Universal Tendency Research Articles

언어유형론적 관점에서 본 중국어 방언의 결과상/진행상 표지의 변이 유형과 발전 기제 : 동사에 후행하는 ‘着’류와 ‘在’류 형식을 중심으로

In this paper, we have investigated the variations of resultative and progressive aspect makers in 153 Chinese dialects corresponding to ‘zhe(着)’ and ‘zai(在)’ following the verbs in Mandarin. This study shows that there are various asymmetrical phenomena of ‘zhe(着)’ and ‘zai(在)’ in terms of their distributions, functions or usage overlapping, and that there are many different types of aspectual systems in different dialects: the same form can function as a resultative aspect or a progressive aspect while several different forms in a dialect can have the same aspectual function.BR In Chinese dialects, ‘zhe(着)’-type markers commonly indicate a state resulting from a preceding action, referred to as ‘resultative aspect’. They are grammaticalized from the verbal complement, and in many Chinese dialects ‘zhe(着)’-type markers are developed to progressive aspect makers through metaphoric semantic expansion. It’s why many dialects including Mandarin have ‘zhe(着)’-type markers indicating stative resultative meaning and active progressive meaning.BR In many Chinese dialects, ‘zai(在)’-type markers following verbs denote the state resulting from action. In some dialects, there may be cases that ‘zai(在)’-type markers are not followed by the locative phrases. It shows that ‘zai(在)’ can be regarded as an resultative aspect maker functionally equivalent to ‘zhe(着)’. In Mandarin, “Zai chifan ne(在吃饭呢)” and “Chi zhe fan ne(吃着饭呢)” have similar aspectual meanings which are layered into the same aspectual category through the grammaticalization process.BR In Chinese dialects, ‘zhe(着)’-type markers which are grammaticalized from the verb with the meaning of ‘attachment’ always follow verbs, whereas ‘zai(在)’-type markers can either precede verbs or follow verbs. It is due to the structural and semantic constraints. Both ‘zhe(着)’ and ‘zai(在)’ preceded by a verb follows the Principle of Temporal Sequence. But ‘zai(在)’ preceding a verb is grammaticalized from the verb that took the whole verb phrase as its object, while ‘zhe(着)’ can not have such a structural origin.BR In this paper, we have classified and analyzed the various aspectual types and systems of ‘zhe(着)’ and ‘zai(在)’ in Chinese dialects. This study on the resultative aspect and progressive aspect with empirical evidence and theoretical explanation shows that the development of the Chinese aspectual system has been following the universal tendency of human language evolution along the path of grammaticalization of aspect markers.

A Study on the Use of Organic Substances in the Production of Armor during the Three Kingdoms Period

There are quite a few extant historical records, including The History of the Three Kingdoms (Samguk Sagi, 1145), which show that the three ancient Korean kingdoms waged a long succession of wars with each other. None of these materials, however, provides detailed information about the weapons and protective armor their armies used during combat. Thankfully, recent archaeological surveys and excavations of old tombs and fortifications have revealed that the warriors of these ancient Korean kingdoms wore various types of suits of armor and helmets. Relics unearthed from graves show that the protective coverings worn by ancient Korean warriors largely consisted of scale and plate armor. Of these two types, little is known about the full harness of the scale armor because only those parts protecting the neck and waist have been found so far, probably because such armor was made by combining metal with organic materials. In this study, the main discussion is focused on the use of organic substances in the production of suits of armor during the Three Kingdoms Period (ca. 1st-7th century AD). The study shows that the manufacturers of armor of that period exploited organic materials, such as wood and animal hide, extensively and developed the related techniques for the production of plate and scale armor by combining metal with various organic substances. Scholars have also found that similar techniques were used by Japanese artisans during the Kofun Period (c. 250-538 AD), suggesting that the combined use of iron and animal hide to make suits of armor was a universal tendency in East Asia during the early part of its history. The discovery of only certain parts of suits of armor in ancient graves has led scholars to conclude that only a part of the armor was buried as a funerary item, although one should not disregard the possibility that a full set of armor may have been buried in a warrior s tomb, of which the organic parts decomposed, leaving behind only the metal components.

Towards More Realistic Modeling of Linguistic Color Categorization

Abstract The ways in which languages have come to divide the visible spectrum with their color terminology, in both their variety and the apparent universal tendencies, are still largely unexplained. Building on recent work in modeling color perception and categorization, as well as the theory of signaling games, we incrementally construct a color categorization model which combines perceptual characteristics of individual agents, game-theoretic signaling interaction of these agents, and the probability of observing particular colors as an environmental constraint. We also propose a method of transparent evaluation against the data gathered in the World Color Survey. The results show that the model’s predictive power is comparable to the current state of the art. Additionally, we argue that the model we suggest is superior in terms of motivation of the principles involved, and that its explanatory relevance with respect to color categorization in languages is therefore higher. Our results suggest that the universal tendencies of color categorization cannot be explained solely in terms of the shape of the color space induced by our perceptual apparatus. We believe that only by taking the heterogeneity of the phenomenon seriously can we acquire a deeper understanding of why color categorization takes the forms we observe across languages.

Preventing violence in school educational environment: cross-cultural aspect

The aim of the study was to identify and substantiate the psychological and pedagogic conditions for the prevention of violence in school educational environment based on analysis of regional specificities. Studying the characteristics of bullying in Kostroma schools using the Smob questionnaire and comparing with the results of Austrian and Moscow scholars showed that there are both universal tendencies in the manifestation of bullying, independent of gender, age, ethnicity, place of residence, and specific features characteristic of provincial region. As a result of the study, it was proved that the system of psychological and pedagogic conditions for the prevention of violence in school educational environment, on the one hand, is determined by the universal characteristics of the manifestation of violence and bullying, and on the other hand, should be aligned with regional specificities. The violence prevention programme in school e educational environment should be aimed at developing pupils' skills of constructive aggression management and is based on the principles of systematic diagnostic, correctional, preventive and developmental tasks; taking into account age-psychological and individual characteristics of pupils; the complexity of the methods of civilised psychological impact; active involvement of the nearest social environment; reliance on the events of school life.

Peculiarities of formation and perspectives of development of the world market of the cruise industry

In the article, peculiarities of the modern cruise market proceeding from universal tendencies of development are considered by means of the analysis of dynamics of the world market of the cruise industry. The cruise product as a complex of services is presented in the form of three main subsystems: the services offered on the board of the vessel, the services consumed by tourists ashore, and the services connected with advance and realization of a cruise product and rendering assistance to passengers in the process of the organization of a transport travel. The main directions of analysis of the cruise business and its constituent elements are determined. It is established that the competitiveness of the cruise market depends not only on the share occupied on it by this or that company, but also by the indicators characterizing efficiency of functioning of any economic system, basic of which are: the level of income received as a result of the implementation of business activity, the number of the workers occupied in this direction of business and level of their labor productivity.

THE EFFETENESS OF SOCIAL MEDIA

Social media are a new phenomenon attracting the interest of researchers from different fields–marketing experts, sociologists, anthropologists, even philosophers and semioticians. The problems related to them vary and many remain unanswered. The current paper analyzes the level of social media habituation, taking Charles Peirce`s evolutionary cosmology, and more specifically the concept of effete mind, as its milestones. Other important studies considered here are from the fields of anthropology and media studies. 
 Communication and the transfer of information have always been vital for living creatures, not only humans but animals, plants and even microorganisms. During the centuries of our existence and evolution we have developed complicated sign systems to satisfy the need for knowledge transfer among the members of our social groups. In the digital era many questions about the new forms of communication arise. Here I will analyze one of them: are these new media something totally new or do they follow some kind of universal tendency and predisposition? To answer this question I will consider Charles Peirce`s ideas of habit and habit-taking tendency, his concepts of living and effete mind, together with the studies of Robin Dunbar and Tom Standage. 
 In his book Writing on the wall. Social media–the first 2, 000 years (2013) Standage examines the question of writing on the walls as one of the oldest methods of communication and knowledge transfer. It dates back to the age of cavemen, long before any of societyЎЇs modern tools were even considered possible. Over the centuries these methods evolved and became more sophisticated but it kept their essence and main function–to transfer information for the well-being of the group and its members. Centuries ago at the dawn of human kind, the necessity of survival shaped our predisposition for communication. Since then, the tools have changed but the necessity and the reasons for it remain the same. As such, the current state of well-developed digital social media could be considered a manifestation of the Peircean concept of habit-taking tendency, combined with human natural need of communication and information sharing stated by Standage and also by the evolutionary anthropologist Robin Dunbar.

The Evolution of Shared Concepts in Changing Populations

The evolution of color categorization systems is investigated by simulating categorization games played by a population of artificial agents. The constraints placed on individual agent’s perception and cognition are minimal and involve limited color discriminability and learning through reinforcement. The main dynamic mechanism for population evolution is pragmatic in nature: There is a pragmatic need for communication between agents, and if the results of such communications have positive consequences in their shared world then the agents involved are positively rewarded, whereas if the results have negative consequences, then involved agents are punished. A mechanism for changing the composition of the population due to agents’ birth and death is also investigated. This birth-death mechanism is found to effectively move an established population color naming system toward a theoretically more optimal one. The simulation results of this article provide insights regarding mechanisms that may constrain universal tendencies in human color categorization systems observed in the linguistic and anthropological literatures.

Anybody (at) home? Communicative efficiency knocking on the Construction Grammar door

Abstract The present study focuses on the locative adverbials home and at home, which are interchangeable in some contexts, e.g. She decided to stay (at) home today. Using data from the spoken component of COCA and different multivariate statistical techniques, such as conditional inference trees and dichotomous logistic regression, I investigate the differences between home and at home with regard to several contextual variables, such as the syntactic function of (at) home, the presence of particular adverbs, e.g. back (at) home, figurativeness of semantics and the presence of presupposed arrival in the context. Moreover, special attention is paid to the variables that represent predictability of Verb + (at) home given a verbal predicate and the other way round, as well as linguistic distance between the predicate and the locative adjunct. The effects of these variables are interpreted as a manifestation of the universal tendency to maximize communicative efficiency and minimize cognitive complexity. I also argue that these effects represent an important social aspect of language use that should be taken into account by contemporary Cognitive Linguistics and Construction Grammar.

Assessing Oenosthesia: Blending wine and sound

Abstract Recent developments in neuroscience and psychology have confirmed what many artists have long intuited; that our senses are connected. Research into crossmodal correspondences – the universal tendency of a sensory feature in one modality to be matched with one from another sensory modality – has highlighted strong connections between flavour and sound that have only just begun to be explored by artists working in these sensory realms. This article investigates Oenosthesia, a practice-led art research project that aimed to harness crossmodal correspondences in an artwork that combines a soundscape created from field recordings of the winemaking process with wines consumed as part of the piece. Its success in achieving this was tested through data gathered from participants at presentations of the work in London in September 2016 and in Sydney in March 2017. This article presents the results of this study, which suggest that sound can significantly change perceptions of flavour in an experimental audio-gustatory artwork and highlights the potential for the design of crossmodally congruent sound works that heighten specific flavour characters of a wine.

Sensitivity of Tc to pressure and magnetic field in the cuprate superconductor YBa2Cu3Oy : Evidence of charge-order suppression by pressure

Cuprate superconductors have a universal tendency to form charge density-wave (CDW) order which competes with superconductivity and is strongest at a doping $p \simeq 0.12$. Here we show that in the archetypal cuprate YBa$_{2}$Cu$_{3}$O$_{y}$ (YBCO) pressure suppresses charge order, but does not affect the pseudogap phase. This is based on transport measurements under pressure, which reveal that the onset of the pseudogap at $T^*$ is independent of pressure, while the negative Hall effect, a clear signature of CDW order in YBCO, is suppressed by pressure. We also find that pressure and magnetic field shift the superconducting transition temperature $T_{\rm c}$ of YBCO in the same way as a function of doping - but in opposite directions - and most effectively at $p \simeq 0.12$. This shows that the competition between superconductivity and CDW order can be tuned in two ways, either by suppressing superconductivity with field or suppressing CDW order by pressure. Based on existing high-pressure data and our own work, we observe that when CDW order is fully suppressed at high pressure, the so-called "1/8 anomaly" in the superconducting dome vanishes, revealing a smooth $T_{\rm c}$ dome which now peaks at $p \simeq 0.13$. We propose that this $T_{\rm c}$ dome is shaped by the competing effects of the pseudogap phase below its critical point $p^{\star} \sim 0.19$ and spin order at low doping.

Theology and the Idea of University

This article analyses the genealogy of the university from the perspective of its three defining characteristics: freedom, self-government and universality. The Author suggest that the universalising tendency of university is theologically derived, while the tradition of autonomy is of relatively secular origin. Hence, in addressing the question of the current crisis of theology within the university, we may be addressing the question of the current crisis of the university as such.

Explaining the diversity of antipassives: Formal grammar vs. (diachronic) typology

AbstractAntipassives have different structural and semantic properties and are used under different conditions across languages. They also show a few universal tendencies: For instance, they generally correlate with imperfectivity. Both the diversity and the universal tendencies of antipassives have fostered a variety of analyses of this construction type in the formalist and the functional typological frameworks. In this article, these analyses will be surveyed with a view to establishing their explanatory potential and will be compared with a diachronic typological account of how antipassives diverge and what they have in common. It will be shown that at least part of this diversity finds a straightforward explanation once the sources of the antipassive are taken into account and that most of the semantic and distributional universals of antipassives are persistent features of their sources.

Universals and cultural diversity in the expression of gratitude.

Gratitude is argued to have evolved to motivate and maintain social reciprocity among people, and to be linked to a wide range of positive effects—social, psychological and even physical. But is socially reciprocal behaviour dependent on the expression of gratitude, for example by saying ‘thank you’ as in English? Current research has not included cross-cultural elements, and has tended to conflate gratitude as an emotion with gratitude as a linguistic practice, as might appear to be the case in English. Here, we ask to what extent people express gratitude in different societies by focusing on episodes of everyday life where someone seeks and obtains a good, service or support from another, comparing these episodes across eight languages from five continents. We find that expressions of gratitude in these episodes are remarkably rare, suggesting that social reciprocity in everyday life relies on tacit understandings of rights and duties surrounding mutual assistance and collaboration. At the same time, we also find minor cross-cultural variation, with slightly higher rates in Western European languages English and Italian, showing that universal tendencies of social reciprocity should not be equated with more culturally variable practices of expressing gratitude. Our study complements previous experimental and culture-specific research on gratitude with a systematic comparison of audiovisual corpora of naturally occurring social interaction from different cultures from around the world.

CV reduplication in Isbukun Bunun

Abstract This paper presents a novel generalization of the reduplicant (henceforth red) placement in CV reduplication in Isbukun Bunun. It is shown that the variable red placements cannot be explained in terms of the presence of a PF marker or merely by the syllable number of the root, as assumed in previous studies. Rather, the variable red placements are argued to be simultaneously governed by the size and the syllable well-formedness of the root. The red is normally prefixed to the root; however, if onsetless red is generated under normal copying, the placement of the red shifts one syllable rightward, except for shorter (bimoraic) roots. Thus, the variable placements of the red are driven by a universal tendency for the red to be unmarked and the need for the P-Root to sustain a minimal size.

The PAS of Motion Constructions

This article discusses the syntactic realization and discourse status of LOCATIVE expressions in motion constructions from the standpoint of the Preferred Argument Structure model (PAS, Du Bois 1987, Du Bois et al 2003). PAS posits two grammatical constraints on core arguments: (1) avoid more than one core lexical argument per clause, and (2) avoid lexical As. Our study examines whether LOCATIVE expressions, usually considered oblique or peripheral adjuncts, abide by the universal tendencies unveiled by the PAS. The results show that, in terms of the PAS, the discourse behavior of intransitive motion constructions is analogous to that of transitive constructions, and that the co-ocurrence effects predicted by the PAS to apply only to A and O arguments do affect S and LOCATIVE expressions as well. This suggests that PAS tendencies are sensitive to semantic argument status, independently of he arguments' syntactic role and its morphological marking as direct vs. oblique. The data comes from three Uto-Aztecan languages (Yaqui, Guarijio, Nahuatl) and Spanish.

The Relationship between Culture and Communication within the Ecclesia

Culture, communication and community are not separable from each other. In order to have proper relationships, culture plays a very important role as a means by which these relationships are expressed, but at the same time there must be adequate communication. Reflecting on the different ways in which the human being is understood is also very important. There is, as can be seen, an almost universal tendency to judge other cultures and communities based on someone's cultural predispositions. Thus, how to think, feel, communicate, and behave in a particular culture becomes good or bad, understandable or incomprehensible, acceptable or ridiculous, if they are in accordance with our of thinking, feeling, communicate and behave. In order to overcome many barriers and prejudices, it is especially important to know the relationship between culture and communication and the role they have within the ecclesial community. All this is outlined in a practical way in this article.

Gravity until equipartition of relativistic kinetic energies

Einstein‘s relativistic mechanics can describe the low speed transport of variable internal and translation energies through two independent degrees of freedom while Newton‘s model of cold masses always operates only with one degenerated degree for these kinetic energies. Despite similar mathematics with Newton, Einstein‘s low speed physics for the spatial transport of variable internal heat and kinetic energy of ordered translations differs essentially from the classical physics of constant masses. Gravity of mechanical bodies with internal relativistic heat originates from the universal tendency of kinematic energies to their dynamical equipartition over available degrees of freedom. The free fall deceleration in extreme fields is followed by the accelerated takeoff and by further oscillations around the kinematic energy equilibrium.

Reflections on Hollander’s “Hegemonic Mind” and How to Treat It

This response to Hollander’s consideration of the “hegemonic mind” critiques her social psychoanalytic formulation of man’s inclination to disempower the many to serve the personal, particularly the financial desires of the few. In the spirit of her point of view, I propose that this inclination is a function of active if not always conscious motivation, not a manifestation of “social malaise.” Further, I raise for consideration the fact that hegemonic “fever” is quite contagious, noting that those perpetrating it, and those on its receiving end, are attracted to it. I also consider that hegemony is an important manifest content, the latent determinant of which is a stubborn universal tendency for humans to show ill will toward one another. Through clinical examples I show that hegemonic formulations add to but do not replace other conceptualizations of how to understand and work with our patients’ personal and social dysfunction.

The origin and use of a relative clause construction that targets objects in Orungu (Bantu, Gabon)

Abstract This paper provides an analysis of two relative clause constructions in the Gabonese Bantu language Orungu that are in complementary distribution. The choice between them is determined by the target of relativisation in a typologically interesting way, in that it involves the combination of the criteria of the syntactic relation, thematic role and referential properties of the target. The construction that targets most types of objects is formally nearly identical to relative clauses that target the subject of a passive clause and we argue that it originates in the syntactic reanalysis of such subject relatives. That is, relative clauses that targeted the subject of a passive clause have been reanalysed as relative clauses that target the object of an active clause. This shows a rare type of change in relative clause constructions, which is unique in Bantu, but grounded in the universal tendencies captured by the accessibility hierarchy.

A corpus-based study of semantic differences in translation

AbstractThis paper presents a corpus-driven, statistical method for the visualization of semantic structure, thereby tackling the under-researched issue of semantics in corpus-based Translation Studies. We aim to investigate the influence of translation on the structure of semantic fields and in particular the extent to which the structure of the semantic field of inchoativity differs between original, non-translated Dutch and translated Dutch. The visualizations of the semantic field of inchoativity show that translated Dutch indeed differs from non-translated Dutch on the semantic level. Based on the exploration of the semantic fields, we furthermore formulate some hypotheses concerning the presence of the so-called universal tendencies of translation on the semantic level.