Universidad Nacional Agraria Research Articles

Pedro Vásquez Ruesta, un forestal comprometido con el manejo de la fauna silvestre en el Perú

Pedro Vásquez Ruesta (1954-2023) was an outstanding Peruvian forestry engineer and professor at the Faculty of Forestry Sciences of the Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina (UNALM), who dedicated his life to university teaching and scientific research between 1978 and 2023. Pedro Vásquez published many books and scientific articles on wildlife management and natural protected areas in Peru, especially on the white-tailed deer and its management through sport hunting in the El Angolo Hunting Reserve (Piura), the behavior of caimans and the feeding ecology of sea lions on southern Peru, and the sustainable management of several natural protected areas. He received awards and recognition for his outstanding work for the benefit of nature conservation, even a species of frog was named after him (Osteocephalus vasquezi). But above all, he received the affection and admiration of his family, friends and students. The purpose of this article is to pay tribute to Pedro Vasquez, remembering his life and academic legacy.

Tutoría y enseñanza en programas universitarios de pregrado

This article presents the results of a comparative analysis of student perceptions regarding the effectiveness of tutoring programs at the Universidad Nacional Agraria la Molina (UNALM) and the Universidad César Vallejo (UCV). Through a survey, the following tutorial aspects were evaluated: advice regarding the study plan, academic and professional guidance, monitoring of academic progress, identification of professional goals and skill development, emotional and motivational support, and assistance in solving career-related problems. Significant differences were found between both universities, allowing for the identification of strengths and areas for improvement in each institution’s tutoring programs.

Impact of leachate on soil microbial diversity and its treatment

This study analyzed the impact of leachate from a temporary landfill on soil microbial diversity in Tingo María, Huánuco region, Peru. Three treatments were used: untreated soil (S), addition of stream water (T0), leachate (T1), and leachate treated by coagulation and flocculation (T2), with 828.5 ml/week added in three weekly doses. Soil samples were collected from the Reserved Forest of the Universidad Nacional Agraria de la Selva. Twenty-one randomly distributed soil samples were taken and homogenized for analysis. Soil quality parameters measured included sand, clay, silt, texture, pH, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. As for microorganisms, viable aerobes, lactobacilli, actinomycetes, fungi, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and Escherichia coli were quantified using specific culture and counting methods for each of them. To evaluate the impact of the leachate on microbial diversity, equity indices (Shannon and inverse Simpson), dominance indices (complementary Simpson and Berger Parker) and the percentage composition of each microorganism per treatment were used. An ANOVA was performed to estimate differences in microbial diversity, with a Tukey test at a significance level of α = 0.05. The study showed that leachates affect soil microbial diversity, reducing equity and increasing the dominance of certain species such as E. coli. They also alter physicochemical parameters, decreasing organic matter and nitrogen but increasing other elements such as phosphorus and potassium. This could have implications for soil health and functionality.

Bibliometric analysis of theses on plant tissue culture in the universities of Peru

Introduction: plant tissue culture is a set of biotechnological methods involving propagation and regeneration of plant cells, tissues, organs by specific control of nutritional factors. The bibliometric study turns out to be a great source of information on the development of a certain area, since it employs methods of measurement and comparison of data on the different sources obtained. Objective: scientific production was characterized through bibliometric analysis of theses on plant tissue culture in Peruvian universities. We analyzed undergraduate and graduate theses on in vitro plant tissue culture in the period 1997 - 2023 from 143 public and private universities. Methods: the sample was delimited in 24 universities (22 public and 2 private) with specialties such as Biology, Biotechnology, Agronomic Engineering, Biotechnological Engineering and others.Results: there are 126 published theses on the subject of plant tissue culture in 24 Peruvian universities. Of the total number of published theses, a higher percentage of undergraduate theses was obtained with 84,13 %, while master's theses represented 11,90 % and doctoral theses 3,97 %. The Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina (UNALM) has 28 theses (22,22 %), followed by the Universidad Nacional de Trujillo (UNT) with 19 (15,1 %), etc.Conclusions: this bibliometric study of theses in plant tissue culture has identified that there is a greater concentration of research in this area in public universities, in addition to being linked to Schools of Agricultural Engineering and Biology

Effect of green seaweed meal blend on feed quality and zootechnical performance in shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) juveniles

Aim of study: To evaluate a green seaweed meal in the diets of Penaeus vannamei juveniles, comprising Ulva spp., Caulerpa spp. and Enteromorpha spp. as a feed blend at inclusion levels at 4% and 8%. Area of study: Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Perú. Material and methods: Analyses were conducted to determine the pellet quality through percentages of dry matter retention (DMR), protein loss and water absorption capacity; and to evaluate the effect of this seaweed meal in the digestibility and zootechnical shrimp performance. Three treatments (diets) were formulated to contain 0% (control diet), 4% (M4) and 8% (M8 of green seaweed meals (blend)), in isonitrogenous (crude protein; 300 g kg-1) and isocaloric (3.3 Mcal kg-1) diets. The shrimps were reared at a density of 286 juveniles m-3 for 29 days in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS). Main results: Among the diets, M4 had the highest DMR value (97.06%), whereas M8 had highest water absorption capacity (185.48%) with lower % of protein loss between the treatments diets. No differences were observed in the zootechnical performance, except for survival (p<0.05), with the M8 diet having highest mortality rate (44.4%) between the treatments diets. Research highlights: Incorporating 4% green seaweed meal in shrimp feed supported adequate growth and survival of juvenile P. vannamei with adequate DMR values, water absorption capacity, protein loss and high apparent dry matter digestibility and apparent digestibility of the reference diet.

Insectos asociados a trampas cromáticas en seis cultivares de lechuga (Lactuca sativa) con manejo orgánico en un huerto agrícola de la costa peruana

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is a vegetable that presents versatility in cultivation techniques. Currently, research related to the productive behavior of cultivars and the evaluation of pests and diseases is being conducted. To minimize the damage of phytophagous insects in the production of leafy vegetables, the use of sticky traps of different colors has been recommended. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to identify the insects associated with the lettuce (L. sativa) crop trapped based on the chromatic trap (yellow and blue), using Razecol 100® (agricultural adherent), during the period from September to October 2022, under the Vegetable Research and Social Projection Program of the Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Peru. 866 individuals were distributed in six orders (Diptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Neuroptera, and Hymenoptera), and nine families were collected. The beneficial predatory fly of the genus Condylostylus (Diptera: Dolichopodidae), was dominant, with 314 specimens, and was also the most abundant in the vegetable production ecosystem. In four of the five temporary sampling units, specimens of the genus Agapostemon(Hymenoptera: Halictidae) and the blue color were preferred by this genus. The efficiency of yellow and blue traps in the control of pests associated with lettuce was demonstrated.

Effect of Geographic Altitude on Carbon Stock in two Physiographic Units of the Reserved Forest of the Universidad Nacional Agraria de la Selva

The objective of the research was to evaluate the effect of geographic altitude on the carbon stock in two physiographic units of the Reserved Forest of the Universidad Nacional Agraria de la Selva, Tingo Maria-Huanuco. The methodology used was the field manual for the remeasurement and establishment of plots of the Amazon Forest Inventory Network (RAINFOR), for which 2 hectares were permanently established (one hectare in low and high hills) in which the diameter (greater than or equal to 10 cm) and the height of the trees were measured. Finally, the density of the wood was obtained from previous studies. The pantropical model formula was used to estimate the carbon stock. The results show that geographic altitude significantly affects carbon stock (p < 0.05) in low and high-hill forests, concluding that this may be due to differences in meteorological variables such as precipitation, temperature, and humidity.

Identification of soluble proteins present in giant squid (Dosidicus gigas) meal for human consumption

Introduction. The giant squid (Dosidicus gigas) is a species of great abundance and considered as potential resource to meet the demand for protein in Peru. Giant squid meal represents an alternative to traditional proteins which can be used in food fortification. Objective. To optimize the extraction process and identification of soluble protein from giant squid meal (GSM). Materials and methods. This study was conducted at the Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Peru, between 2018 and 2019. To obtain the highest yield of soluble protein (Ŷ) extracted, an alkaline extraction method using NaOH followed by acid precipitation at pH 4.5 was applied. Surface response methodology was used to determine the optimal parameters for protein extraction such as temperature, concentration of NaCl, time, and the ratio GSM: solvent. A 1D and 2D electrophoresis study was carried out to find the distribution of molecular weights and to identify the main proteins of GSM. Results. Values for optimal response were the concentration of NaCl 0 M, an extraction time of 35 min, the ratio GSM: solvent of 1:31.72, and a temperature at 71.9 ºC. The molecular weights of the proteins detected were in the range of 6.5 and 38.37 kDa, which would correspond to tropomyosins, troponins, and myosin light chain residues. Conclusions. This study allowed to optimize the extraction parameters and to identify soluble proteins corresponding to the sarcoplasmic fraction of the giant squid meal (GSM), which could be used in the food industry.

Ciclo de Deming y Balanced Scorecard para el cumplimiento de estándares de acreditación en la universidad pública peruana

This article proposes the use of various tools articulated for self-evaluation for accreditation purposes, applied in the model of the National System of Evaluation, Accreditation and Certification of Educational Quality (SINEACE) of Peru, involving in a joint and complementary waythe Advancement Scale, the Deming Cycle and the Balanced Scorecard (BSC), and its application in the Doctoral Program in Economics of Natural Resources and Sustainable Development of the Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina (PDERN y DS -UNALM). The Deming Cycle consists of the processes: plan, do, verify and act, with the participation of stakeholders, and the BSC incorporates strategic perspectives, at financial, internal, innovation and learning, and customer level, allowing to evaluate the strategic objectives. In the PDERNy DS case study, evidence is provided with the level of self-assessment achieved, which corresponds to the SINEACE level of advancement scale of 9.9with respect to the 10 levels to be achieved, which implies being in a position to present the study programfor national accreditation.

Diversity, abundance and ecological importance of plant species for medical use in tropical forest of Tingo Maria, Peru

Peru is a megadiverse country due to the large number of animal and plant species. Its diversity derives from the different ecoregions present that developed with geological evolution. Much of its plant diversity is contained in the Peruvian Amazon, which includes a large proportion of plant species, many of them endemic. Of this diversity, many plants have been underestimated, and it is believed that more than 50% of them have not been recorded. These scientific gaps also address medicinal plants, their taxonomic identification, phytochemical bioactives produced, mechanisms of action of phytochemicals, and the metabolic pathways involved. These medicinal plants are active against common diseases such as: protozoa, with emphasis on malaria and leishmania, diabetes, inflammation, hypertension, cancer, infectious diseases (viral, bacterial, and fungal), kidney, liver, diarrhea and other health problems. This work is based on the study of a forest area in the district of Rupa Rupa called Reserve Forest of the Universidad Nacional Agraria de la Selva (BRUNAS) in Tingo María, Peru, which is being highly pressured by the people who live in the surroundings of this forest ecosystem for domestic use, so it is urgent to sensitize the population linked to this natural resource and make known the plants found there with high medicinal potential for the use of the locals, the nation and the world.

New proposals to strengthen the boom of agriculture in Peru: massive use of genetic resources and development of modern breeding programs

Peru is a place with abundant biological resources that should be employed for the benefit of society in general. However, to date, the use of Peruvian plant genetic resources was not fully exploited for the development of improved crops. This work was mostly conducted by the international private sector. The Climate Change Laboratory at Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria, and other laboratories at Universidad Nacional José Faustino Sánchez Carrión and Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina together with other research programs of other institutions seek to promote the massive and sustainable use of plant genetic resources maintained in germplasm banks. It is planned to make use of modern molecular and morphological techniques. Moreover, infrastructure and human resources are being improved. As a result, we will be able to maintain the growth of the agricultural activity in Peru in terms of space and time.

Exotic Cultivated Plants in the Diet of the Nectar-Feeding Bat Glossophaga soricina (Phyllostomidae: Glossophaginae) in the City of Lima, Peru

While the presence of some phytophagous bats species in Neotropical cities is generally known, detailed information on their feeding habits in urban ecosystems is still limited. In some highly developed urban spaces, native plant species are scarce, therefore phytophagous bats living in those conditions could be relying only on resources offered by introduced vegetation. This study describes the diet of Glossophaga soricina in the campus of Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina in the city of Lima, Peru. To achieve this, from September 2016 to May 2017, bats were captured using mist nets to collect samples of feces and pollen from their body surface. The phytophagous diet of G. soricina comprised resources offered by at least 25 species of cultivated plants, nearly all of them introduced to Lima. Glossophaga soricina mainly fed on the nectar/pollen of Agave angustifolia, Eucalyptus spp., Crescentia cujete and Musa spp., and fruits of Piper aduncum and Morus nigra. Insects were also registered in its diet. It consumed many non-chiropterophilous flowers and most of its principal resources are not abundant in the study area. Results suggest that G. soricina is a generalist nectarivore that has adapted its dietary habits to consume nectar/pollen of a wide variety of flowers and complements its diet with fruits and insects. It is concluded that introduced cultivated vegetation permits the persistence of G. soricina in the city; hence unsuitable green areas management could negatively affect its local populations. More studies on ecology of urban phytophagous bats in Lima and other Neotropical cities are required to conserve their populations in those altered ecosystems.

SUSTENTABILIDAD DE LOS SISTEMAS DE PRODUCCIÓN AGRÍCOLA: UNA REVISIÓN SISTEMÁTICA DE LAS METODOLOGÍAS EMPLEADAS PARA SU EVALUACIÓN

<p><strong>Background</strong>. Currently, agricultural production systems are intensives and develop in a context of climate change, soil degradation, environmental pollution, and scarce resources. Thus, it is necessary to know the level of sustainability of agroecosystems and its implications in economic, environmental and social terms. <strong>Objective</strong>. The aimed of this research was to carry out a systematic review of the methodologies used to evaluate the economic, environmental and social sustainability of agricultural production systems (SPA). <strong>Methodology</strong>. The study was carried out in accordance with the PRISMA statement (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyzes), a systematic literature study was carried out in the global databases ScienceDirect, JSTOR, SpringerLink, Dialnet, Google Scholar, Google Academic, using as search terms using the Boolean operator: “evaluation, methodologies, agricultural sustainability”. Zotero (www.zotero.org), a free access manager for bibliographic references, was used. In the case of Peru, the database of the Doctoral Program in Sustainable Agriculture of the Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina (PDAS-UNALM) was reviewed. <strong>Results</strong>. Twenty-two frameworks or methodological proposals were found. Some frameworks and methodological proposals focus on the construction of indicators of environmental and economic sustainability and to a lesser extent social ones; others in defining sustainability indices, synthesizing values of economic, environmental and social indicators in a single numerical value; and another group that develop conceptual evaluation frameworks with a hierarchical structure of the indicators, start from attributes or objectives, perform the comparison of reference and alternative production systems, and due to their flexibility, they are applicable in different SPAs. In 88% of the sustainability study cases in Peru, the methodological proposal of "Multicriteria Analysis" was used, explained by its low cost, easy definition and interpretation of indicators and adaptable to evaluate the sustainability of most SPA from Peru. <strong>Implications.</strong> The application of methodologies to evaluate the economic, environmental and social sustainability of agricultural production systems are not rigid, in some cases they can be adapted or modified according to the criteria of the researchers based on the characteristics of the agroecosystems. <strong>Conclusions</strong>. For the evaluation of the sustainability of SPAs where a large amount of information with economic, environmental and social variables is involved, there are alternatives such as frameworks or methodological proposals that can be adapted according to the objectives, spatial analysis or their multidimensional nature. In cases of SPA sustainability analysis studies in Peru carried out between 2012 and 2020, it was found that 88% used the methodological proposal of Sarandón and Flores (2009) based on the "Multicriteria Analysis" and define the levels of sustainability with indices.</p>

Efecto del fotoperiodo y el uso de un nutriente foliar comercial en el crecimiento (Biomasa) de Pyropia sp. CHI “Cochayuyo” bajo condiciones controladas de cultivo

In order to determine the effect of photoperiod and the addition of commercial foliar nutrient at different concentrations in the biomass increasing of Pyropia sp. CHI, gametophytic individuals were collected in Santa Elena beach, Paracas - Pisco and transferred to Applied Biology Laboratory of Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. The thalli were divided into groups of 1,0 ± 0,02 g of initial biomass and placed in flasks with enriched sea water with three different concentrations of Bayfolan® commercial foliar nutrient (0,1 ml/L; 0,05 m/L; and 0,025 ml/L) and a control treatment (0 ml/L) against two photoperiod conditions: long day (DL) (L/O = 18:6) and short day (DC) (L/O = 6:18). Biomass (wet weight) and growth rate (g/week) were evaluated weekly during six weeks. The results have demonstrated the effect of nutrient addition in biomass increase of Pyropia sp. CHI where all treatments with added nutrient, for both DC and DL, obtained significantly higher growth rates (p <0,05) than treatment without nutrient addition (0 ml/L). Likewise, a higher biomass was obtained for DL condition with 1,53 g (0 m/L); 2,98 g (0,025 ml/L); 3,28 g (0,05 ml/L) and 3,57 g (0,1 ml/L) unlike that obtained in DC condition with 1,42 g (0 ml/L); 2,79 g (0,025 ml/L); 2,66 g (0,05 ml/L) and 2,65 g (0,1 ml/L) (p ><0,05).

Severidad de Peronospora variabilis Gäum. en cinco variedades de Chenopodium quinoa Willd. en condiciones de La Molina

The objective of this research was to evaluate the behavior of five commercial varieties of quinoa, naturally infected by P. variabilis. The study was carried out at the Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Peru. The varieties studied were: Amarilla de Maranganí (AMR), Pasankalla (PAS), Negra Collana (NGR), Salcedo (SAL), and Altiplano (ALT). Treatments were distributed in a complete randomized block design with five repetitions. Variables evaluated include: yield (kg/ha), plant height (cm), disease severity using Area under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC), protein content (%), weight of one thousand grains (g) and grain size (%). Comparisons of means were conducted using Tukey’s test, Pearson correlation coefficient analysis and statistical significance was set at p < 0,05. Results revealed statistics differences among treatments. The AMR variety had the highest yield (2628,1 kg/ha) followed by PAS (2201,9 kg/ha), NGR (1408,6 kg / ha), SAL (1244,4 kg / ha) and AL (649,2 kg/ha). The most susceptible variety to downy mildew was ALT (AUDPC = 4771,6), followed by SAL (4337,7), NGR (3796,3), PAS (3377,2) and AMR (2364,1). The correlation analysis of AUDPC showed a significant negative correlation with plant height (r = -0,94), yield (-0,88), and the percentage of large grains (-0,81). In conclusion, AMR was the variety with the best yield and the one that showed a high tolerance to downy mildew, while ALT had the lowest yield and was the most susceptible variety.

Bioavailability and Solubility of Heavy Metals and Trace Elements during Composting of Cow Manure and Tree Litter

Objectives. To characterize the total content of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, and Zn) and trace elements (As and Se) of interest, their bioavailability and solubility during the composting of cow manure and tree litter in piles inoculated with beneficial microorganism (IBM), or not inoculated (NBM), on the university campus of the Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina (UNALM). Methods. The investigation evaluated composting in six piles, three IBM piles and three NBM piles, for 120 days. Every 30 days, a composite sample was taken from each pile. The raw materials used were cattle manure and tree litter. The variables analyzed were the total concentrations (content) of metals and trace elements of interest, extracted with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid/pentatetic acid (DTPA) (for the bioavailability study) and extracted with deionized water (for the solubility study). Results. The average values (n = 3) of the total content (mg·kg−1) on day 120 in IBM were in the following order: Zn (404.33) > Cu (86.33) > Pb (71.2) > Cr (34.33) > As (28.0) > Ni (13.83) > Mo (2.86) > Se (1.38) > Cd (1.32) > Hg (0.39) and in NBM: Zn (466.0) > Cu (112.23) > Pb (73.23) > Cr (35.33) > As (29.67) > Ni (14.37) > Mo (3.23) > Se (1.55) > Cd (1.38) > Hg (0.38). The values complied with the Austrian Compost Standard for Landscaping and Land Rehabilitation and the Peruvian Standard for Nonorganic Agriculture. Significant differences were observed in some elements ( p < 0.05) between 0 and 120 days in both types of pile (IBM and NBM). Conclusions. For nonorganic agriculture in Peru, urban compost is recommended, whereby raw organic materials are inoculated with beneficial microorganisms during the composting process to reduce the bioavailability of Cu and Zn, as these elements showed less bioavailability than noninoculated piles. The composting process for both piles (IBM and NBM) reduced the solubility in Cu, Pb, and Zn.

Dynamics of severity of coffee leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix) on Coffee, in Chanchamayo (Junin-Peru)

Introduction. Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) is an important crop in producing countries like Peru, where approximately two million families depend on its production, distribution, and marketing. But in recent years, climate change has increased the presence of coffee leaf rust - CLR (H. vastatrix), a disease that has decreased Peruvian production by up to 27%. Objective. Monitor the severity of CLR in different genotypes of coffee cv. Typica from April-2017 to March-2018. Material and methods. The experiment was carried out in the coffee germplasm bank at the Development Regional Institute (IRD)-Selva of the Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. The severity and the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) in the lower, middle, and upper part of coffee trees were quantified. Result. There was high severity and AUDPC in the dry season (low precipitation) compared to the rainy season (high precipitation). Severity and AUDPC gradually decreased from the bottom to the top of the plant (lower>middle>upper). Also, UNACAF-24A, UNACAF-16, UNACAF-158, and UNACAF-162 genotypes stood out by showing lowest severity (0-1.1 %) and AUDPC (0-714) in the experiment. Conclusion. In this experiment, the genotypes in dry season presented high peaks of severity and UDPC of CLR, meanwhile, in rainy season the presence of CLR was lower. However, in both seasons, severity and AUDPC gradually decreased from the lower third to the upper thirf of the plant. Finally, UNACAF-24A, UNACAF-16, UNACAF-158, and UNACAF-162 presented the lowest degrees of severity of CLR.

Susceptibility to Spirodiclofen in field populations of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) from strawberry plantations in Lima region, Peru

The use of inhibitors of lipids synthesis is among the available strategies for the control of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) in strawberry plantations. The study aimed to monitor the susceptibility to Spirodiclofen in field populations of T. urticae from strawberry plantations in Lima region, Peru. Adult T. urticae were collected from strawberry plantations in districts of Aucallama, Chancay, Huaral, and Santa Rosa de Quives in Lima region, Peru. A population collected from Acalypha wilkesiana in campus of the Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina (UNALM), where chemical pesticide has never been applied, was used as a susceptible reference line. This reference line was subjected to toxicological bioassays to estimate the LC50 and LC95. Afterward, bioassays were conducted on the population using the LC50 and LC95 estimated for the susceptible reference line. The obtained data was subjected to one-way analysis of variance and mean comparison was done by Tukey test (α = 0.05). There were no significant differences between the four populations’ LC50 and LC95, with respect to the estimated susceptible reference line. This implies that the four studied populations of T. urticae are susceptible to Spirodiclofen, with no evident resistance problems. Therefore, Spirodiclofen is a useful tool for the control of T. urticae form strawberry plantations in the studied location. The factors that influenced the results are discussed in the present work.

Los Estilos de aprendizaje bajo un modelo de programación neurolingüística y rendimiento académico en estudiantes universitarios

La investigación se realizó en la Universidad Nacional Agraria la Molina del Perú en estudiantes de la asignatura de Estadística General en el semestre 2019-1. El propósito fue identificar los estilos de aprendizaje y verificar si existía diferencias significativas en el rendimiento según estilo de aprendizaje predominante, el trabajo tuvo un alcance descriptivo correlacional, se tomó como referencia el Modelo de Programación Neurolingüística de Grinder y Bandler (1979), donde el instrumento fue el Test de estilo de aprendizaje Modelo PNL o VAK de 40 ítems, mientras que para medir el rendimiento se solicitó las notas de los estudiantes a la unidad de estudios. Comprobando que generalmente se espera las proporciones de 40%, 30% y 30% para las percepciones visual, auditivo y kinestésico respectivamente, además se comprobó mediante la prueba Kruskal-Wallis, que el rendimiento académico en el curso de estadística general no difiere según el estilo de aprendizaje predominante del alumno (p.=0.498), concluimos afirmando que descubrir el estilo de aprendizaje preponderante permite conocer el tipo de estudiante que tenemos en el aula, el cual nos da un diagnóstico de las fortalezas y debilidades de los alumnos. Además, se puede incorporar estrategias de enseñanza en nuestra clase para emparejar con la enseñanza de tareas específicas, el cual va ser útil y beneficioso en los estudiantes, en consecuencia, mejorará su rendimiento.

Soil arthropods associated with sweetpotato crop (Ipomoea batata L.) in La Molina, Lima, Peru

Sweetpotato ( Ipomoea batata L.) is an economically important crop grown in Peru. The present study aimed to determine the soil arthropods associated with sweetpotato and its relative abundance in sweetpotato production fields in La Molina, Lima, Peru. Evaluations were conducted at Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, from February to August 2017. Samples were collected using pitfall traps and examined at the Klaus Raven Buller Entomology Museum. Soil morphospecies were extracted and separated from collected samples and then counted, recorded and identified. They were also admitted to the Entomology Museum collection. Eighty morphospecies in the classes Collembola, Insecta, Malacostraca, Arachnida and Chilopoda of phylum Arthropoda were recorded. Within the Collembola class, Entomobryidae was the most abundant family; within Insecta, Gryllus spp. (Gryllidae); within Malacostraca, Porcellio laevis (Porcellionidae); within Arachnida, Theridion volubile (Theridiidae) of the order Aranea; and within Chilopoda, the order Lithobiomorpha. By understanding the diversity of arthropods, it may inform future measures and improve control of pests by taking into consideration the soil arthropods among which important beneficial natural enemies could be found.