University Of East Anglia Research Articles

Corrigendum to "Assessment of China's virtual air pollution transport embodied in trade by using a consumption-based emission inventory" published in Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 5443–5456, 2015

The third affiliation in the paper was incorrect and has now been corrected to “Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, School of International Development, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK”. Furthermore, the initial of the author D. Guan has been corrected.

P043. Specialist Masters Degree in Oncoplastic Breast Surgery: An update of student engagement and feedback

P043. Specialist Masters Degree in Oncoplastic Breast Surgery: An update of student engagement and feedback

(Invited) Design and Fabrication of Organic Thin Film Transistors Using Solution-Processable Liquid Crystalline Phthalocyanine Derivatives

The investigation of small molecule semiconductors is playing a major role in the current rapid development of organic thin film transistors (OTFTs), a technology that ultimately may enable the low cost production of large area light-weight, low-cost printable plastic electronics. Particular issues involve compound design, the development of commercially adaptable solution processing methods for material deposition on flexible substrates, control of molecular alignment within the films for optimisation of the electrical properties, and gaining understanding of the fundamental conduction mechanisms. Semiconductivity exhibited by metallated phthalocyanine macrocycles is well documented and this, coupled with their well-established stability, renders them interesting compounds for applications in the area of organic electronics. Early p-type semiconductivity data were largely accrued for unsubstituted derivatives, compounds that have limited solubility in most solvents. These materials are formulated as thin films typically by vapour deposition techniques which are not suitable for large area deposition. The introduction of substituents onto the phthalocyanine nucleus can confer new and useful properties upon the ring system. Thus, derivatives bearing eight long alkyl chains at the non-peripheral positions typically exhibit columnar mesophase behaviour. They are also readily soluble in common organic solvents including tetrahydrofuran, hydrocarbons such as petrol and toluene, and also chlorohydrocarbons such as dichloromethane and chloroform. These materials have been proven from low angle X-ray reflectivity measurements to be ideal for deposition of ordered thin films by spin-coating. A high drift mobility up to 1.4 cm2V−1s−1has been achieved for holes in the crystal phase of the metal-free non-peripherally octahexyl substituted phthalocyanine. For all these reasons, this class of solution processable, low-molecular-weight liquid crystalline phthalocyanine has become a candidate for the semiconducting layer in the design of organic thin film transistors. Bottom-gate, bottom-contact OTFTs have been fabricated using spin coated films of non-peripherally octahexyl substituted phthalocyanineas an active semiconducting layer and the effect of surface passivation of the gate silicon dioxide (SiO2) on the device characteristics has been recently reported. When the gate insulator was treated with a self-assembled monolayer of octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS), an increase in the saturation field effect mobility by a factor of 20 and simultaneous rise in the on/off current ratio by were achieved over those obtained without surface passivation. These OTFTs show satisfactory stability to storage in the open laboratory environment for 30 days; lack of degradation is an important factor for applications in practical electronics as conventional organic semiconductors such as pentacene and rubrene are prone to instability arising from oxidation. These phthalocyanine compounds are found to exhibit thermotropic columnar liquid crystalline behaviour. The annealing temperature of the active layer of these phthalocyanine derivatives is found to have produced a significant effect upon the transistor performance of the OTFT. Molecules are well aligned in the spincoated film with their columnar axis parallel to the substrate. The drain-source current is believed to be one dimensional hole transport via the overlap of p-p molecular orbitals through the accumulation layer. Although no noticeable changes in the molecular packing due to thermal annealing have been observed in the optical absorption spectroscopy, the disordered film structure is evident from AFM images, following the annealing temperature dependent growth of crystallites in different shapes, sizes and orientations. This gives rise to the variation in the characteristic Meyer-Neldel energy. When the Meyer-Neldel energy is close to room temperature thermal energy, the structure is believed to nearly crystalline. Therefore, the OTFTs using the annealed layer at this temperature produces optimum transistor parameters in terms of on-off ratio, threshold voltage and field-effect mobility. Acknowledgements Thanks are due to Professor M J Cook and Professor A N Cammidge of the University of East Anglia for the provision of specially designed phthalocyanines for measurements. This research was financially supported by the UK Technology Strategy Board (Project No: TP/6/EPH/6/S/K2536J). The pre-patterned transistor substrates were prepared by QUDOS Technology, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, UK.

040. Combining Lifestyle and Metabolic Predictors of Incident Inflammatory Polyarthritis in the Epic-2-Noar Study

Jamie C. Sergeant, Suzanne M. M. Verstappen, Catharine Morgan, Robert N. Luben, Amit Bhaniani, Serena Anuj, RA-MAP consortium, Alex J. MacGregor, Nick Wareham, Deborah P. M. Symmons, Kay-Tee Khaw and Ian N. Bruce Arthritis Research UK Centre for Epidemiology, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, NIHR Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge and Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK

215. Cognitive Impairment in Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome

Katie L. Hackett, Dennis Lendrem, James Frith, Tim Rapley, Vincent Deary, Katherine H. O. Deane, Simon Bowman, Julia L. Newton and Wan-Fai Ng Institute of Cellular Medicine, Institute of Ageing and Health, Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich and Department of Rheumatology, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

Learning about Professionalism within Practice-based Education: What are we looking for?

Health and social care professions are being held to account concerning their professionalism in ways that would have been unprecedented in the recent past. Students of the School of Health Sciences (HSC) within the University of East Anglia (UEA) in the United Kingdom have professionalism taught and assessed in a number of ways and have overt opportunities to develop their professional performance during practice education. In order to augment this further, a UEA Professionalism Charter has been developed, which helps students to define, learn and apply professionalism in a particular way. Since professionalism is being scrutinised by a number of bodies it is important that there is agreement about its nature. Without an overt definition of professionalism from the Health and Care Professions Council (the regulatory body for occupational therapy, physiotherapy and speech and language therapy) this study set out to explore what could be learned about this body’s perspective through analysis of its Fitness to Practice hearings. The outcome revealed that a definition could be identified and that this bears a close resemblance to that used within the UEA Professionalism Charter. The study therefore supports the continued use of the Charter

From global policy to local politics: The social dynamics of REDD+ in Asia Pacific

*Department of Geography and Planning, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia. †School of Geography Environment and Earth Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6001, New Zealand. Email: Andrew.mcgregor@mq.edu.au ‡Department of Anthropology, Aarhus University, Moesgaard Alle 20, Hojbjerg DK-8270, Denmark. Email: Michael@eilenberg.dk ¶School of International Development, University of East Anglia, Institute of Social Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon 1649-004, Portugal. Email: J.Coutinho@uea.ac.uk

Projecting crop yield in northern high latitude area.

Changing climatic conditions on seasonal and longer time scales influence agricultural production. Improvement of soil and fertilizer is a strong factor in agricultural production, but agricultural production is influenced by climate conditions even in highly developed countries. It is valuable if fewer predictors make it possible to conduct future projections. Monthly temperature and precipitation, wintertime 500hPa geopotential height, and the previous year's yield are used as predictors to forecast spring wheat yield in advance. Canadian small agricultural divisions (SAD) are used for analysis. Each SAD is composed of a collection of Canadian Agricultural Regions (CAR) of similar weather and growing conditions. Spring wheat yields in each CAR are forecast from the following variables: (a) the previous year's yield, (b) earlier stages of the growing season's climate conditions and, (c) the previous year's wintertime northern hemisphere 500hPa geopotential height field. Arctic outflow events in the Okanagan Valley in Canada are associated with episodes of extremely low temperatures during wintertime. Principal component analysis (PCA) is applied for wintertime northern hemisphere 500hPa geopotential height anomalies. The spatial PCA mode1 is defined as Arctic Oscillation and it influences prevailing westerlies. The prevailing westerlies meanders and influences climatic conditions. The spatial similarity between wintertime top 5 Arctic outflow event year's composites of 500hPa geopotential height anomalies and mode 3's spatial pattern is found. Mode 3's spatial pattern looks like the Pacific/North American (PNA) pattern which describes the variation of atmospheric circulation pattern over the Pacific Ocean and North America. Climate conditions from April to June, May to July, mode 3's time coefficients, and previous year's yield are used for forecasting spring wheat yield in each SAD. Cross-validation procedure which generates eight sets of models for the eight validation periods is used. To show the reproducing projection between observed and calculated values, the root mean squared error for skill score (RMSE SS) with the persistence model serving as the reference model is used. The persistence model is used as a benchmark. The results show that SADs near USA border show better RMSE SS values and mode 3's time coefficients can be a useful predictor especially for inland province such as Manitoba. Among 27 Canadian Prairie's SADs with perfect yield data, 67% of Alberta's SADs, 86% of Manitoba's SADs, and 77% of Saskatchewan's SADs can get positive skill scores. In each SAD, future yield projection is calculated applying predictors in 2013 for the obtained eight sets of models and eight sets of forecasted values in 2013 are averaged and a near future projection result is obtained. Series of outputs including calculated forecasted yield value in each SAD is provided by smart phone application. A system for providing climatic condition for a point with a permission of Climatic Research Unit - University of East Anglia and for obtaining patent is proposed. There are several patented systems similar to the system proposed in this paper. However, these patents are different in essence. The system proposed in this paper consists of two parts. First part is to estimate equations using time series data. The second part is to acquire and apply latest climatic conditions for obtained equations and calculate future projection. If the procedure is refined and devices are originally developed, series of idea can be patented. For future work, crop index, Hokkaido is also introduced.

Teaching GIS outside of geography: a case study in the School of International Development, University of East Anglia

The importance of developing employability skills of graduates has become a strategic priority in higher education. Knowledge of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) tools is a valuable skill for graduates both in terms of the specific skillset it provides and of the wider transferable skills. This paper discusses the importance of GIS as an interdisciplinary and employability skill within the setting of a weeklong intensive GIS course taught in the School of International Development at UEA. GIS as an employability skill within a commercial setting is discussed, with the focus on how to teach GIS most effectively in this setting.

Comment on “Ebola Virus Persistence in the Environment: State of the Knowledge and Research Needs”

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCorrespondenceNEXTComment on “Ebola Virus Persistence in the Environment: State of the Knowledge and Research Needs”Daniele S. Lantagne*† and Paul R. Hunter‡View Author Information† Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States‡ Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom*E-mail: [email protected]Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. 2015, 2, 2, 48–49Publication Date (Web):January 15, 2015Publication History Received29 December 2014Accepted15 January 2015Published online20 January 2015Published inissue 10 February 2015https://doi.org/10.1021/ez500410tCopyright © 2015 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views1216Altmetric-Citations5LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (173 KB) Get e-AlertsSUBJECTS:Antimicrobial activity,Chlorine,Liquids,Wastes Get e-Alerts

Alan Roy Katritzky. 18 August 1928 — 10 February 2014

After a bright start, first in Oxford and then in Cambridge, Alan Katritzky’s scientific career was spent at the University of East Anglia in Norwich, where he became the founding Professor of Chemistry (1962) and at the University of Florida in Gainesville, USA, in the Kenan Chair of Chemistry from 1980 until his death in 2014. For more than 60 years he was a pioneer in the development of the field of heterocyclic chemistry. His work contributed much to the science that underpins the synthetic work of the modern pharmaceutical and agrichemical industries as well as that of dyestuffs and polymers. His research also touched other areas such as physical organic and polymer chemistry, organic reaction mechanisms, spectroscopy, chemical sensors, peptide synthesis, and reactions in water at high temperatures and pressures. Alan Katritzky worked with large cohorts of graduate students and research fellows drawn from across the globe. Their work was reported in nearly 2200 papers published in the primary scientific literature. He was also very active in the publishing field, writing and editing monographs and reviews, maintaining this prodigious level of output until a few days before he died.

Urban Bodies: Communal Health in Late Medieval English Towns and Cities by Carole Rawcliffe (review)

Reviewed by: Urban Bodies: Communal Health in Late Medieval English Towns and Cities by Carole Rawcliffe Meg Bernstein Carole Rawcliffe, Urban Bodies: Communal Health in Late Medieval English Towns and Cities (Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2013) 445 pp. Rawcliffe has long been one of the clearest and loudest voices on the topic of medieval health, healing, and hospitals; among her myriad publications in that field are Leprosy in the Middle Ages (2006) and Medicine for the Soul: the Life, Death, and Resurrection of an English Medieval Hospital (1999). In Urban Bodies, Rawcliffe departs from her previous works that focused primarily on case studies in Norwich, where she is based at the University of East Anglia. In this book, she looks broadly at English health in terms of the urban population; she also makes frequent mention of useful comparanda on the continent. The result is a study that is both usefully broad while also remaining extremely attentive to specific documentary sources. Urban Bodies is composed of an introduction, six chapters thoughtfully organized into thematic subsections, and a conclusion. Additionally, Rawcliffe provides an appendix titled “National and Urban Epidemics, 1257–1530,” which remediates the problem of cataloguing some of the smaller and lesser-known outbreaks. Paragraph long descriptions provide references to documentary evidence for each case, which is illuminating to the reader, and reflective of an impressive facility with a tremendous number of sources. The first chapter, “Less Mud-Slinging and More Facts,” sets the historiographical stage for Rawcliffe’s project. Here, she carefully combats the Victorian idea that England in the Middle Ages was foul, polluted, and populated by people uninterested in improving poor conditions. Instead, she establishes a more nuanced picture of the period, writing about vernacular texts [End Page 292] on health-related topics, including manuals on disease prevention, and the laws created by and censures delivered to public officials on the topics of sanitation and disease prevention (46–49). In the second chapter, “Urban Bodies and Urban Souls,” Rawcliffe addresses the civic concerns of public health in later medieval England; this chapter picks up on the pun of the title which addresses both physical bodies and corporate identity. She acknowledges the commonly held belief that plague was punishment for sins by God, and discusses the institution by both prelates and kings of acts of public contrition to seek forgiveness for sin (94–95). Here she considers the notion of cleanliness and health as civic virtues, as well as the material effects of plague. She addresses the impact of depopulation due to disease on the urban landscape, showing that developed areas reverted, parish churches were closed, and building projects were halted due to pestilence (70). The remaining four chapters, “Environmental Health,” “Water,” “Food and Drink,” and “Sickness and Debility,” deal with specific thematic issues. Each of these is divided into between six and ten subsections, which address such diverse themes as “Vicious dogs and marauding pigs,” “Cooks and pie-bakers,” and “Care for the sick poor.” In “Environmental Health,” Rawcliffe discusses waste management, smells, and fire prevention. She examines London’s comparatively early waste pick-up system (137), showing that all classes, not just the elite, sought waste management. The chaos of the urban environment is evidenced by reports of stray animals wandering the streets and sometimes engaging in scuffles, but laws and bans enacted against these practices shows the widespread desire for containment (154–155). “Water” deals with the expulsion of waste and the challenge of sourcing clean water. The chapter opens with Rawcliffe gesturing to the crucial role of the friars in initiating these systems, and argues against the idea that ruling elites were “disinclined either to promote schemes for the amelioration of public water supplies, or even to shoulder the burden of maintaining whatever rudimentary facilities were already in place” (179–180). This chapter also addresses the medical beliefs about water, including the importance of Arabic texts such as Ibn-Sina’s Canon of Medicine, which discussed the health risks of consuming infected water (189). Rawcliffe showed that some of the trades were the worst offenders in terms of water purity, but that “the considerable sums of money expended on aqueducts, conduits, dike, wells and gutters...

Book Reviews

Roger Fouquet of the London School of Economics reviews “Power to the People: Energy in Europe over the Last Five Centuries”, by Astrid Kander, Paolo Malanima, and Paul Warde. The Econlit abstract of this book begins: “Examines the relationships between energy consumption and economic development in Europe over the last five centuries. Discusses preindustrial economies--traditional sources and constraints and dynamics; the first industrial revolution--a modern energy regime, the coal development block, and energy and industrial growth; and the second and third industrial revolutions--energy transitions in the twentieth century, major development blocks in the twentieth century and their impacts on energy, the role of energy in twentieth-century economic growth, and implications for the future. Kander is Professor of Economic History at Lund University. Malanima is Director of the Institute of Studies on Mediterranean Societies at the National Research Council in Italy. Warde is Reader in Early Modern History at the University of East Anglia and Research Associate at the Centre for History and Economics at Magdalene College, University of Cambridge.”

Dispatches

Dispatches

Redefining the role(s) of endothelial αvβ3-integrin in angiogenesis.

For nearly two decades now, the RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp)-binding αvβ3-integrin has been a focus of anti-angiogenic drug design. These inhibitors are well-tolerated, but have shown only limited success in patients. Over the years, studies in β3-integrin-knockout mice have shed some light on possible explanations for disappointing clinical outcomes. However, studying angiogenesis in β3-integrin-knockout mice is a blunt tool to investigate β3-integrin's role in pathological angiogenesis. Since establishing our laboratory at University of East Anglia (UEA), we have adopted more refined models of genetically manipulating the expression of the β3-integrin subunit. The present review will highlight some of our findings from these models and describe how data from them have forced us to rethink how targeting αvβ3-integrin expression affects tumour angiogenesis and cancer progression. Revisiting the fundamental biology behind how this integrin regulates tumour growth and angiogenesis, we believe, is the key not only to understanding how angiogenesis is normally co-ordinated, but also in success with drugs directed against it.

A Backward Glance over Some Leading Citizens in the Poe World

Having grown up, academically speaking, in the shadow of Arthur Hobson Quinn, who lived roughly half an hour from my college, Ursinus, and with so many of my college teachers having studied their American literature at the University of Pennsylvania, where Quinn was supreme when American literature was still a fairly new subject in university instruction, and now with myself looking like I might well be a contemporary of Quinn, or even Poe and John Greenleaf Whittier, and being from a family in which genealogy was important, it may be natural that I should represent historical memory and share my recollections of some persons who pioneered in and opened up Poe studies. Some may be surprised to learn that Professor Quinn was, first and foremost, not a Poe specialist, but that his preeminent scholarly love was American drama. For pre-twentieth-century American plays, Quinn’s studies typically remain, after nearly a century, almost the only informed commentaries. Many have become increasingly aware that William Dunlap, America’s first major playwright, and the novelist Charles Brockden Brown, might each properly be deemed the Adam to American literary Gothicism. To return to Professor Quinn: when I began my own academic studies, he was in his eighties, ill, and housebound. He spent most of his time nestled in a chair, swathed in blankets and quilts, and wearing a sun shade, claiming that reading so many early American plays had ruined his eyesight. Before such ills befell him, Quinn was active in having established the Clothier Collection of American Drama at the University of Pennsylvania, which remains one of the foremost collections of early American plays. The Poe interest emerged from Quinn’s own work in American drama—Poe’s parents being actors—and from his aim to furnish an accurate biographical portraiture of Poe which would demolish the long-standing depiction by Rufus Griswold. Spending more than twenty years in preparing that biography, which appeared first in 1941 but has stood the test of time well enough to go through several reprintings, Quinn achieved a solid narrative account, though many of his critical opinions have been modified or superseded in the work of others. A Quinn student, J. Albert Robbins, followed his mentor’s practices in determining to present factually accurate scholarship, as some early volumes in the American Literary Scholarship journal attest. Robbins often recounted to me anecdotes of his days as Quinn’s student. Those who know Quinn primarily for

Dr. Roger Huntly Newman (1st March 1949–26th July 2014)

Roger’s nature, and he himself freely admitted to being a pedant, meant that he was destined to excel in his chosen fields of interest. In 1966 Roger had an idea that he would like to pursue a career in Science. In New Zealand in the 1960s this meant either becoming staff at a University or joining the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR). Roger cold-called Ian Walker the director of the DSIR and enquired what he would need to do to be a scientist? The answer saw Roger enrolled at the University of Canterbury (NZ) where he obtained a BSc (Hons) in quantum chemistry and in the process learned to use the powerful multi-kilobyte computers of the time. This instilled in Roger a love of computational chemistry and mathematical modelling of data that became such a large part of Roger’s final research years. From 1970 until 1973 Roger was employed as a scientist in the physical chemistry division of the DSIR. His section was responsible for X-ray diffraction and spectroscopic techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance. Roger was involved in some of the initial work on spin–lattice relaxation of liquid crystal systems and the effect of gradients on NMR experiments (McLachlan et al. 1971, 1973) that thus became a mainstay technique over Roger’s long research career. In 1973 Roger was awarded an NRAC Fellowship to carry out a PhD at the University of East Anglia (UK) in the area of theoretical and practical carbon, phosphorus and silicon NMR under Robin Harris (Harris and Newman 1977; Harris et al. 1984). He returned to DSIR to become the Spectroscopy Section Leader in 1984 and later, in 1986, took up a 2 year position at Oxford University (UK) as a visiting scientist investigating maximum entropy applications to NMR signal processing (Newman 1988). Roger returned to work as a Research Scientist from 1987 at the DSIR (which became Industrial Research Limited in 1992) until 2004 when he accepted a position at Scion as a Principal Scientist in the area of bio-based materials (Newman et al. 2007). After a brief foray in 1974 into lanthanide induced proton chemical shift modelling (Newman and Neal 1974), Roger’s focus was directed toward the use of NMR to problems in natural materials and environmental science. Roger applied NMR to soil, coal and mineral research, utilising multinuclear and NMR relaxation experiments (Newman and Tate 1980; Newman and Davenport 1987; Parker et al. 1995). In 1979 Roger published the first paper in what was to become his primary area of expertise, NMR, to study the chemistry of plant biology and structure. Roger’s initial focus was on structural determination S. J. Hill (&) Biopolymers and Chemicals, 49 Sala Street, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3010, Bay of Plenty, New Zealand e-mail: stefan.hill@scionresearch.com

Droughts in a warming climate: A global assessment of Standardized precipitation index (SPI) and Reconnaissance drought index (RDI)

Summary Both drought and aridity indicate imbalance in water availability. While drought is a natural temporal hazard, aridity is a constant climatic feature. This paper investigates the changes in drought characteristics across different aridity zones with and without consideration of potential evapotranspiration (PET), as a means to better assess drought in a warming climate. Two drought indexes are employed: (1) Standardized precipitation index (SPI), which is solely based on precipitation; and (2) Reconnaissance drought index (RDI), which, in addition to precipitation, takes PET into account. The two indexes are first employed to observed precipitation and PET data for the period 1960–2009 from the CRU (Climate Research Unit, University of East Anglia) TS 3.1 database. The results indicate that although all the aridity zones experience both downward and upward drought trends, no significant trend is found over large parts of the zones. However, the agreement between SPI and RDI reduces from the hyper-arid zone on one extreme toward the humid zone on the other. In the three more humid zones (i.e. semi-arid, sub-humid, and humid), the indexes exhibit different trends, with RDI showing more decreasing trends (i.e. becoming drier). While SPI generally shows more drought prone areas than RDI for the pre-1998 period, the opposite is observed for the post-1998 period. Given the known changes to PET in observed records, and also expected increases as global warming intensifies, these results suggest that RDI will be consistently different to the SPI as global warming intensifies. This hypothesis is further tested for historic and future climate projections from the CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australia) Mk3.6 global climate model (GCM), with use of the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) and RCP8.5 (Representative Concentration Pathways). In this case, PET is calculated using FAO56-PM model for assessment of RDI. The results suggest that agreement between SPI and RDI is affected and decreases remarkably over time (between 1850 and 2100). All these lead to the conclusion that, in the face of climate change, PET, an important component in the hydrologic cycle, should not be ignored in drought modeling.

Training Day: biophysical techniques for probing biological systems: 1–2 July 2014, University of East Anglia, UK

Earlier this year one of the first Biochemical Society-supported Training Days took place at the University of East Anglia (UEA). The opportunity to host a practical handson event based upon ‘Biophysical Techniques for Probing Biological Systems’ was provided by the well-established Centre for Molecular and Structural Biochemistry (CMSB). This centre which straddles the Schools of Chemistry and Biological Sciences at UEA offers world-leading research across a unique range of biophysical techniques including NMR, EPR, CD, MCD, protein electrochemistry and rapid reaction kinetics. Well over 30 students from around the UK attended and received hand-on experience and dedicated instruction from world-leading experts in all these techniques. One of the organisers, Fraser MacMillan, said “the event was an overwhelming success and plans are already afoot to repeat this training event, which also receives key CPD credits, on a regular basis”.

Heinen, Armin and Schmitt, Oliver Jens (eds). Inszenierte Gegenmacht von rechts. Die ‘Legion Erzengel Michael in Rumnien 1918–1938 (review)

REVIEWS 779 his judgment is sound, even if not everyone will agree with his contention that British policy sought to engineer a Russo-Japanese rapprochement after 1907 in an effort to contain Germany. This book is a considerable scholarly achievement. What a shame, however, that Professor Berton and his readers have not been better served by his publishers. The price is exorbitant, and will ensure a limited readership; and the production of the book — forty-five lines squeezed in small font onto each page — leaves much to be desired. Author and readers deserve better. University of East Anglia T. G. Otte Heinen, Armin and Schmitt, Oliver Jens (eds). Inszenierte Gegenmacht von rechts. Die ‘Legion Erzengel Michael’ in Rumänien 1918–1938. Sudosteuropäische Arbeiten, 150. R. Oldenbourg, Munich, 2013. 400 pp. Maps. Illustrations. Figures. Tables. Notes. Bibliography. Indexes. €54.95. The ‘Legion of the Archangel Michael’, also known as the Iron Guard, was the only radical movement of the right in Europe to come to power without the assistance of Germany or Italy, and the only one to be toppled during Nazi Germany’s domination of continental Europe. During the Legion’s period of rule in Romania (1940–41), through its reach for total power, the excesses of the Legionary police, the utter mismanagement of the state administration and the economy by inexperienced youthful militants, it antagonized most middle-class Romanians and challenged General Ion Antonescu’s own political authority. Faced with the prospect of a breakdown in order in the country should the Guard seize complete control of the state, the officer corps stood firmly behind Antonescu and gave him its full support in his show-down with the Guard in January 1941. As the title of this penetrating volume of essays on the formative years of the Legion indicates, we are presented here with analyses of the political, social and cultural practice of the movement, one which the editors judiciously term ‘a counter-force of the Right’. Armin Heinen’s name is associated with his outstanding study of the Iron Guard in Romania which appeared in 1986 at a time when access to the relevant archives in Romania was virtually closed to non-Romanian scholars. The contributions to this volume, from scholars of the Legion such as the two editors (Heinen on the Legion’s electoral performance, Schmitt on its labour force) Constantin Iordachi (‘Fascism, Charisma and Politics’), Rebecca Haynes (‘The Ritualization of the “New Man”’) Radu Harald Dinu (‘Antisemitism as Social Practice’) and Roland Clark (‘The Women in the Legion’) — there are others, too, no less worthy of mention — lead us to the SEER, 92, 4, OCTOBER 2014 780 conclusion that if we define some of the characteristic features of fascism as a crisis of identity stemming from the traditional, often ethnic features of the community, and an authoritarian, para-military type of organization, then the most significant movement in Romania to which this definition could be applied was the Legion. But such a judgement, although accurate, requires qualification, as the editors imply in their perceptive introduction. The impact of modernity and the widespread rebellions against its influence on culture and religion provided the dynamics of the Legion’s antisemitism. That antisemitism was in part an attempt to heal the profound malaise resulting from a constellation of factors which prevented interwar Romanians from enjoying a clear sense of identity, collective national purpose, and place in ‘the modern world’. To these we can add a hatred of Marxism. As Henry Roberts pointed out, ‘fascism is not generally anti-industrial […]. But in the case of Rumania, with its particular position vis-à-vis industrial society, the fascist response in its most characteristic form involved this negation and an exaltation of the peasant’ (Rumania: Political Problems of an Agrarian State, New Haven, CT, 1951). Another unique aspect of the Legion was its missionary role, addressed by Iordachi in his contribution. In his autobiography Corneliu Codreanu, the Legion’s founder, described how he received a vision of the archangel Michael in the chapel of the Văcăreşti prison in Bucharest in November 1923 and the archangel urged him to dedicate his life to God. After his release from jail in...