Unknown Pages Research Articles

‘General Slashchov’ [Rev. on: Ganin A. V. White General and Red Military Specialist Yakov Slashchov-Krymsky. Moscow, 2021

The article describes the work prepared by the Moscow historian A. V. Ganin, the first scholarly biography of Ya. A. Slashchov, one of the most famous figures of the White movement in Southern Russia, a talented general and a prolific memoirist, the author of classic notes on the defense of the Crimea in 1920 and his relationship with the White dictator, General P. N. Wrangel. Slashchov is an exceptionally bright and charismatic figure, and evaluations of his activities are diametrically opposed, varying from enthusiastic to derogatory. Most clearly, Ya. A. Slashchov realised himself during the defense of the Crimea at the final stage of the Civil War in the South of Russia. A large number of myths have been formed around the figure of the general in memoirs — both about him as a military figure and about an administrator, and about him as a person. Thanks to the involvement of documents from seventeen archives from five countries, the book dispels many stereotypes, and recreates the life and professional path of Ya. A. Slashchov, from birth to death, in detail. Ganin describes unknown pages of Slashchov’s biography, in particular, the details of his service in the Russian Imperial Army, in the Nikolaevskaia Academy of the General Staff, as well as in the Volunteer Army in 1918–1919. The author manages to give a convincing explanation of the reasons for Slashchov’s success in the defense of the isthmuses of Crimea at the turn of 1919–1920. The undoubted merit of the monograph by A. V. Ganin are photographs illustrating a number of aspects of the book, in addition to documentary supplements, among which the memoirs of M. Mezernitskii, a regular soldier, a member of the White movement, who returned to his homeland with Slashchov at the end of 1921.

Исследователи и история геологических изысканий в Восточной Сибири: введение

A special issue of the journal is dedicated to researchers and the history of geological exploration in Eastern Siberia. The articles in the issue highlight the initial contributions to the study of geology, geography and mineral resources of the territory by A.V. Lvov, S.P. Peretolchin, and V.M. Senyukov, provide information about the unknown pages of the construction of the Circum-Baikal Railway, studies of the Botogol graphite deposit, the Markov oil and gas condensate field, the Baikal system of basins, and volcanism spatially associated with its development. An overview is given of the 50-year career of geologists who graduated from ISU in 1973.

АНАЛІЗ ДЖЕРЕЛ ТА ПРАЦЬ ПРИСВЯЧЕНИХ ІСТОРІЇ ОБОРОННИХ СПОРУД ЛЬВІВСЬКОГО СЕРЕДМІСТЯ

The problem of studies of the fortification development of the Lviv midtown has a long history. As early, Bartlomej Zimorowicz was the first author who covers the history of Lviv at the 17th century. In his work "Leopolis Triplex" he pays a lot of attention to fortifications and presents materials and facts about their construction. Other researchers later relied on his work, in particular, Yaroslaw Widawski, Janusz Witwicki, Wladyslav Tomkewicz and others. Denys Zubrytskyi also made a great contribution to uncovering unknown pages of the construction of Lviv fortifications. He was engaged in organizing the Lviv archives, and discovered and published a lot of information about the dates and features of the construction and modernization of fortification objects. The most complete works devoted to the defensive fortifications of the Lviv midtown are the publications of W. Tomkewicz and Ja. Witwicki. These authors conducted research in the interwar period, but their materials were published in the 1970s. It should be pointed out the important publications of various authors in the magazine "Halytska brama", several issues of which were devoted to the history of the fortifications of Lviv. In a synthesized form, the question of the construction of Lviv's defense structures and their reconstruction in different historical periods is revealed in a new work on the history of Lviv's architecture, published under the general editorship of Yuriy Biryulyov. In a somewhat shorter version, the stages of development of Lviv fortifications are revealed in the "Atlas of historical cities. Lviv". In our work, we aim to analyze the sources and literature that highlight the history of architecture only so-called High defensive wall of Lviv midtown. This was the first brick line of fortifications in the center of the city. It began to be built in the first years of the 14th century, and it was used for defensive purposes until the end of the 18th century. Based on the results of the analysis, we have identified 4 main stages of the architectural transformation of this defensive structure.

Дневник известного бурятского ученого и политического деятеля Базара Барадина «Амдо-Монголия»: источниковедческие аспекты. 1905-1906 гг.

The author introduces into scientific use the diary of Bazar Baradievich Baradin (1878–1937), well-known Buryat scholar and politician, member of the Buryat National Committee, first People’s Commissar of Education of the Buryat-Mongolian ASSR, and first chairman of the Buryat-Mongolian Scientific Committee. Despite his popularity and contribution to science, his life and scholarly activities have not been studied enough. In 1905–07 Baradin made a trip to Mongolia and North-Eastern Tibet – Amdo on the assignment of the Russian Committee for the Study of Central and East Asia. His trip was connected with the 13th Dalai Lama Tubden Gyatso sojourn in Urga. The article reviews his diary, titled “Amdo-Mongolia. Travel diary of a Buddhist Buryat pilgrim through Khalkha-Mongolia, Alashan, and the northeastern outskirts of Tibet – Amdo (1905-07),” now kept at the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences, where the scholar’s fond was formed. The diary covers Baradin’s journeys from September 1905 to June 1906. It is a 301-page manuscript rewritten and edited from original diary, presumably in 1908 while Baradin prepared his report for the Russian Geographical Society. The manuscript describes his stay in the khoshun (headquarters) of the Mongolian prince Khandorj (Kando-van according to the diary) – Vang Khuree (Van-Kuren), where the Dalai Lama was at prince’s invitation. Comparative-historical method, systemic and source analysis have been used to study the document. The value of the diary lies in the fact that it is the only description of the no longer existing khoshun of Prince Khandorj, Vanh Khuree and of daily life of the field court of the 13th Dalai Lama in autumn–winter of 1905/06. Besides, there are many other fascinating things and events mentioned in the diary, for instance, Khorchin Mongols from the Jerim Seim of South-Eastern Mongolia visiting the Dalai Lama; initiation of Semkyi Choga; the Dalai Lama’s divination on the visit of the Panchen Lama to India; acquaintance and friendship with the old Mongolian scholar Dandar-agramba; petition of Baradin and Namdak Dylykov regarding Buddhist ecumenical council; attack of Mongolian monks on Baradin; celebration of the Tibetan New Year, etc. The author is of opinion that Bazar Baradin’s “Amdo-Mongolia” is an extremely valuable historical, ethnographic, and religious studies source, which sheds light on unknown pages of history and culture of Mongolia and Tibet in 1905–06. Publication and further detailed study of this unique source is planned.

Համաստեղ, Արամ Հայկազ, Հակոբ Խաշմանյան. «Մոռացված էջեր»-ի տասներկու հատորները

The 12 volumes of “Forgotten Pages” present the pages of rich heritage left by two prominent cultural-public figures of Armenian literature of the diaspora. The volumes include letters, literary works, unknown pages of Armenian continuous resources, articles dedicated to the Armenian reality and various issues of Armenian life. These books, published between 2005-2022, summarize the Armenia-diaspora relations of the last century, whose unbiased examination is still very useful for Armenians today.

Secret Surveillance of F. M. Dostoevsky in Staraya Russa: in Search of Unknown Sources

Dostoevsky’s life in Staraya Russa is marked by a number of events, names, facts, documentary evidence. Some of them deserve special attention, because they allow to reveal unknown pages in the life of the writer and his family. These include the formulary list of the police officer E. M. Gotsky-Danilovich (1830–1895), who secretly monitored F. M. Dostoevsky during his stay in Staraya Russa in 1872–1875. The case materials related to retired lieutenant Fyodor Dostoevsky were partially lost. However, some documents have been preserved, confirming the participation of Gotsky-Danilovich in the organization of surveillance of the writer. The article provides a description of the service record of the police officer for the first time. This document allows to make a number of interesting observations, supplement existing information about the Staraya Russa milieu of the Dostoevsky family, and identify topics for further research on the causes of the loss of the Gotsky-Danilovich notebook, the search for it and its possible content.

Projects of the architect Lavrenty Ivanov in the Chita Archive

The article reflects the interim results of a study carried out within the scientific project “Architects and Engineers of the Eastern Outskirts of Russia (second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries)”. Unknown pages of the creative biography of the first professional architect of Transbaikalia, Lavrenty Ivanovich Ivanov, are considered. Brief historical information about the period of his studies at the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts, as well as the main stages of the master's work as an architect of the Nerchinsk factories are given. The features of the industrial architecture of the region in the first half of the 19th century are revealed through L. I. Ivanov’s projects.

ARCHIVAL MATERIALS ABOUT KAZAKH BATYRS(XVIII - FIRST HALF OF XIX CENTURIES)

This article describes reliable historical archival materials about Kazakh batyrs (knights, heroes) from the XVIII century to the first half of the XIXcenturies. All historical events of that century are revealed according to the archival data of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan and partly from the archives of China, which has been carefully studied in a collection of archival documents.For each sheet, inventory and documents of archival funds, a multifaceted scientific analysis was carried out, which, as far as possible, shows us the socio-political picture of that century of the Kazakh people.This deeply focused research on the archives gives us the opportunity to get to know more closely the life and political activities of the institute of batyrs (knights, heroes-auth.) and this in the future will open to us various scientific research topics on the historical personalities of the khans (kings), sultans (lord) and batyrs (knights, heroes-auth.) of the Kazakh people. Carrying out scientific research on archival materials about Kazakh and batyrs (knights, heroes-auth.) from the XVIII-XIX centuries we will open new pages about the military-political and social situation of the nomadic people of the Great Steppe, as well as the daily life of unexplored heroic personalities who influenced the outcome of historical events in a difficult period for the people. The article also explores the skillful and exciting diplomatic relations of the Kazakh elite with Tsarist Russia and Qing China. Also, scientifically commented on the excellent military potential of some influential Kazakh khans, sultans, biys (judicial and political figures of the Kazakhs-auth.) and batyrs (knights, heroes-auth.) In general, a scientific article conveys to us a whole complex of social and military-political background of the XVIII-XIX centuries of the Kazakh people and with its heroic faces, deeds that from time immemorial have merged from mouth to mouth into folk poetic epics. We want to note to the foreign audience that the ethnonym "Kirghiz" in this article means the ethnonym "Kazakh". Kyrgyz in those days (XVIII-XIX c.) were called in Russian "zakamenniye Kirgizy"or "diko-kamenniye Kirghizy" and the Kazakhs were simply called "Kirghiz" or "Kirghiz-Kaisaks". So in this article we noted it as [Kirghiz (Kazakh-auth.)] in order not to confuse the Kazakhs with the Kyrgyz. The article was prepared as part of the implementation of the project AP08052271 «New declassified Russian archives about unknown pages of the life and work of Kazakh khans, sultans, batyrs (XVIII - first half of the XIX centuries».

THE FAMINE OF 1921-1922 IN NORTH KAZAKHSTAN: UNSTUDIED PAGES

The article is devoted to the unknown pages of the struggle against hunger in Northern Kazakhstan in 1921-1922 on the example of Akmola and Kostanay provinces. In the article, the author reveals the causes and consequences of the famine of 1921-1922 in Northern Kazakhstan. Here, in comparison with other affected regions, there was a big problem in the issue of food supply due to the large number of livestock deaths and several lean years. The causes of famine in Kazakhstan were the crop failure of 1921, caused by drought and locusts, lack of grain and excessive pumping of it in 1920, as well as the civil war on its territory in 1918-1920. All these reasons and the death of cattle from jute in 1920-1921 led to the utter devastation of agriculture in the republic. The famine in the Kazakh steppe was aggravated as a result of the Bolshevik government policy, when the so-called surplus agricultural products were selected and exported by food detachments, as well as due to radical changes in the economic structure and a reduction in the number of livestock among the Kazakh population. The article analyzes the demographic losses of the region, as well as studies the work of provincial commissions and public international organizations to combat hunger and its consequences.

Документи архівної кримінальної справи історика В’ячеслава Заїкина як джерело до вивчення його біографії

The study is devoted to the analysis of the documents of the criminal case of historian Vyacheslav Zaikyn, which is stored in the Sectoral State Archives of the Security Service of Ukraine. The aim of the publication is the elucidation of previously unknown pages of V. Zaikyn’s biography as of a victim of the bloody «Sovietization» of Galicia, through the prism of the analysis of his environment, professional activity and the introduction of new information from the investigative case into the scientifi c circulation for a more complete construction of the life history and intellectual biography of the historian. The methodology of the research is based on the strategy of biographical studies, prosopography and comparative studies, which allow combining diff erent factual layers, in particular archival sources, to construct an intellectual biography of the historian. The scientifi c novelty of the work lies in the actualization of previously uninvolved into the scientifi c use sources and the reproduction of unknown stories from V. Zaikyn’s life on their basis, as the biography of this repressed historian-intellectual is still little clarifi ed in historiography. During the research, the scientifi c value of the documents of the criminal case was determined, the submitted information was compared with the facts given in other sources and investigation. The prospect of further research is based on the elucidation of the biographical portrait of V. Zaikyn through the prism of his epistolary and scientifi c achievements. The study of Zaikyn’s connection with the emigrant environment is also relevant for future investigations. Conclusions. The materials of the archival criminal case of V. Zaikyn have signifi cant source value for the reproduction of the biography of the scientist. Analysis of information from case documents made it possible to clarify a number of unknown facts from diff erent periods of his life, during the revolution of 1917–1921, as well as in emigration, to determine the specifi cs of accusations, to highlight important prosopographic information, to supplement the information about the circle of communication and personal contacts of the scientist. Interrogation records recorded important information about V. Zaikyn’s family and circle of friends. In addition, the case materials are important evidence of the repressive policy of the Soviet government towards the Ukrainian scientifi c intelligentsia.

A. I. Blaga “Sociology of Childhood”: Unknown Pages of the History of Sociology of Childhood. Part II

This article is a continuation of the acquaintance with one of the pages of the scientific work of the Czech sociologist of the first half of the twentieth century Arnosht Inocens Blagi, started in the previous issue of the journal. The article is devoted to A. I. Blagi's scientific monograph "Sociology of Childhood", the first edition of which took place in 1927, and the last in 1948. In the Sociology of Childhood, A. I. Blaga lays the institutional foundations of the sociology of childhood, which will be talked about as an independent special sociological theory only in the last third of the twentieth century. The Czech scientist is ahead of the sociologists of the twentieth century in identifying the problem field and the object of research in the sociology of childhood, in identifying the "social situation" as a condition for differentiated development, education and upbringing of children, in substantiating the multifactorial theory of socialization, etc. An important contribution of A. I. A boon in the sociological approach to the consideration of childhood problems is the differentiation of social and sociological pedagogy. The scientific value of A. I. Blagi's monograph lies in the fact that it became an example of the author's appeal to a wide range of scientific works of researchers of that era, a combination of theoretical and empirical data in the sociological study of children's lives in the conditions of the development of industrialism in society. The translation of A. I. Blagi's monograph "Sociology of Childhood" includes fragments of the Introduction and subsections of the General Part. In the "Introduction" fragments of pages 7-8 are presented; in the subsection "I. Basic provisions" – fragments of pages 9-11, 16-17, 19-21, 25, 27; in subsection "II. Sociological pedagogy" – fragments of pages 27-35, 38. The translation contains A. I. Blagi's references to the sources of information used by him, the design of which also corresponds to the original. The translation and italics are made by the author of this article. The language of the original text is Czech.

WITH VASYL BLAKYTNYI AGAINST VALERIAN POLISHCHUK: FRAGMENTS OF THE SOCIAL AND LITERARY ACTIVITY OF YEVHEN KASIANENKO

The paper covers unknown pages of Yevhen Kasianenko’s creative activity. Yevhen Kasianenko (1889—1937) was one of the pioneers of Ukrainian aircraft construction, a translator, and an active participant in the socio-political and literary movement of the 1910s—1930s.
 The study reconstructs the literary and business relations between Yevhen Kasianenko, Vasyl
 Ellan-Blakytnyi, and Valerian Polishchuk. The author analyzes their views on organizational
 and conceptual forms of Ukrainian literature. The analysis of the projects and polemics initiated
 by the writers tackles the question of the cultural and historical origins of the ‘Red Renaissance’ and the specifi cal formation of the Ukrainian proletarian literature.
 This paper explores Yevhen Kasianenko’s involvement in the press of the Ukrainian People’s Republic period, his participation in the emergence of Ukrainian-language Soviet periodicals, the first associations of proletarian writers, and Ukrainian publishing houses, as well as his role in communication between Soviet writers and emigre artists. The study analyses for the first time the criminal case against Kasianenko and outlines his extensive connections within the Ukrainian literary environment. Kasianenko was one of those whose activity the Russian Communist Party leadership used for Sovietization policies in Ukraine as well as for the Ukrainization of the Bolshevik policy. He contributed to legitimizing the party’s political practices and symbolic images. Kasianenko’s biography shows that in ideological, scholarly, and cultural aspects, the Soviet civilization project was not radically innovative, largely existing in the orbit of the pre-revolutionary socio-cultural movement.

ПОЛИТИЧЕСКАЯ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬСАРЖАНА КАСЫМУЛЫ В НАЦИОНАЛЬНО-ОСВОБОДИТЕЛЬНЫХ ВОССТАНИЯХ КАЗАХСКОГО НАРОДА В 1825–1836 ГГ.

This article describes the life and political activities of Sarzhan Kasymuly in the national liberation upraises of the Kazakh people in 1825-1836. The full event of that century is studied which is disclosed in detail by archival data. Also in this article, are held a scientific analysis on the political and social relations of sultan Sarzhan Kasumuly with the Pro-Russian Kazakh sultans and feudal based on historical archival documents. The relevance of the research problem lies in the fact that the study of the political life of Sarzhan Kasymuly according to the archival data of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan is a very important scientific topic for a thorough study of the impetus of a massive national uprising of the Kazakh people at the head of the sultans and batyrs, as well as about the unknown pages of the life and activities of Kazakh soldiers. In the socio-political life of the Kazakh people, the essence of such batyrs (knight, heroes) as Sarzhan Kasymuly played an important role in the fateful decisions of the military nomadic people. The structural formation of the heroes’ institution shows an accurate picture of the life and activities of the Kazakh people during the period of endless wars and the beginning of full colonization by the Russian Empire. The Kazakh land is rich in heroes (batyrs) like sultan Sarzhan Kasymuly who, despite the weak technical equipment of his wards, managed to fight against the tsarist colonial system, and wanted to restore the khan’s power of the famous ruler of the Kazakh people and his grandfather Khan Ablai. Undoubtedly, scientific work based on these and other historical archival data will make a significant contribution to the detailed study of the institution of the heroes of the Kazakh people.

A. I. Blaga “Sociology of Childhood”: Unknown Pages of the History of Sociology of Shildhood. Part I

The article offered to readers is devoted to acquaintance with a little-known page of the history of Czech sociology and sociology of childhood – the scientific monograph "Sociology of Childhood" by A. I. Blaga, the first edition of which was published in 1927. The article consists of two parts – a brief introductory excursus describing the history of the institutionalization of the sociology of childhood and the scientific work of A. I. Blaga, and a translation of a fragment of his monograph "Sociology of Childhood". Arnosht Inocens Blaga is a prominent sociologist of the Czech Republic in the first half of the twentieth century, who had diverse interests, strictly followed the principles of scientific work and its service to practical use. "Sociology of Childhood" by A. I. Blaga allows us to replenish the knowledge about the history of the formation of the sociology of childhood, the institutionalization and "isolation" of which began long before the end of the second half of the twentieth century. The information presented in the publication will expand the understanding of the evolution of sociological views on the problems of childhood, identify timeless aspects of research that form the backbone of the scientific approach, and reflect the peculiarities of the social situation of children at a specific historical moment.

THE BEGINNING OF THE LIFE PATH OF RAKHMET UTESINOV

This article discusses the main milestones of the beginning of the life and work of the famous Kazakh oilman, the founder of the Manglyshla oilfield Rakhmet Utesinov. Rakhmet Utesinov had a definite impact on the development of Kazakh society. His activity is connected with the era of D.A. Kunaev, S. Mukashev, N.D. Ondasynova. In the 50-70 years of the twentieth century, his name is mentioned in many sources. But in historical and scientific sources, his life and activities are little studied. Recently, researchers rarely turn to the study of the life and activities of public figures of the Soviet period. It was this period of the republic's history that was marked by the development of oil fields in Western Kazakhstan. In the 60s of the twentieth century, a new oil Klondike with large oil reserves appeared on the map of Kazakhstan. The personality of R. Utesinova allows us to assess the role and importance of famous oilmen in the development of the riches of the Mangyshlak peninsula. At the present stage of history, the rich reserves of oil and gas serve for the benefit of the society of independent Kazakhstan and strengthen the sovereignty of the country. This study reveals the unknown pages of R. 's life Utesinov, the process of becoming an oil engineer and party leader of the Guryev region.

Люди и судьбы Коминтерна: Тууре Лехен

The publication highlights the unknown pages of the Comintern's activities in the 1920s – 1930s. The focus of attention is Tuure Lehen (Alfred), a specialist in military work of the apparatus of the Executive Committee of the Comintern. The author reveals the content of the work of the Comintern in Germany, Austria, activities to ensure the work of secret commissions created in the Organizational Department of the Executive Committee of the Comintern in the context of the personal history. The paper presents the plots related to the mechanism of functioning of the Comintern, and the characteristics of a number of employees of the Comintern, with whom Alfred had to interact.

Parambumalai (Piranmalai) in the Liberation Struggle

Parambumalai, which days back to the Sangam period, is now known as Piranmalai. It was a separate area from the rule of the Chera, Chola and Pandya empires. Sivagangai and Ramanathapuram were part of the princely state during the Indian Liberation War. The battlefield where the heroes Maruthupandiyar, Velunachchiyar, Veerapandiya Kattabomman and Oomaithurai fought valiantly is Piranmalai. There is a huge fort and an armoury here. History has shown that the greatest wars against the British army took place here. Rocket launchers, artillery, guns, etc. had been used in combat. The Battle of Piranmalai has been hailed as the foremost and most important war in the history of the Indian liberation struggle. T hese histories are scattered without being fully compiled. The English general Welsh’s notes, military records, and folk songs are now updating these histories. These will help to open the unknown pages of the history of Indian independence struggle. Thus, the unknown Piranmalai will become as important as other symbols of India's liberation struggle.

On the history of growing ivies in Nikitsky botanical garden

Problems of the history of cultivation of taxa and culta of the genus Hedera in Nikitsky botanical garden are analyzed. Data on the genus Hedera is revealed to be incomplete and contradictory or absent at all on the various stage of the Garden history. The most important impetus to ivy collection development was given by N.A. Hartwiss and L.I. Uleiskaya. Author shows unknown pages of the history: he revealed some specimens of ivy cultivars that were grown here up to the end of 1920-s, and several ivy cultivars were discovered as relicts of cultivation in the arboretum of Nikitsky garden and also in the former Hartwiss’ estate in Artek.

The challenge of the times: the Comintern people in the face of growing military threats from the West (1920-1930s)

The materials of the article are based on the declassified papers of the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History (RSASPH), constituting the documentary basis of the publication. The subjects related to the mechanism of functioning of the Comintern in the field of anti-war activities aimed at preventing a new world war are highlighted. The focus is on unknown pages of illegal activities of the specialist in military work Tuure Lehén (Alfred Langer), a military intelligence officer and an employee of the Executive Committee of the Comintern (ECCI), associated with ensuring the work of secret commissions created in the Organizational Department of the ECCI, in the 1920s-1930s.

Молдавская Автономная Советская Социалистическая Республика в составе УССР 1924-1940 гг.: историография

The article aims to study and characterize the scientific works of domestic and foreign historians dedicated to the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic - a nation-state entity that existed as part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic during 1924-1940. The research methodology is based on the general research principles of historicism, objectivity, scientificity, and special historical methods of historiographical, logical, and source analysis, as well as narrative and problem-chronological. The scientific novelty of the work is that it conducted a comprehensive study of the scientific achievements of Ukrainian and Moldovan scientists’ problems related to the formation, features of socio-economic and ethno-national development, as well as the liquidation of the Autonomous Republic of Moldova. Conclusions. The historiography of the chosen problem can be divided into several main periods. The first of them is the work of Soviet researchers. Based on the methodological principles they used, it can be noted that the subject of their research was the historical preconditions for the formation of the Republic and its success in socialist construction. Considerable attention in their works is paid to national and cultural construction, development of education, and culture. The second period covers the works of modern Ukrainian scientists. In the early 1990s, favourable conditions were created for an objective study of the previously unknown and hidden pages of the history of MASSR. This applies primarily to the study of the real reasons for its creation, ethnic composition, mass repressions of the interwar period, as well as foreign policy preconditions for the liquidation of the Autonomous Republic in 1940. The third stage includes the scientific work of historians of Moldova. Its characteristic feature is the study of state-building processes that took place in the Republic and their impact on the formation of the national consciousness of the Moldovan population. To the fourth, we tend to include the works of researchers of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic. They actively study the local lore problems of the history of MASSR and the history of individual settlements in the region. The methodological principles they use give grounds to consider them part of pro-Russian and openly anti-Moldovan historiography.