University Of East Anglia Research Articles

The Psychological Impact of Quarantine and How to Reduce It: Rapid Review of the Evidence

The January 2020 coronavirus outbreak has seen many countries plan to ‘self-isolate’ or quarantine people who have potentially come into contact with the infection. Decisions on how to apply quarantine should be based on best available evidence. We conducted a rapid review of the psychological impact of quarantine using three electronic databases. 3166 papers were found and 24 included in the review. The majority of reviewed studies reported negative psychological effects including post-traumatic stress symptoms, confusion and anger. Stressors included longer quarantine duration, infection fears, frustration, boredom, inadequate supplies, inadequate information, financial loss and stigma. Some suggested long-lasting effects. Where quarantine is deemed necessary, officials should quarantine for no longer than necessary; provide clear rationale for quarantine and information about protocols; and ensure sufficient supplies are provided. Appeals to altruism by reminding the public about the benefits of quarantine to wider society can be beneficial.Funding: The research was funded by the National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Emergency Preparedness and Response at King’s College London in partnership with Public Health England (PHE), in collaboration with the University of East Anglia and Newcastle University. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR, the Department of Health and Social Care, or Public Health England. Declaration of Interest: We declare no competing interests.

Spatio-Temporal Assessment of Climate in Response to Solar Radiation Changes over Nigeria Using Satellite Data

Spatiotemporal assessment of climate elements in response to solar radiation changes is vital for understanding the interaction between solar energy budget and climate over Nigeria. In this work, the spatio-temporal assessment of climate changes in response to solar radiation budget was done using regression and correlation analysis on satellite remote sensing and gridded observation data. The satellite data sets include; the Top Net Solar radiation data, obtained from European Medium Range Weather Forecast Reanalysis version 5 data set (ERA5) and Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface (ERSST) data set. The gridded observation climate data sets were obtained from Climate Research Unit (CRU) of University of East Anglia. The 250 x 250 m Digital Elevation data sets were obtained from Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM). Results showed the Top net solar radiation (J/m²), precipitation and temperature indicated trends (R-square values) of 8643.9 (0.08), -0.287 (0.06) and 0.019 (0.26) per year respectively. The correlation between Top net radiation and temperature shows, 7, 2 and 91% pixels to be negatively, zero and positively correlated while the correlation between Top net radiation and precipitation shows, 71, 8 and 21% pixels respectively to be negatively, zero and positively correlated. Results shows that there was no direct relationship between Elnino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) but arguably, temperature showed indirect relationship with Top net solar radiation. Also, residual analysis was applied to delineate areas that have no direct relationship between radiation and climate parameters.

Challenges in public perception: highlights from the United Kingdom-Brazil Dementia Workshop

ABSTRACT.In July 2019, Belo Horizonte hosted an international workshop for 27 junior researchers, whose participants were from Brazil and the United Kingdom. This three-day meeting organized by the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais and the University of East Anglia addressed challenges in cognitive impairment and dementia, with particular interest in public perceptions, diagnosis and care management. The purpose of this report is to highlight the outcomes of the above-mentioned workshop regarding the topic of public perceptions (part I). Discussions focused on differences and similarities between countries, as well as on identifying main issues that required collaborative and creative solutions. After these group discussions, four core themes emerged: I) cognitive impairment; II) dementia - beyond Alzheimer’s disease; III) prevention; and IV) stigma. National and international initiatives to deal with public misperceptions about cognitive impairment and dementia were discussed.

Evaluation of multiple gridded precipitation datasets for the arid region of northwestern China

Abstract Gridded precipitation datasets for the arid region of northwestern China (ARNC) are thought to have large discrepancies. This study systematically evaluated the performance of multiple datasets for the ARNC over the period 1980–2014 using the observed gridded precipitation dataset (OBS) from the China Meteorological Administration (CMA). The various datasets include two National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalyses (NCEP-1 and NCEP-2), two Climate Prediction Center (CPC) Merged Analyses of Precipitation (CMAP-1 and CMAP-2), the Interim European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Reanalysis (ERA-Interim), the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP), the Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, UK (CRU), and the second Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Application system (MERRA-2). The results show that all the multiple datasets reasonably reproduce the climatology, seasonality, interannual variability, and spatiotemporal patterns of ARNC precipitation, but there are discrepancies in the long-term trends. MERRA-2 and CMAP-2 best capture the spatial distributions and inter-annual variability of mean annual precipitation (MAP). CRU best reproduced the seasonality and temporal variability of MAP. However, ERA-Interim and NCEP overestimated the precipitation amount in mountainous regions, and MERRA-2 underestimated precipitation in almost all seasons. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis indicated that GPCP and CMAP-2 better described both the spatial modes and principal components of the first two EOF patterns. The systematic evaluation in this study indicated that, overall, most of the satellite-merged datasets (GPCP, MERRA-2, and CMAP-2) perform better than gauge-based and reanalysis datasets alone. This study demonstrates that a systematic evaluation of the differences between multiple datasets is critical for reducing discrepancies.

CLR-based deep convolutional spiking neural network with validation based stopping for time series classification

Huge amount of time series data over several domains such as engineering, biomedical and finance, demands the development of efficient methods for the problem of time series classification. The classification of univariate and multivariate time series together using a single architecture is a very difficult task. In this work, a bio-inspired convolutional spiking neural network (CSNN) is proposed for both univariate and multivariate time series. For this, first we develop a simple transformation to convert raw time series sequences into matrices. The CSNN is a three staged framework which include convolutional feature extraction, spike encoding using soft leaky integrate and fire (Soft-LIf) and classification. As spikes generated are differentiable, thus the learning algorithm for CSNN uses error-backpropagation with cyclical learning rates (CLR) and RMSprop optimizer. Additionally, validation based stopping rules are employed to overcome the overfitting which also provides a set of parameters associated with low validation set loss. Thereafter, to demonstrate the accuracy and robustness of proposed CSNN model, we have used University of California (UCR) univariate as well as University of East Anglia (UEA) multivariate datasets to perform the experiments. Moreover, we conduct comparative empirical performance evaluation with benchmark methods and also with recent deep networks proposed for time series classification. Our results reveal that proposed CSNN advances the baseline methods by achieving higher performance accuracy for both univariate and multivariate datasets. It is shown that the CLR with RMSprop optimizer is able to achieve faster convergence, however CLR and adaptive rates are considered competitive to each other. In addition, we also address the optimal model selection and study the effects of different factors on the performance of proposed CSNN.

Art History, Boundary Crossing, Making Worlds

Art History, Boundary Crossing, Making Worlds

Review: The Return of the Past: Postmodernism in British Architecture and Superstructures: The New Architecture, 1960–1990

The Return of the Past: Postmodernism in British Architecture Sir John Soane's Museum, London 16 May–27 August 2018 Superstructures: The New Architecture, 1960–1990 Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts, University of East Anglia, Norwich 24 March–2 September 2018 Recent years have seen British architecture of the 1970s, 1980s, and early 1990s attract growing interest. The buildings of this period are becoming old enough to be the subjects of proposals for substantial remodeling or demolition, and so some of the key debates in contemporary British architectural conservation are concerned with them. At the same time, historians are increasingly keen to look beyond the trente glorieuses of the postwar British welfare state (i.e., 1945–75), which coincided with the high-water mark of modern architecture and planning. How were the architectural and urban principles of the previous three decades challenged and refined during the second half of the 1970s and the 1980s? Two complementary exhibitions mounted in 2018 explored this question, one showcasing the postmodern revival of historic forms and urban principles, and the other examining so-called high-tech architecture, which celebrated structural engineering and the use of mechanical services, fusing modernist enthusiasm for contemporary technology and flexible planning with an interest in nineteenth- and twentieth-century engineering accomplishments. The Return of the Past: Postmodernism in British Architecture , presented at Sir John Soane's Museum in London, was curated by Owen Hopkins, who had previously curated exhibitions dealing with subjects ranging from the work of Nicholas Hawksmoor to that of Alison and Peter Smithson. The show took place principally in the museum's two temporary exhibition galleries, but it began in the adjacent Yellow Drawing Room. There, items from the permanent collection were juxtaposed with those brought in temporarily for the show. One of the giant yellow “egg cups” from the roofline of Terry Farrell's 1983 TV-am headquarters building in London echoed the color of the room, into which were brought chairs by Charles Jencks and others, while the painter Carl Laubin's dramatic depiction of Jeremy Dixon and Edward Jones's reworking of the Royal Opera …

Citizens of Convenience: The Imperial Origins of American Nationhood on the U.S.-Canadian Border

Citizens of Convenience: The Imperial Origins of American Nationhood on the U.S.-Canadian Border Citizens of Convenience: The Imperial Origins of American Nationhood on the U.S.-Canadian Border. By Lawrence B. A. Hatter. (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2017. xiii, 267 pp. $39.50.) Geoffrey Plank Geoffrey Plank University of East Anglia, Norwich, England Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of American History, Volume 106, Issue 2, September 2019, Pages 451–452, https://doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jaz389 Published: 01 September 2019

The forensic imagination: interdisciplinary approaches to tracing creativity in writers’ born-digital archives

ABSTRACTIn 2013, Matthew Kirschenbaum advocated for increased collaboration between digital archivists and digital humanities specialists to make the most out of born-digital archives. Since then, researchers and archivists have experimented with innovative interfaces for access to writer’s archives that emerge from individual research cultures and practices. Simultaneously, archives such as the British Archive for Contemporary Writing (BACW) at the University of East Anglia (UEA) are beginning to collect the work of authors who work in inventive digital ways. This article will therefore explore the following question: how might archivists, authors and researchers profitably collaborate to explore the nature of creativity in the born-digital archive, so that both digital preservation and digital scholarship take place? In doing so, the authors look to the complementary fields of genetic criticism and digital humanities to inform the development of archival tools as ‘hermeneutical instruments’. They will explore how such instruments might allow us to read horizontally across archival strata, building on an ‘esthetic of the possible’ to develop a ‘jouer avec les fonds’, supported through collaboration between researchers, archivists and writers. Finally, the authors consider how this approach challenges archival practices, and propose forms of collaboration that might address both archival practice and emerging forms of scholarship.

Estimating Global Distribution of Evapotranspiration and Water Balance Using Complementary Methods

ABSTRACTThe authors propose a modified complementary method to estimate regional evapotranspiration (ET) under different climatic and physical conditions using only meteorological data. The purpose of this study is to investigate the applicability of the modified complementary method for estimating global ET distribution and corresponding water balance. Gridded data from the Climate Research Unit, University of East Anglia, with 30 min spatial resolution and monthly time steps are used. Using the Thornthwaite water budget, monthly maps of global water surplus (precipitation minus ET) are produced. The results show good agreement with many previous studies. The average annual precipitation, ET, and water surplus are 690, 434, and 256 mm, respectively. The results show that the modified model can predict regional ET using meteorological data and can be used to assess global water resources. Consequently, the proposed method has strong potential for projecting water resource balance under future climate change.

What is Lesson Study?

AbstractThis article addresses the conceptual question “what is lesson study?” as an issue that arises in the context of the globalisation of lesson study as a method for improving teaching and learning beyond its presumed origins in the Japanese education system. To what extent can adaptations of the method in different national settings be interpreted as faithful representations of its practically significant “critical features” in the country of origin? In order to address this question, the article begins by examining the comparative classroom research by Stigler and Hiebert that culminated in the publication of The Teaching Gap. This work is generally acknowledged to have been seminal for the global development of lesson study as a method for improving teaching and learning. Sponsored by the 1997 TIMMS testing programme, the research sought to explain pronounced differences in measured educational attainment between students of all ages in Japan, and the US and Germany. In the process Stigler and Hiebert discovered the extensive use of lesson study in Japanese primary schools as a school‐based research method for securing consistency between learning goals and teaching methods. In doing so, they identified six principles which underpinned the method and pinpointed its practical significance. In this article, the author claims that the principles identified by Stigler and Hiebert can be used as a framework for assessing adaptations of lesson study in the context of globalisation, and connecting it to related methodological ideas that are internationally circulating. In particular, the author stresses links between lesson study, the tradition of classroom action research forged by Lawrence Stenhouse and his colleagues at the University of East Anglia, UK and the theory of variation developed in Sweden and Hong Kong by Ference Marton, Lo Mun Ling and others. Such links can deepen a theoretical understanding of “lesson study” and safe‐guard it against a “cherry‐picking” approach to its implementation in a context of globalisation. The article particularly highlights the importance of understanding the ways in which the organisational cultures of schooling in many countries shape and distort the implementation of lesson study. It argues for the greater involvement of school leaders and administrators in a form of second‐order action research aimed at transforming the organisational context of teachers’ work in classrooms and creating more space for them to spend less time as test data managers and more time as lesson researchers in accordance with the six principles outlined.

Collaborative coaching and learning in midwifery clinical placements

The model of coaching and collaborative learning is based on the nursing model of collaborative learning in practice developed at University of East Anglia and supported by Health Education East of England. The model was adapted to fit the midwifery antenatal and postnatal ward, where it was trialled between September 2016 and August 2017. During the trial, students, coaches, mentors and other staff on the ward were supported by the clinical education midwife. Evaluation data were collected in the normal module evaluations and showed overall satisfaction with the model and the opportunities for sharing learning. The model is now being rolled out to other placement areas. Keys to success included good preparation of the clinical placement areas and supported from a practice educator.

RMetS National Meeting – Arctic prediction in a changing climate: understanding key processes and challenges

RMetS National Meeting – Arctic prediction in a changing climate: understanding key processes and challenges

Initial Declines in China’s Provincial Energy Consumption and Their Drivers

Jiamin Ou is a PhD student at the University of East Anglia, UK. She is the winner of the 2018 YSSP Mihalevich Award, given by the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis. Her research focus is energy and ozone pollution in China from a consumption-based perspective. Heran Zheng is a PhD student at University of East Anglia, UK. He specializes in environmental economics and input-output analysis. His work focuses on city-level input-output model development and low-carbon transitions at urbanization. Dr. Jing Meng is a lecturer at the University College London, UK. Her research focus is climate change and air pollution policies, including theories and modeling of environmental economics, energy innovation and sustainable consumption, and trade policies. She earned a PhD in Environmental Geography at Peking University (2016), and then she worked at the University of East Anglia and University of Cambridge as a research associate. She currently is also a research fellow of Cambridge Center for Environment, Energy and Natural Resource Governance, University of Cambridge. Dr. Yuli Shan is a Senior Research Associate at the University of East Anglia and an afflicated researcher at the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research. He was awarded as a “Green Talent” by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research in 2018. His work focuses on emission accounting, climate change economics, and sustainable development. He has published over 40 papers and has been covered by several media outlets, including Reuters, Financial Times, Xinhua News Agency, People’s Network, etc. In June 2019, Yuli will join the University of Groningen as a Research Fellow. Dr. Zhifu Mi is a lecturer at the University College London and serving as an Associate Editor for Journal of Cleaner Production. He has published over 50 papers in peer-reviewed journals, such as Science Advances, Nature Geoscience, and Nature Communications. He was selected to join the Forbes 30 Under 30 Europe in recognition of his innovative research in the economics of climate change. He was awarded the 2018 World Sustainability Award, the 2017 Best Early Career Article in Environmental Research Letters, and the 2016 Highly Cited Original Paper in Applied Energy. Dabo Guan is a Chair in Climate Change Economics at the University of East Anglia, a Distinguished Professor at Tsinghua University, China, and a Fellow of Academy of Social Sciences, UK. He specializes in climate change economics for international climate change mitigation and adaptation and their applications in developing countries. He was a Lead Author for the IPCC AR5. He was the Highly Cited Researcher for 2018. He received the PNAS Cozzarelli Prize 2014, the Leontief Prize 3 times, and the Philip Leverhulme Prize. His paper about climate change impact on beer consumption received the 2018 Altimetric Top 100 award.

Interprofessional clinical skills: a tool for developing clinical skills, team working and professional awareness between medical students and physician associates

Physician associates (PAs) perform a relatively new role in the medical team, with a similar skill set to a junior doctor (JD). Their role is locally yet to be clearly defined and it is anticipated they will assist clinical teams by performing many of the tasks that a JD would traditionally undertake. At the University of East Anglia (UEA), the first cohort of PAs are about to graduate and take up clinical roles. They will work closely with JDs. Neither JDs nor PAs have much experience of working together locally. Interprofessional clinical skills (ICS) training is known to improve clinical skills, communication skills and team working. It also has the benefit of providing a contextual learning experience in which the roles, responsibilities and skill sets of other healthcare professionals can be better understood. This may enhance understanding of professional identity within the medical team, improve efficiency and patient safety when graduates start in clinical practice. The aim of this project was to develop an educational tool to prepare students of different backgrounds using interprofessional clinical skills.

First person – Emily Jones, Zoe Matthews and Lejla Gul

ABSTRACTFirst Person is a series of interviews with the first authors of a selection of papers published in Disease Models & Mechanisms (DMM), helping early-career researchers promote themselves alongside their papers. Emily Jones, Zoe Matthews and Lejla Gul are co-first authors on ‘Integrative analysis of Paneth cell proteomic and transcriptomic data from intestinal organoids reveals functional processes dependent on autophagy’, published in DMM. Emily is a postdoctoral research scientist in the lab of Professor Simon Carding at Quadram Institute, Norwich, UK, investigating host-microbe interactions at the intestinal epithelial barrier. Zoe is a medical student (research completed during PhD) in the lab of Prof. Tom Wileman at Biomedical Research Centre, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK, investigating stem cell biology, focussing on the small intestine. Lejla is a PhD student in the lab of Dr Tamas Korcsmaros at Earlham Institute, Norwich, UK, investigating the effects of environmental (e.g. microbes) and genetic factors on the human autophagy process.

Climatic Variability and Estimation of Supplementary Irrigation Water Needs of Selected Food Crops in the Sokoto-Rima River Basin, Nigeria

The study investigated the effects of rainfall and temperature variability on crop water requirements of selected food crops in the Sokoto-Rima River Basin, Northwest of Nigeria. Rainfall and temperature datasets were obtained from the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) TS 3.21 of the University of East Anglia, Norwich, for a period of 70 years (1943-2012). The suitability of CRU datasets were verified by correlating the datasets with measured rainfall data of Yelwa synoptic station, from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency. Selected food crops were used for estimating supplementary irrigation water needs in the River basin. Results of Mann-Kendal, Spearman’s Rho and linear regression tests showed strong evidence of increasing annual temperature and potential evapotranspiration with corresponding decrease in rainfall amounts, especially in the northern parts of the basin which houses big irrigation projects and dams such as the Goronyo Irrigation and the Bakolori Dam and Bakolori Irrigation Project. This will impact on the water availability within the basin, through reduction in surface and ground water supply for ongoing irrigation and other water resources projects. Water requirements for selected crops were modeled to ascertain crop sensitivity to climatic variability which will aid in the design of supplementary irrigation water needs models. Results showed that even in the rainfall months, supplementary irrigation of varying quantity is required to complement rainfall, most especially, in the northeast of the basin. Surprisingly, the month of May which marks commencement of rainfall, recorded the highest water need and this has implication for agriculture yields in the region.

A New 60-Year 1940/1999 Monthly-Gridded Rainfall Data Set for Africa

The African continent has a very low density of rain gauge stations, and long time-series for recent years are often limited and poorly available. In the context of global change, it is very important to be able to characterize the spatio-temporal variability of past rainfall, on the basis of datasets issued from observations, to correctly validate simulations. The quality of the rainfall data is for instance of very high importance to improve the efficiency of the hydrological modeling, through calibration/validation experiments. The HydroSciences Montpellier Laboratory (HSM) has a long experience in collecting and managing hydro-climatological data. Thus, HSM had initiated a program to elaborate a reference dataset, in order to build monthly rainfall grids over the African continent, over a period of 60 years (1940/1999). The large quantity of data collected (about 7000 measurement points were used in this project) allowed for interpolation using only observed data, with no statistical use of a reference period. Compared to other databases that are used to build the grids of the Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) or the Climatic Research Unit of University of East Anglia, UK (CRU), the number of available observational stations was significantly much higher, including the end of the century when the number of measurement stations dropped dramatically, everywhere. Inverse distance weighed (IDW) was the chosen method to build the 720 monthly grids and a mean annual grid, from rain gauges. The mean annual grid was compared to the CRU grid. The grids were significantly different in many places, especially in North Africa, Sahel, the horn of Africa, and the South Western coast of Africa, with HSM_SIEREM data (database HydroSciences Montpellier_Système d’Information Environnementales pour les Ressources en Eau et leur Modélisation) being closer to the observed rain gauge values. The quality of the grids computed was checked, following two approaches—cross-validation of the two interpolation methods, ordinary kriging and inverse distance weighting, which gave a comparable reliability, with regards to the observed data, long time-series analysis, and analysis of long-term signals over the continent, compared to previous studies. The statistical tests, computed on the observed and gridded data, detected a rupture in the rainfall regime around 1979/1980, on the scale of the whole continent; this was congruent with the results in the literature. At the monthly time-scale, the most widely observed signal over the period of 1940/1999, was a significant decrease of the austral rainy season between March and May, which has not earlier been well-documented. Thus, this would lead to a further detailed climatological study from this HSM_SIEREM database.

Urgent action on antimicrobial resistance

Urgent action on antimicrobial resistance

Atmospheric histories, growth rates and solubilities in seawater and other natural waters of the potential transient tracers HCFC-22, HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b, HFC-134a, HFC-125, HFC-23, PFC-14 and PFC-116

Abstract. We present consistent annual mean atmospheric histories and growth rates for the mainly anthropogenic halogenated compounds HCFC-22, HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b, HFC-134a, HFC-125, HFC-23, PFC-14 and PFC-116, which are all potentially useful oceanic transient tracers (tracers of water transport within the ocean), for the Northern and Southern Hemisphere with the aim of providing input histories of these compounds for the equilibrium between the atmosphere and surface ocean. We use observations of these halogenated compounds made by the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE), the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the University of East Anglia (UEA). Prior to the direct observational record, we use archived air measurements, firn air measurements and published model calculations to estimate the atmospheric mole fraction histories. The results show that the atmospheric mole fractions for each species, except HCFC-141b and HCFC-142b, have been increasing since they were initially produced. Recently, the atmospheric growth rates have been decreasing for the HCFCs (HCFC-22, HCFC-141b and HCFC-142b), increasing for the HFCs (HFC-134a, HFC-125, HFC-23) and stable with little fluctuation for the PFCs (PFC-14 and PFC-116) investigated here. The atmospheric histories (source functions) and natural background mole fractions show that HCFC-22, HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b, HFC-134a, HFC-125 and HFC-23 have the potential to be oceanic transient tracers for the next few decades only because of the recently imposed bans on production and consumption. When the atmospheric histories of the compounds are not monotonically changing, the equilibrium atmospheric mole fraction (and ultimately the age associated with that mole fraction) calculated from their concentration in the ocean is not unique, reducing their potential as transient tracers. Moreover, HFCs have potential to be oceanic transient tracers for a longer period in the future than HCFCs as the growth rates of HFCs are increasing and those of HCFCs are decreasing in the background atmosphere. PFC-14 and PFC-116, however, have the potential to be tracers for longer periods into the future due to their extremely long lifetimes, steady atmospheric growth rates and no explicit ban on their emissions. In this work, we also derive solubility functions for HCFC-22, HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b, HFC-134a, HFC-125, HFC-23, PFC-14 and PFC-116 in water and seawater to facilitate their use as oceanic transient tracers. These functions are based on the Clark–Glew–Weiss (CGW) water solubility function fit and salting-out coefficients estimated by the poly-parameter linear free-energy relationships (pp-LFERs). Here we also provide three methods of seawater solubility estimation for more compounds. Even though our intention is for application in oceanic research, the work described in this paper is potentially useful for tracer studies in a wide range of natural waters, including freshwater and saline lakes, and, for the more stable compounds, groundwaters.