Universal Values Research Articles

The exploration Batak Toba culture based on Schwartz Basic Values Theory: A descriptive analysis of cultural value Dalihan Na Tolu

Indonesia is a country rich in ethnic and cultural diversity, one of which is the Batak Toba culture. Batak Toba culture places great importance on the philosophy of Dalihan Na Tolu, a traditional framework that emphasizes social harmony and respect. This study explores the relationship between Schwartz’s fundamental human values and the philosophy of Dalihan Na Tolu in Batak Toba culture. The research respondents comprised 143 Batak Toba individuals aged between 16 and 29 years, 44 men and 99 women. The instrument used was the Portrait Values Questionnaire(PVQ-40), adapted to the Indonesian context. The research found that the highest value among Batak Toba people is universalism, with self-transcendence being the dominant value orientation. These fundamental values of universalism and self-transcendence are strongly reflected in the Dalihan Na Tolu philosophy, which emphasizes the importance of maintaining harmony and balance between humans and nature.

Human Trafficking In The Islamic View (Comparative Study Of Al-Azhar And Al Misbah Interpretation)

This study aims to examine and compare Islamic views on human trafficking based on two prominent tafsir works, namely Tafsir Al-Azhar by Buya Hamka and Tafsir Al-Misbah by M. Quraish Shihab. Human trafficking, as a form of modern slavery, is a global problem that is very contrary to human values. From an Islamic perspective, protection of human dignity and rights is strongly emphasized, including the prohibition of all forms of human exploitation. Tafsir Al-Azhar, with a contextual and sociological approach, emphasizes the importance of maintaining human honor and freedom and condemns slavery in the socio-cultural context of Indonesia. On the other hand, Tafsir Al-Misbah, with a linguistic and historical approach, highlights human trafficking as a violation of the principles of justice and humanity in Islamic teachings. This study found that although the two tafsirs have different approaches, both are in line in the view that human trafficking is an act that is prohibited in Islam and contrary to the universal values taught by the Qur'an.

Proton-air interactions at ultra-high energies in muon-depleted air showers with different depths

The hardness of the energy spectrum of neutral pions produced in proton-air interactions at ultra-high energies, above 1018 eV, is constrained by the steepness of the shower-to-shower distribution of the number of muons in muon-depleted extensive air showers.In this work, we find that this steepness, quantified by the parameter Λμ, evolves with the depth of the shower maximum, Xmax, assuming a universal value for shallow showers and an enhanced dependence on the high-energy hadronic interaction model for deep showers. We show that Xmax probes the so-called hadronic activity of the first proton-air interaction, thus allowing direct access to the energy spectrum of neutral pions in different regions of its kinematic phase space.We verify that the unbiased measurement of Λμ is possible for realistic mass composition expectations. Finally, we infer that the statistical precision in Λμ required to distinguish between hadronic interaction models can be achieved in current extensive air shower detectors, given their resolution and exposure.

Silk road heritage: The artistic representation of port trading culture in the images of characters in Qing Dynasty Guangzhou export paintings.

As customized artistic commodities, export paintings mirrored Guangzhou's unique overseas trade culture and social power in a microscopic view, nevertheless, few researchers have delved into the cultural relationship between the use of the painting techniques and the characters of the export paintings. Based on an iconographic approach, this article aims to analyze the historical iconography information of the Qing dynasty export paintings from the perspective of the trade development and cultural exchange between the East and West during the 18th century by the study of the export paintings' characters expressions and costumes colors, providing insights into the exploration of the value of tangible cultural heritage. In the process of our research, shows that: 1) the dominant laboring characters in the export paintings present standing postures, and most of them demonstrate negative emotions; 2) many of the characters of the export paintings show high similarities due to the assembly-line mode of painting during manufacture; 3) the portrayal of the characters in the export paintings reflects a return of a sense of humanity. This is evident in the fact that the subject of the paintings abounds in the scenes showing local folklore, working views, and daily life in Guangzhou. Meanwhile, the characters in the painting are vividly portrayed in a realistic style. The use of mixed colors on the costumes of different characters reflects a universal value of having regard for the equality of all men; 4) Guangzhou export painting decorative art evolution of the development of the dual development of Chinese and Western fusion of veins. Guangzhou export paintings of the Qing dynasty satisfied the customers' reverie for 'Oriental Civilization' and their purpose of seeking novelty of foreign cultures. It also revealed the subtle dynamics of the interplay between Guangzhou's social power, trading capital, and blending art.

Olympism through the Eyes of Coaches: Metaphorical Texture and Colors of Sport

This study aims to explore coaches' metaphorical perceptions of the concept of “Olympism.” The research sample consists of 170 coaches (86 male, 84 female) from various sports disciplines, working in both public and private organizations in Turkey during the 2023-2024 academic year. Data were collected using a “metaphor form,” where participants were prompted to complete the sentence: “Olympism is like ...; because …”. Content analysis was employed to examine the responses, leading to the development of categories and themes. The metaphors were organized into five categories, each comprising eleven themes. The most prominent category was ‘values of sport,’ followed by ‘abstract concepts and spiritual development’ and ‘universal values.’. The most frequent metaphors included life, Olympiad, summit, success, harmony, spirit, and sport. These findings indicate that coaches view sport as both a physical and a spiritual journey, emphasizing that Olympism supports athletes' personal and professional development. In the category of “Sport and Ethical Competition,” coaches highlighted that Olympism encompasses ethical values and social contributions in addition to achieving success. In the “Abstract Concepts and Spiritual Development” category, coaches described Olympism as a spiritual journey and a philosophy of life. Meanwhile, in the “Universal Values” category, they conveyed that sport serves as a means of fostering global unity and understanding. Overall, the study highlights that metaphors are an effective means of expressing the complex and multifaceted nature of Olympism.

Constitutional Overhaul, the War in Gaza, and the Puzzle of Civic Mobilization in Israel

Abstract Much has been written on the constitutional overhaul in Israel, and the attendant constitutional crisis in the first nine months of 2023. Since October 7, however, with the breakout of the Israel-Gaza war, the overhaul was seemingly shelved. This Article seeks to connect both events, by comparing the legal-political response to the overhaul with the legal-political response to the war. It asks why, given the intensity of the protest movement generated by the overhaul, there was a dearth of protest activity after the war, even though both events implicated similar values, namely the rule of law and individual rights, championed by the protest movement. I argue that a central reason for the disparity cannot only be explained by the dynamics of war but also due to the tensions and complexities inherent in Israel’s self-professed constitutional identity as a Jewish and democratic state. In particular, I argue that anti-overhaul protests appealed to liberal universalist values to garner bipartisan support, with the effect of bypassing substantive issues such as the occupation of the Palestinian Territories and discrimination faced by Israeli Palestinians. This explains the lack of Arab participation in the protests, as many perceived them to be an internal Jewish Affair. Thus, when post-war repressive measures mostly affected Israeli Palestinians, the protest movement failed to rally in their support. Although anti-overhaul protests could have brought about greater liberal consolidation in Israel, the relative lack of post-war mobilization casts lingering doubts on the possibility of long-term consolidation of liberal values in Israel. Attempts to depoliticize the protests, while perhaps successful in warding off the overhaul, and though impressive on their own, have likely failed in instilling deeper, more resilient, liberal values in Israel.

Primary physical education teachers as ethical and moral agents of the alpha generation students

Ethics is a set of rules and principles in human life, and schools are at the forefront of developing moral education through physical education subjects. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of physical education teachers in instilling attitudes of universal values in sports. The method used was descriptive. Data collection was conducted through forum group discussions and the distribution of a questionnaire consisting of 18 questions. The participants in this study were 72 physical education teachers in elementary schools spread across the Malang-raya area. This study produces a description and description of the role of teachers in emphasizing ethical and moral attitudes including, respect for the rules, respect for others, fairplay, self-esteem, honesty, tolerance.

High variability exists in 3D leg alignment analysis, but underlying principles that might lead to agreement on a universal framework could be identified: A systematic review.

To (1) investigate the hypothesis that there is high variability in the reported methods to derive axes and joint orientations from three-dimensional (3D) bone models to (a) perform 3D knee-related leg alignment analysis and (b) define coordinate systems for the femur, tibia and leg and (2) identify underlying principles that might lead to agreement on a universal 3D leg alignment analysis framework. A systematic review of the literature between January 2006 and June 2024 was performed. Articles explicitly reporting methods to derive axes and joint orientations from CT-based 3D bone models for alignment parameters and/or coordinate systems of the femur, tibia and leg were included. Study characteristics and reported methods were extracted and presented as a qualitative synthesis. A total of 93 studies were included. There was high variability in the reported methods to derive axes and joint orientations from 3D bone models. Nevertheless, the reported methods could be categorized into four groups, and several underlying principles of the four groups could be identified. Furthermore, the definitions of femoral and tibial coordinate systems were most frequently based on the mechanical axis (femoral, 13/19 [68%]; tibial, 13/26 [50%]) and a central medial-lateral axis (femoral, 16/19 [84%]; tibial, 12/26 [46%]); no leg coordinate system was reported. Interestingly, of the included studies that reported on leg alignment parameters (76/93, 82%), only a minority reported expressing these in a complete coordinate system (25/76, 33%). There is high variability in 3D knee-related leg alignment analysis. Therefore, universal 3D reference values for alignment parameters cannot yet be defined, and comparison of alignment parameter values between different studies is impossible. However, several underlying principles to the reported methods were identified, which could serve to reach more agreement on a future universal 3D framework for leg alignment analysis. Level I (1).

The Jurassic Park and Ata Modo in Eastern Indonesia

Famous for its distinctive Komodo dragons (Varanus Komodoensis) and features home to underwater ecosystems, the Komodo National Park (KNP) has become a prominent and favorite destination of visitors locally and globally in recent years. Situated in Labuan Bajo, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia, KNP has three prime islands: Rinca, Komodo, and Padar. The infrastructure development in KNP formulated in 2020 by the central government of Indonesia, including establishing offices, photograph areas, clinics, warehouses, public spaces, and tour guides' offices, raises controversy about this decision. While the government of Indonesia persuaded citizens that this erection was a conservation effort for protection, preservation, and utilization, UNESCO refused this plan by enacting a refusal document and assessing whether the development could affect the property's Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) before the review of the relevant environmental impact analysis by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Additionally, the local people argue this plan will threaten the giant lizard's habitat regarding the entry of heavy equipment and disadvantage local tourism actors. Using a systematic literature review method, this piece collects and discovers a different concept in the issue of infrastructure development in KNP instead of another scholar's perspective. Walpole and Goodwin (2000) find that economics and facilities are the prominent aspects of tourism, while UNESCO considers the environment in development. In contrast to popular belief, this paper indicates a significant role of local people, known as Ata Modo, in the KNP establishment. This paper's findings propose that Ata Modo, as local people/tribes in KNP, should not be relocated from their area and instead be involved in the decision-making process. The bottom-up approach can be executed as a practice in a democratic process. From the fiscal approach, this development will positively impact local people's economy through collaboration and stakeholder participation.

Basic personal values and vote choice in 20 European countries

Employing European Social Survey data (ESS Round 7) from 20 countries ( N = 20,464), we tested several pre-registered hypotheses regarding the associations between basic personal values—as conceptualized by Schwartz’ Values Theory—and vote choice in national elections. To operationalize vote choice, we relied on the Chapel Hill Experts Survey for expert ratings of party positioning on ideology, policy, and populism. Personal values, and particularly universalism, were associated with the cultural gal-tan (green-alternative-liberal vs. traditional-authoritarian-nationalist) dimension (8% shared variance) and the economic left-right dimension (4% shared variance). The associations with gal-tan were even stronger when the dimension was salient in the party agenda. Associations between specific policy positions (e.g., multiculturalism, redistribution) and values were very similar to those between values and ideology. Voting populist was weakly associated with lower universalism and higher security (1% shared variance). The associations were generally stronger among the more educated and in western European countries. Our results suggest that Universalism values could help explain why the “left” and the “gal” poles tend to go together and are also more generally consistent with accounts of political conflict and cleavage centered around cultural issues and rooted in values.

The Transformation of Ideology in The Social Life Processes of The New Uzbekistan

The extensive reforms being implemented in the New Uzbekistan are aimed at ensuring the priority of spiritual factors in all areas of social life. As we know, today there is intense struggle and competition in the world, and conflicts of interest are escalating. The processes of globalization are bringing unexpected problems along with immeasurable new opportunities for humanity. Threats and dangers to national identity and spiritual values are increasingly on the rise. A self-centered mindset, a casual attitude toward work and family, and a consumerist mentality are being subtly instilled in people’s minds, especially among the youth, through various means. The ideology of the New Uzbekistan that we are creating will be based on the principles of goodness, humanity, and humanism. By ideology, we primarily understand the education of thought and the cultivation of national and universal values. These are based on the centuries-old life understanding and values of our people, as emphasized by our president, Shavkat Mirziyoyev.

From Erasure to Restoration: Antisemitism and the Visual Reverberations of a Revolutionary Pedagogy

Abstract A set of rediscovered revolutionary posters by the Reprint Collective (which was presented as part of Documenta fifteen) in Brussels provided an incredibly moving window into times past. Notwithstanding how the events addressed by those political artefacts now lie in the historical past, the revolutionary reverberations of the posters remain something to treasure. They bring to life political causes that underline the importance of radical solidarity and activist alliances. To understand why such artefacts were banned, we need to recognise the role of contemporary racism – the projection of the figure of a Palestine-radical left-Muslim subject that encompasses everything the liberal mainstream supposedly is not. This article argues that the New Anti-Semitism is a merely ideological manifestation that has no contribution to make toward the struggle against antisemitism. The posters remind us that 1) the struggle against antisemitism cannot be separated from the struggle against Islamophobia, but also that 2) the erasure of a particular Jewish and Left revolutionary subjectivity is intrinsic to the workings of hegemonic forces that maintain contemporary politics. Going against the account in which antisemitism has conventionally been framed, this article aims to come to terms with the erasure of a left epistemology that had emerged from the region in the 1970s. Moroccan revolutionary Abraham Serfaty is an example of how the erasure of the radical history of Arab and Jewish progressives was no coincidence. Reversing this erasure not only helps in understanding progressive Jewish interventions in liberation politics but also that the flattening of complex histories and Arab, Left, and Jewish subjectivities is in fact a prerequisite for Zionism. Arab Jews do not fit neatly within a pro-Israel ideological framework that itself systematically feeds off anti-Arab racism. This article furthermore reflects on New Anti-Semitism as a key political instrument and as a powerful moralistic force that muzzles the expression of political context and social ambiguity. The notion ‘Arab Anti-Semitism’ arose against the backdrop of Israeli state terror and regional warfare. This article also provides insights into important intellectual interventions of the left between the 1960s and the 1980s. In combination with the rise of counter-revolutionary forces and major anti-left crackdowns, this emancipatory approach building on a critique of imperialism and capitalism, and solidarity politics based on progressive universal values, was undermined. Finally, coming to terms with the erasure of a left epistemology that had emerged from the region and recovering this very legacy serve as an antidote against historical amnesia. This spirit of a progressive universalism – as, for instance, illustrated in Mahmoud Darwish’s rejection of the opportunistic dictum ‘the enemy of my enemy is my friend’ on the grounds that one can readily speak of a ‘world’s enemy’ – is born from the belief that our ethical and moral constellations carry universal value.

Value system as a basis for the construction of argumentation of the rhetorical genre

INTRODUCTION. The relevance of the research and its goal are formulated, which is to describe the hierarchy of values that are the basis of rhetorical argumentation and the main tool necessary to obtain the consent of the addressee. The final stage of this hierarchy is to establish the value basis of each rhetorical genre.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The subject of the study is scientific and political discourses, in which the most characteristic types of values are studied at all levels, using comparative, rhetorical and content analysis.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. The concept of “value” in the meaning relevant to rhetoric is analyzed. It is established that the value system underlying rhetorical argumentation should be built separately for each type of discourse. It includes five main tiers reflecting the semantic dominants of the corresponding sphere of communication. The first level is occupied by universal values used in all spheres of communication. The second level consists of basic values reflecting the goals of the relevant sphere of public activity (institute). The third level is personal values, reflecting the required model of relations between the participants of communication, necessary for obtaining the planned result. Fourth level describes the values specific to each individual area of the relevant discourse. Finally, the fifth level is genre: here the main value, which is responsible for the unity and effectiveness of each rhetorical genre, is established.CONCLUSION. The interrelation of all levels of the model and the role of each level in obtaining the planned result is shown.

ÜMUMTƏHSİL MƏKTƏBLƏRİNDƏ TƏHSİLİN İDARƏ OLUNMASININ BƏZİ PROBLEMLƏRİ

The article addresses significant issues pertaining to the administration of educational pro¬cess in high schools. Author highlights that, as Azerbaijan prepares to integrate into the global education system, significant challenges have emerged in the administration of the educational process. These issues, though complex, require prompt resolution. Some of these issues have been accumulating since the period of traditional education, while others have emerged as a consequence of the requirements set out in the State Education Reform Programme. The current content of the Azerbaijani education system presents significant obstacles to the develop¬ment of a global perspective among individuals from all professions, effectively limiting their potential for professional growth and development. The forms of education inherited from traditional education, the structure of the educational system, the distinction between theoretical knowledge and practical reality, the significance of certificates and diplomas, and the actual state of knowledge have created a situation of con¬flict. Author believes that it is necessary to ensure a critical examination of our historical past, to investigate the salient aspects of the administration of the existing educational system in developed European countries, and to identify more effective structures in this field for the renewal of our education system. The administration of Azerbaijan's education system should be based on universal and national values, the spiritual and moral qualities of the Turkic world and Islam.

Ahmet Baytursınov ve Mehmet Akif Ersoy’un Şiirlerindeki Vatan Sevgisi Motifi

Ahmet Baytursınov and Mehmet Akif Ersoy are two prominent poets who experienced the challenges of the same era and produced works guided by similar ideals. The common themes in their works include a deep love for the homeland, a quest for freedom, and efforts to enlighten the people. Both poets steadfastly fought against the social issues of ignorance, poverty, religious exploitation, and oppressive regimes, reflecting these struggles in their poems and writings with the goal of awakening their societies. Mehmet Akif’s works, such as "Süleymaniye Kürsüsünde" and "Fatih Kürsüsünde", vividly depict the religious and social problems of the time, while Baytursınov’s works, such as “Masa” and “Kırk Mısal”, hold a significant place in Kazakh literature and convey messages aimed at deepening the awareness of independence. Each poet used literature and the press not just as a tool for individual expression but as a means to educate the people and mobilize society. They championed not only their own nations but also universal values, and their works continue to carry timeless messages today. This study examines the themes of patriotism, freedom, and enlightenment in Baytursınov and Akif’s works, highlighting how these poets not only identified social deficiencies but also proposed solutions. Both poets made great contributions to their peoples and left profound marks in the fields of literature and thought. The recognition of these two significant figures by a wider audience and the deeper exploration of their works are of utmost importance. Their cultural, literary, and intellectual legacy is not limited to their era but holds the potential to illuminate future generations. This study aims to disseminate Baytursınov and Akif’s ideas and works to broader audiences and to provide a foundation for further academic research in this field. Future comprehensive studies will strengthen the shared cultural ties within the Turkic world and ensure that these two distinguished figures receive the recognition they deserve. Keywords: Ahmet Baytursınov, Mehmet Akif Ersoy, Kırk Mısal, Masa (Mosquito) Poems, Safahat, Patriotism, Freedom, Motif.

Restorative Justice: An Idea Whose Time Has Come?

Is restorative justice, an idea whose time has come? Or do we still await the tipping point to arrive? This paper explores the relevance of restorative justice by engaging with primarily three texts—Changing Lenses (Howard Zehr), Returning to the Teachings: Exploring Aboriginal Justice (Rupert Ross), and The Expanding Prison (David Cayley)—on the subject. While the texts are primarily an exploration of the concept of restorative justice in the west. They also raise questions are of universal concern. I subscribe to the standpoint of universal values, with a qualification. It must be arrived at, by becoming conscious of the myriad hues that characterize human life, by respecting and learning from differences. The idea of universal values has to be a result of a conversation, a dialogue. It is with this perspective that I approach the readings. The introduction in the first section is followed by laying out of the key points of the texts in the second. Howard Zehr’s Changing Lenses is a primary text, which has been quoted and interrogated by the other books. In the third section is in an interview format where I share brief portions of a conversation that I had with a lawyer working in the Supreme Court of India. This section brings out the contrast and similarities between the penal justice and restorative justice approaches. In the concluding section four, I discuss some of the changes that are needed to realize restorative justice.

Preservice physical education teachers’ perceptions of initial teacher education

The purpose of this study was to investigate preservice physical education teachers’ perceptions of initial teacher education and its impact on their professional lives and teachers’ identities at the end of their school placement. It was also the aim of this study to identify school placement contributing factors and key actors in the formation of professional identities. The sample was composed of 272 preservice teachers in their final year of the master's in teaching physical education at a Portuguese university. We collected data through a questionnaire that included closed- and open-ended questions regarding six aspects of the teaching profession and initial teacher education: agents of training; components of teacher education; roles of teachers; motivation for teaching; conceptions of teaching and learning; and changes experienced during this period. Quantitative data were statistically analysed for measures of central tendency, and the responses to the open-ended question were analysed through thematic content analysis. The findings revealed: that preservice teachers considered the cooperating teacher to be the most important agent of training; that the teaching practicum experience was the most important component of teacher education; that delivering universal values was an essential role of teachers; that they had an intrinsic motivation for teaching; that they perceived a constructivist approach to teaching; and that the most meaningful change they experienced during their education was an improvement in soft skills. With the results, we conclude that professional socialisation influenced how the participants performed as teachers.

Legitimate self-affirmation of a person in society

It was found that a number of objective and subjective factors influence the choice of value guidelines and the formation of individual legal value attitudes. The formation of a legal vector of human behavior in the modern legal space requires the development of personal qualities of a person through legal education, the development of value-based legal orientations, legal culture, and legal awareness. It is emphasized that a person’s legal awareness, as a set of ideas and perceptions of a person about positive law, must be formed on the principle of interconnection and complementarity of natural and positive law. In a legal state and a democratic society, a person should feel this interaction in the dominance of universal values and principles originating from the norms of natural law, as well as anthropocentrism in the norms of positive law. The formation of the legal culture of an individual through awareness of the purpose of law, its content, and basic ideas is a guarantee of respect for law and human rights and contributes to the formation of a valuable legal worldview and understanding of the principles of functioning of a civilized society. It is noted that today the state must take care that citizens have the proper level of legal culture and legal awareness, and also, it is important that this process is not ideological, but on the contrary, that a person feels that no one imposes any social models on him and ideals, except that legitimate self-assertion is encouraged. Attention is focused on the fact that the legitimate self-assertion of a person in society is the basis of his harmonious existence in the natural-legal field of the state within the natural­legal space and continues throughout life on the basis of learning the norms of social morality, universal ideals, awareness of the value and purpose of law and unconditionality in observance of basic human rights. The formation of a legitimate vector of individual development involves the interaction of the main social institutions for the development of legal culture, legal awareness and legitimate social attitudes, which will contribute to reducing the manifestations of illegal human behavior.

The influence of reflexive modernity on the change of human capital

Relevance is due to the need to revise approaches to the theoretical understanding of the concept of "human capital" in modern society, since it is considered as a resource for the development of society, solving many current social problems, as well as confronting new risks. The concept of "reflexivity" as a social phenomenon also needs conceptual development. It is also necessary to identify the relationships between these phenomena.The purpose is to consider how the content of the phenomenon of human capital is transformed in the conditions of the formation of the socio-cultural structure of the information society, including the growing reflexivity of social interaction.Objectives: to identify the key features of understanding the phenomenon of reflexivity (reflection) in philosophy, psychology, sociology; the specifics of this phenomenon in the context of the formation of the information society, as well as the impact of this process on the content component of human capital in modern society.Methodology. The author relies on the achievements of related sciences in the field of the study of reflexivity. The analysis of the problem is based on the ideas and principles of systemic, synergetic, activity-based approaches, as well as the provisions of the theories of emergent effects and human capital.Results. The article substantiates the idea that the transition to a new type of social organization, accompanied by the appearance of new characteristics in the social system, led to the development and strengthening of the importance of reflexivity of society. At the same time, the requirements for the individual are changing and the content of human capital is being revised. This process is conditioned by the need to increase awareness, objectivity of ideas about the system of social relations in conditions of expanding individual freedom, its role in social processes, increasing the volume of information produced by society and the subjects involved in this process.Conclusions. Reflexivity as a characteristic of the social system appears at the later stages of the development of society. The basis of its formation was the evolution of psychological processes in humans and a qualitative change in the organization of society. On the one hand, there is an expansion of the potential of the individual and society, on the other ‒ the risks they have to face. Objectively the content of human capital is expanding, and social demands on it are growing. The ability to reflect seems to be an integral part of it. It involves the mastery of a person's ways of thinking and intellectual techniques for perceiving processes and events in society, which was previously the lot of the elite; internalization, rather than declaring universal values.

Telaah Pemikiran Nurcholish Madjid Terhadap Politik Identitas

This research aims to determine Nurcholish Madjid's political thinking style. This research is library research or library study using a philosophical and historical approach. The data sources used are primary and secondary data sources. Primary data sources in this research are books written directly by Nurcholish Madjid, as well as books that are relevant to the discussion, while secondary data in this research are relevant literature materials that discuss identity politics. The data collection method in this research uses direct quotation and indirect quotation methods. The data analysis technique used in this research is content analysis technique. The research results show that Nurcholish Madjid's political thinking style is characterized by inclusiveness, pluralism and universal Islamic values. Madjid believes that Islamic values ​​should be applied in social life without linking them to religious-based political parties. He also advocates democracy, human rights, and education that emphasizes tolerance and pluralism. Background to the emergence of the jargon "Islam yes, Islamic parties no". This is a concern. He believes that Islamic political parties tend to divide society and are used for short-term political interests by elites. According to Nurcholish Madjid, the relevance of the jargon "Islam Yes, Islamic Party No" to the phenomenon of identity politics in Indonesia is very significant. This jargon teaches the importance of pluralism and inclusiveness in politics, so that it can reduce polarization and sectarianism in society.