in every field and in all sectors .Women in have been the most abused and have been undergone a various types of hardships in their everyday life. Even though the government of India have been implemented some of policies implemented as their social security not many of them have come to reality. The women domestic workers in India are the unorganized group who strived to make their living without any life security and are in the vital situations in their social life. Over the last few years, studies on domestic life security in India have noted the increase in the numbers of migrant female domestic workers in the cities. They have also observed that domestic work is highly informal in its organization and tinted the vulnerabilities of domestic workers who belong to the poorer and uneducated sections of society. These studies also note that women from &lt;strong&gt;marginalized castes&lt;/strong&gt; form a substantive group of domestic workers (Kaur 2006; Neetha 2004 and 2008). Domestic workers form a significant part of this informal economy which is unorganised. Despite the fact, domestic workers, constitute a crushing 90% of this unorganized labor force in India, they have always been &lt;strong&gt;marginalized&lt;/strong&gt; as the unorganised sector. Whether they work part time, full day or as live in workers, they are forced to put up with various indignities, in the privacy of the households they work in. This part of my paper constitutes the study of Domestic workers in the Bangalore city is significant aspect due to its urban development process and women domestic have found to be the most wanted. Domestic workers, an estimated &lt;strong&gt;4 lakhs&lt;/strong&gt; in &lt;strong&gt;Bangalore City&lt;/strong&gt; work under illogical rules, are largely unskilled and illiterate. For years, women have been doing the drudgery of washing, cleaning, cooking and all menial tasks in other households for their own survival. Long hours of work, years of toil often with no living wage, no rest or recreation, sexual harassment, abuse of their dignity, untouchability, often treated callously are the story of their lives. The conditions of lakhs of child women domestic workers, the 24 hours live in workers, are even more exploitative and obnoxious. There have been many cases of rape and murder, horror tales of children being beaten, locked in bathrooms, bitten and burnt by employers. In my paper I have highlight some of the vital incidents where women have been facing and also the government policies and programmes and polices in the women empowerment in the social sector.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

India's “Informal Sector”: Demystifying a Problematic Concept

In both academic and activist discourse, particularly with regard to India, the concept of the informal sector has come to prominence, particularly after India's liberalization. This article demystifies the idea of the informal sector in India, revealing the multilayered existence of various groups of workers in vulnerable positions which are by no means inevitable or permanent but rather are the product of India's history and political economy. Accordingly, it is the case that certain interventions have the potential to transform the lives of India's unorganized workers, but such policy would need to target the specific needs of each unorganized group of workers. We argue that the concept and discourse of the informal sectors imply the permanence of unorganized, unregulated work. Conceptualizing Indian labor in this way leads to a position that the state should provide support and welfare measures to help workers survive at a bare minimum level of subsistence, but also to a fundamental failure to address the structural and specific causes of workers’ vulnerabilities.

Black Silent Majority: The Rockefeller Drug Laws and the Politics of Punishment by Michael Javen Fortner

BLACK SILENT MAJORITY: The Rockefeller Drug Laws and Politics of Punishment. By Michael Javen Fortner. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 2015.Black Silent Majority proffers an alternative explanation for emergence of mass incarceration in post-Civil Rights era. Refuting consensus of origins of mass incarceration, most popularly averred by legal scholar Michelle Alexander, that backlash against black freedom movement spurred mass incarceration, Fortner locates agency of black New Yorkers in passage of 1973 Rockefeller Drug Laws, asserting, basically, that black-on-black rather than a reformulated supremacy, explains rise of carceral state.Between 1940s and early 1970s, black majority, at first a quiescent, unorganized group of working-and-middle class black New Yorkers, mobilized a citywide movement in Harlem against heroin-related crimes and for enforcement of punitive legislation. Fortner argues that with conservative turn in national politics in late 1960s and punitive frame that black majority ushered into policy arena Governor Nelson Rockefeller embraced demands of black majority and sponsored punitive laws to authenticate his conservative credentials.Fortner centers movement for safety and punitive legislation around activism of Reverend Oberia D. Dempsey-the pistol-toting pastor of Upper Park Avenue Baptist Church-and other black leaders, such as Roy Wilkins, of National Association for Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Dempsey, Wilkins, and others spoke of visceral fear that black New Yorkers experienced at hands of their neighbors. Fortner here convincingly highlights longstanding conditions of intraracial crime and violence within black America, then and now.Though he powerfully calls attention to Harlemites' fears of, and demands for, protection from intraracial crime, Fortner's conceptual formulation of black majority reduces complexity and diversity of black activism to punishment. According to Fortner, since Harlemites discovered a measure of social mobility in 1950s, their concern with white gaze, waned. Consequently, the violence in their communities forced them to prioritize public safety over economic and racial inequality(9). Yet despite notable progress and because of deindustrialization and employer and union racism black New Yorkers' job security was invariably vulnerable.Fortner's historical and conceptual claim that black punitive politics emerged in 1950s is misleading. Since early twentieth century, as historians Khalil G. Muhammad, Nathan D. B. Connolly, and others have shown, blacks had rarely been silent about eradicating intra-racial black crime. Blacks employed anti-crime politics not only to fight crime but also to make demands for inclusion of black police officers, demonstrate their commitment to law and order, and to stave off violence from police officers. Thus, if they were not silent, did black politics shift from a struggle for civil rights, as Fortner avers, to advocating punishment in postwar New York City?Although Fortner's use of media polls provides a measurement of public opinion at a given moment, he neither unpacks data nor places it within its historical context. For example, using a poll in late 1973 from New York Times, Fortner notes that 71 percent of black respondents favored life sentences without parole for pushers, but he provides neither its sample size nor its racial breakdown (99). Does number of blacks interviewed adequately represent political diversity of city's large black population, which by late 1960s was more than half of a million people? …

Simulating police containment of a protest crowd

This paper presents an agent-based computational model of the crowd containment tactic known as kettling, which involves cordons of police officers surrounding a crowd of protesters in order to restrict its movement. Our model uses steering behavior techniques to simulate a series of simple scenarios in which an unorganized group of protester agents clash with an opposing group of police agents holding position in a stationary, multiple-rank line formation. We investigate the stability and penetrability of the police formation and how they are influenced by the formation’s thickness (number of layers) as well as the specific behavioral strategy employed by individual police agents—whether using global or local references, or combinations of both. Our results show that a strategy using purely global references produces optimal performance, while increasing the number of formation layers enables strategies using combined references to approach this optimum to different degrees.

Modeling crowd behavior based on the discrete-event multiagent approach

The crowd is a temporary, relatively unorganized group of people, who are in close physical contact with each other. Individual behavior of human outside the crowd is determined by many factors, associated with his intellectual activities, but inside the crowd the man loses his identity and begins to obey more simple laws of behavior. One of approaches to the construction of multi-level model of the crowd using discrete-event multiagent approach was described in the paper. Based on this analysis the subject area, the problems, associated with the crowd model development were identified and described in the work. Approach to the construction of a model that takes into account such phenomena as a sharp change in direction of the velocity vector of the local flow of people in the crowd under the influence of physical, psychological and social factors, interagentinteraction, the change in thecrowddensity was described: - to form the simplified structure of the crowd model, it was proposed to use aggregative mathematical model that allows to divide all the objects, present in the crowd into the macro and micro-elements; - agent-oriented approach in the work was used to construct models of individual agents of the system, taking into account their dynamics and the presence of driving forcesin the crowd for a more accurate simulation of the crowd development; - using the detailing function of individual elements of the model in the work is designed to improve the adequacy of the model; it is made by the simultaneous introduction of macro-and micro-elements to the model with the ability to reassign their properties, jointlyform the conditions of boundary transitions through a single system of variables; - ensuring compatibility between the different elements of the same model is provided by introducing a unified system of constraints and shared variables, which allows to significantly simplify the software implementation of the model.

Raising Retail

Retail workers are a significant but largely unorganized group in Canada and the United States. However, in recent years, there has been a marked increase in efforts to organize retail workers, including pursuit of innovative structures and strategies. The author focuses on the dominant threads of contemporary retail organizing work in Canada and the United States, outlining three current organizing vehicles: unionization, store-based networks, and occupation or sector-based associations. The author then reflects on the strengths, weaknesses, and possibilities of these approaches, independently and collectively, and emphasizes the need to confront the social and cultural as well as the economic devaluation of retail workers.

Text Me! New Consumer Practices and Change in Organizational Fields

While scholars have provided increasingly well-developed theoretical frameworks for understanding the role of institutional entrepreneurs and other purposeful actors in bringing about change in organizational fields, much less attention has been paid to the role of unorganized, non-strategic actors in catalyzing change. In particular, the role of consumers remains largely uninvestigated. In this article, we draw on a case of the introduction of text messaging in the UK to explore the role of consumers in catalyzing change in organizational fields. Text messaging has become a widely diffused and institutionalized communication practice, in part changing mobile telephony from a voice-based, aural and synchronous experience to a text-based, visual and asynchronous experience. As consumers innovated and diffused new practices around this product, their actions led to significant changes in the field. We suggest how, and under what conditions, consumers are likely to innovate at the micro-level and, with the subsequent involvement of other actors, catalyze change at the field level. Our primary contribution is to show how the cumulative effect of the spontaneous activities of one important and particularly dispersed and unorganized group can lead to changes in a field. By showing how change can result from the uncoordinated actions of consumers accumulating and converging over time, we provide an alternative explanation of change in organizational fields that does not privilege purposeful actors such as institutional entrepreneurs.

Text Me! New Consumer Practices and Change in Organizational Fields

While scholars have provided increasingly well-developed theoretical frameworks for understanding the role of institutional entrepreneurs and other purposeful actors in bringing about change in organizational fields, much less attention has been paid to the role of unorganized, nonstrategic actors in catalyzing change. In particular, the role of consumers remains largely uninvestigated. In this article, we draw on a case of the introduction of text messaging in the United Kingdom to explore the role of consumers in catalyzing change in organizational fields. Text messaging has become a widely diffused and institutionalized communication practice, in part changing mobile telephony from a voice-based, aural, and synchronous experience to a text-based, visual, and asynchronous experience. As consumers innovated and diffused new practices around this product, their actions led to significant changes in the field. We suggest how and under what conditions consumers are likely to innovate at the micro level and, with the subsequent involvement of other actors, catalyze change at the field level. Our primary contribution is to show how the cumulative effect of the spontaneous activities of one important and particularly dispersed and unorganized group can lead to changes in a field. By showing how change can result from the uncoordinated actions of consumers accumulating and converging over time, we provide an alternative explanation of change in organizational fields that does not privilege purposeful actors such as institutional entrepreneurs.

What to Conclude from Psychological Experiments: The Contrasting Cases of Experimental and Behavioral Economics

To understand the relationship between experimental and behavioral economics, we need to go back to the late 1970s and early 1980s. In the 1970s, psychologists began conducting new kinds of experiments, the results of which seemed to falsify the assumption of rational individual behavior. This compelled experimental economists to stake out a position for the economics discipline regarding the results. Much to their surprise, their experiments corroborated the results of the psychologists. This led them to completely discard preference theory but at the same time to emphasize the role of the market as the mechanism that rationalizes individual behavior. An initially diverse and unorganized group of financial and other economists drew very different conclusions from these same experimental results. They saw them as proof of observed anomalies in financial markets and hailed Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky's prospect theory as the most important candidate for replacing the traditional microeconomic model of human behavior.

Door-to-Door Laundry &amp; Corporate Laundry - The Exclusive Business Plan for Emerging Economies

To identify and formalize the unorganized Dhobi society. The firm desired to create a Dhobi Welfare and Society as like as formal organization for the purpose of recognition by the society and government. This is aimed to employ the unorganized washerman group in to formal kind of employment at corporate level and to generate & support the state expenditure for societal benefits.

The Roman Article: Read It Again—in the Same Journal

Most of you believe that a scientific article should be published only once, in one journal. You are, in fact, the self-righteous majority who tries to stifle repetitive publication. The free-thinking individuals who reject such arbitrary rules and manage to break them, in valiant defiance of the copyright law, are a small, scattered, and unorganized group, until now too weak to defend their position publicly. In all fairness, repetitive publication deserves a hearing. Here are my arguments in favor of it.Wider Dissemination of Information. This is a fairly obvious advantage. An article appearing in multiple journals aimed at the same audience is less likely to be missed by those cursory readers and hasty scanners out there. The author of a multiply published article will be able to have the following dialogue with his or her colleagues: “Have you read my article?” “No, where?” “Everywhere! Don't you read anything?”Repetition Is the Mother of Learning. How true! Let's say your article appeared in only one journal once. Will it be remembered as well as it would if it had been published over and over again? Of course not. But it is important to make each version just a little bit different in order to trick people into rereading at least part of the article again before they realize it's not new. Rearrange the order of authors' names, or superficially change the title; it doesn't take much time or intelligence. Education by repetition is a difficult pedagogical task, but someone has to do it.Practice Makes Perfect. Experienced authors know that despite the most diligent efforts on their part, or on the part of the publishing staff, errors still creep into the final printed version. How nice to have another chance to do it better the second or third time around! In the meantime, your observations may have increased and you can add one more case and yet another to those described in your initial report. Repetitive publication thus provides a continuum that closely parallels your own learning curve, your accruing knowledge. What am I saying—it actually mirrors the progress of science itself!Shorter Publication Time at Less Cost. Republishing an article that has been through the copy editing and production process is as easy as working with a prefab piece. Since most major journals adhere to the same style requirements, a previously published article practically zips through the publication process.Strengthening of the Peer-Review System. Once repetitive publication becomes widely accepted and the same articles are published over and over again, very little editorial space will be squandered on so-called new articles. Reviewers' jobs will be easier, and they'll be able to devote more time to the few and familiar articles referred to them occasionally. The task of periodical reapproval of the same material will hone the reviewers' skills and yield veritable exegeses of those topics.Higher Literary Quality of Manuscripts. In order to produce multiple variants of one article, the authors will have to be highly proficient in English, adept in synonymy, and quite versatile in all genres of scientific literature, from the lyricism of a letter to the editor to the dramatism of a panel discussion or the epic power of an original report. Less experienced authors will have difficulty maintaining the contents intact from one superficial mutation of the article to the other, but that's what separates the pros from the amateurs.Getting duplicative articles published is not easy, particularly now, while it is still only an avant-garde movement and repressive editors are on the prowl. But the advantages are plain for anyone to see. If you haven't memorized them yet, it's all right. I am trying to republish this elsewhere.See PDF for full text of the original JAMA article.