Unit Element Research Articles

Structural and Functional Features of Developing Brain Capillaries, and Their Alteration in Schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia affects more than 1% of the world’s population and shows very high heterogeneity in the positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms experienced by patients. The pathogenic mechanisms underlying this neurodevelopmental disorder are largely unknown, although it is proposed to emerge from multiple genetic and environmental risk factors. In this work, we explore the potential alterations in the developing blood vessel network which could contribute to the development of schizophrenia. Specifically, we discuss how the vascular network evolves during early postnatal life and how genetic and environmental risk factors can lead to detrimental changes. Blood vessels, capillaries in particular, constitute a dynamic and complex infrastructure distributing oxygen and nutrients to the brain. During postnatal development, capillaries undergo many structural and anatomical changes in order to form a fully functional, mature vascular network. Advanced technologies like magnetic resonance imaging and near infrared spectroscopy are now enabling to study how the brain vasculature and its supporting features are established in humans from birth until adulthood. Furthermore, the contribution of the different neurovascular unit elements, including pericytes, endothelial cells, astrocytes and microglia, to proper brain function and behavior, can be dissected. This investigation conducted among different brain regions altered in schizophrenia, such as the prefrontal cortex, may provide further evidence that schizophrenia can be considered a neurovascular disorder.

3D high precision laser printing of a flat nanofocalizer for subwavelength light spot array.

Here, we demonstrate a flat nanofocalizer for converging light field into a uniform subwavelength light spot array based on the fractional Talbot effect by developing a direct laser writing technique with 3D fabrication precision. The fractional Talbot effect endows the device with the merits of high compression ratio and modular design capability for transforming a plane wave into arrayed light focal spots. By combining a synergistic laser printing technique, we introduce a buffer layer for improving the fabrication precision of structural height in favor of accurately manipulating the phase delay. For a given light wavelength at 750 nm, by precisely producing a nanofocalizer consisting of periodic unit elements with the dimensions of 300(width)×600(length)×585(height)nm, we have achieved 5×6 light spot array with modular design, while the full width at half-maximum of a single focused light spot can be reduced to ∼0.82λ. Our research may pave the way for realizing subwavelength optical devices capable of being readily integrated to existing optical systems.

(Re)pensando a construção da nação portuguesa no Medievo

Na discussão sobre os elementos de unidade portugueses devemos destacar as relações existentes entre Estado, nação e identidade enfatizando a ideia de nação como um fenômeno de longa duração, a fim de trazer à tona a importância da Idade Média na constituição da identidade nacional portuguesa. Nessa perspectiva iremos analisar a importância dos mitos de origem para consolidar sentimentos de pertença e coesão do povo lusitano em torno de um agente de poder que se mostrava capaz de garantir a manutenção do bem comum e a justiça equitativa.

A pointwise weak-majorization inequality for linear maps over Euclidean Jordan algebras

Given a linear map T on a Euclidean Jordan algebra of rank n, we consider the set of all nonnegative vectors q in with decreasing components that satisfy the pointwise weak-majorization inequality , where λ is the eigenvalue map and * denotes the componentwise product in . With respect to the weak-majorization ordering, we show the existence of the least vector in this set. When T is a positive map, the least vector is shown to be the join (in the weak-majorization order) of eigenvalue vectors of T(e) and , where e is the unit element of the algebra. These results are analogous to the results of Bapat [Majorization and singular values. III. Linear Algebra Appl. 1991;145:59–70] on singular values. We also extend two recent results of Tao et al. [Some log and weak majorization inequalities in Euclidean Jordan algebras. 2020. arXiv:2003.12377v2] proved for quadratic representations and Schur product induced transformations. As an application, we provide an estimate on the norm of a general linear map relative to spectral norms.

Compact SIW Fed Dual-Port Single Element Annular Slot MIMO Antenna for 5G mmWave Applications

In this article, a compact dual-port single element MIMO antenna is presented for millimeter wave (mmWave) 5G wireless applications. The presented antenna design consists of an annular ring slot that is fed by a Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) at the two opposite sides of the substrate. The antenna resonates at 28GHz and its 10dB impedance bandwidth is 400MHz. The isolation between the ports is reduced by introducing additional annular slot that acts as a cavity which results in an isolation better than 20dB at 28GHz. The measured gain of both ports are 6.9 dBi which is the highest gain per unit element at 28GHz in the literature. The measured diversity gain and envelope correlation coefficient are 9.98dB and 0.065, respectively, at the band of interest. The measured and simulated results are in good agreement.

Improving the energy efficiency of buildings based on the use of integrated solar wall panels

Frequently used facade glazing makes it possible, on the basis of modern trends in the architecture, to increase the energy efficiency of buildings under construction through the organization of passive solar heat supply. Despite the noted relatively low efficiency of the radiation utilization method recommended for the use, it is possible to increase its indicators by integrating the elements of active solar units in the absorbing layer of the accumulating construction structure. For example, the placement of pipes for the coolant in external enclosing structures will allow year-round exploitation of arrays for passive utilization of solar energy and the use of the obtained heat not only for heating rooms during the cold period of the year, but also for heating water, as well as for absorption chillers in the summer season. The application of the latter contributes to the organization of alternative cooling of the internal blocks of air conditioning systems in the warm period of the year. The listed functions require a different approach in the algorithm of the decisions taken in the design of building structures actively involved in the balance of energy supply. One of the main indicators that determine the possible version of the implementation of the solar radiation utilization system is the achieved temperature potential of the heat flux obtained from the surface of the accumulating layer. The use of the method of sources and the principle of the imposition of fields when solving problems of the depth of embedding and step distance integrated into the surface layer of pipes allows determining the rational range of the values of the specified parameters. This, in turn, is aimed at ensuring the possibility of designing energy-efficient exterior enclosing structures that contribute to the maintenance of the thermal regime required by the multifunctional utilization of solar energy.

Obtaining the 3D geometry of the blade in a training aircraft

The blade whose task is to generate together with the hub engine thrust is one of the most important construction elements of a propulsion unit in the PZL 130 Orlik trainer The design of appropriate profiles of the blade determines its efficiency and thus is one of the most important construction tasks due to complex blade shapes. After designing and manufacturing the blade, it is advisable to tests any possible geometric deviations in the model blade. It is also essential to carry out tests to specify changes in its geometry after a specified number of flying hours to inspect the risk of damage to the blade during its operation. Moreover, a number of studies are conducted on icing which occurs on the airframe and the blade itself. The aim of this paper is to present a technique of 3D scanning applied to the training aircraft blade so as to copy its precise geometry after a specified period of operation. Scanning enables the use of a created geometry for numerical analyses, in particular of icing during aircraft operation. The Nikon Maker MMDx scanner and the GeoMagic Design X Software were used to create the 3D model and scan the blade of the PZL 130 Orlik training aircraft.

АНАЛИЗ МЕТОДОВ УЛАВЛИВАНИЯ СЕРОСОДЕРЖАЩИХ СОЕДИНЕНИЙ В ДЫМОВЫХ ГАЗАХ ОТ ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИХ КОТЛОВ

The article discusses the main methods of capturing sulfur oxides in flue gases that are applicable at modern thermal power plants. The main products formed when burning organic fuel at thermal power plants are also considered.As a result of the oxidative reaction, the sulfur in organic fuel is converted into sulfur oxide; sulfur monoxide (SO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and sulfur trioxide (SO3) are mostly formed. When released into the atmosphere with flue gases, these compounds have a negative impact not only on the elements of the heating unit, but also on the human body, flora and fauna. The conclusions present the main advantages and disadvantages of each method.

Анализ методов моделирования элементов конструкций машин и агрегатов для автоматизации оценки их напряженно-деформированного состояния

Анализ методов моделирования элементов конструкций машин и агрегатов для автоматизации оценки их напряженно-деформированного состояния

Influence of the Mutual Overlapping Coefficient on the Process of a Disc Brake Squealing during Braking

This article presents the results of an experimental study of the impact of the mutual overlapping coefficient on the probability of a disc brake squealing under braking at the moment before the complete stop of a rolling stock. The studies are carried out on an original test bench, which reproduced the real conditions of the interaction of the working elements of the friction unit of a disc brake according to the criteria of mass-dimensional and load-speed characteristics, as well as the operating temperature. The charts and spectrograms of noise are given that illustrate the influence of the mutual overlapping coefficient of the disc brake on the process of squealing during braking. It is shown that the greatest probability (in the range of 90 to 95%) of the brakes squealing is observed when the values of the mutual overlapping coefficient are 0.33 and 0.66. When the mutual overlapping coefficient is 0.98 the brakes do not squeal at all. Practical recommendations are given to eliminate the squealing of disc brakes before a rolling stock comes to a complete stop by increasing the mutual overlapping coefficient to values close to 1.0.

Determining the mode of operation of the system section, taking into account the current topology and predictive analysis of the active-adaptive network of 6-10 kV

Technical solutions aimed at improving the reliability of power supply to consumers of the 6-10 kV network are proposed, a block diagram of a fundamentally new device for diagnosing and protecting cells of 6-10 kV power cable lines with a single algorithm of operation is shown, which allows simultaneously performing current protection of the controlled feeder and monitoring with a predictive assessment (residual resource) of the state of the cable insulation material. A possible scheme of interaction of elements of an active-adaptive power unit of 6-10 kV is shown on the example of a cell of a 6-10 kV cable line. he device will allow you to control leakage currents in distribution networks, taking into account the remaining cable life, reduce insulation losses during power transmission and increase the energy efficiency of the controlled network by reducing power interruptions to the consumer. The quantitative values of the device will be determined after its introduction into trial operation.

Parallel-sequential adder-subtractor with the highest digits forward on neurons

The article deals with the development of a parallel-sequential adder-subtractor that performs arithmetic operations of addition and subtraction of binary numbers in the format with a fixed comma with the highest digits forward. The result of performing arithmetic operations is the sum and difference of binary numbers in the direct code of eight digits. The sum and difference of numbers is calculated on neuropositive elements, the transfer to the highest digits when summing and the loan from the highest digits when subtracting is determined by the majority elements. The algorithm for adding numbers in direct codes allows you to get the result in direct code. The signed digits of numbers determine which operation should be performed on numbers using the sum modulo two operation. If the characters are the same, the result will be zero. Otherwise, the result will be one. After that, the addition or subtraction operation is selected. Summation is performed if the numbers have the same signs, the result is assigned the sign of the first number. Subtraction is performed if the numbers have different signs, the result is assigned the sign of a larger modulo number. The adder-subtracter senior digits forward on neurons contains: block input, block comparatii, the block parallel-serial addersubtracter, the unit registers a larger number, the unit of determining the transfer and loan, a unit registers a smaller number of unit registers a result, the control unit, majority, threshold and neural elements. The device can be used as an arithmetic co-processor in a computer system. It significantly speeds up calculations of both simple arithmetic operations and results of various mathematical functions.

Challenges & opportunities in frequency selective surfaces for EMI shielding application: A theoretical survey

FSS provides enormous applications such as radomes, stealth technology, dichroic sub-reflector, photonic sub-reflector, military applications, antenna Technology and earth observing remote sensing instruments. Apart from this, Electromagnetic Interference shielding is the hottest research area due to advancement of mobile communication technology. The growing radiations from these mobile communication can be suppressed by transforming entire or aperture of wall in to FSS surface to protect highly sensitive equipment and human from health hazards. So this article presents the basics concepts, types and challenges of FSS especially for EMI shielding application and its theoretical investigations. Hence the various stop band filters have analyzed particularly in terms of unit cell dimension, element type and angular stability. Apart from these, tunable FSS are also discussed.

Математична модель теплонасосної системи охолодження матеріалу після сушіння і термообробки

The article considers the issue of increasing the efficiency of coolers of the material heated during drying by using a heat pump unit to produce artificial cold. The scheme of use of a thermal pump in a complex with the drying installation and the portable cooler of material is offered. A mathematical description of the stationary modes of operation of the drying unit, material cooler and heat pump elements on the basis of a steam compressor refrigeration unit is formulated. At creation of physical and mathematical models of heat and mass transfer in the course of drying and cooling of material (grain) the following conditions are accepted simplifying the mathematical description, but without changing real process: moisture from the material is removed according to Dalton's evaporation law, while the moisture in the material evaporates and is removed simultaneously; moisture content and temperature in the volume of the material are evenly distributed, heat and mass transfer occurs only between the surface of the material and the drying agent; the effects of radiation and contact heat transfer are taken into account by heat transfer coefficients; stationary fields of temperature and moisture content are assumed to be one-dimensional, which vary according to the coordinate calculated in the direction of movement of the material; when cooling the moisture removal material is not taken into account for low residual moisture; the size of the surface of the material in the process of drying and cooling does not change; the heat exchange equipment of the heat pump is an object with concentrated parameters. Using the obtained mathematical dependences, graphical dependences of changes in grain and air temperature are constructed, which allow to evaluate the expediency of using a heat pump. The formulated mathematical model of stationary modes of the heat pump drying unit with artificial cooling of the dried material can be used to evaluate the feasibility and energy efficiency of the used refrigeration machines for grain cooling, especially after high-temperature processing. The obtained analytical dependences in the form of a closed system of equations can be used to optimize the parameters of the heat pump drying unit by the criterion of minimizing energy consumption.

Technique for rational placement of printing unit elements of soft start device

Technique for rational placement of printing unit elements of soft start device

Total graph associated to Γ−semigroup of Zn

In this paper we have considered two sets Zn (set of integers modulo n) and Γ = Un (set of unit elements of Zn) so that Zn forms a Γ−semigroup with respect to Un. Now a new graph structure associated to this Γ−semigroup can be introduced by taking all the elements of Zn as the vertices of the graph and any two distinct vertices x and y of Zn are adjacent if there exist an α in Un such that x + α + y ≡ 0 (mod n). This definition is a slight modification of the concept of total graph defined by [2]. We call this graph structure the total graph associated to Γ−semigroup (Zn(Γ)) and denote it by G(Zn(Γ)). This paper focuses on determination of some graphical parameters like the degree of the vertices, number of edges, Girth, Diameter, Planarity and Traversibility of G(Zn(Γ)).

Toxic elements in the с1 coal seam of the Blahodatna mine of Pavlohrad-Petropavlivka geological and industrial area of Donbas

The features of the distribution of toxic elements in the c1 coal seam of «Blahodatna» mine field are considered. The research aims to establish regularities in the distribution of toxic elements in the coal seam c1 of Blahodatna mine of Pavlohrad-Petropavlivka geological and industrial area of Donbas. Samples were taken from mine opening (reservoir samples, selected by the trench method and from duplicates of drill core personally). Content of toxic elements was determined by quantitative emissive spectrum analysis. The values of the main descriptive statistical indicators were calculated. With the aim of identify the composition of the geochemical associations, correlation coefficients (r) were calculated between the content of the toxic elements. In a single geochemical association united elements in which the relationship between the content is described by the correlation coefficient that exceeds 0,5, with a significance level of at least 95%. As a result of the performed studies, maps of the isoconcentrate of toxic elements and maps of the regional constituent of their contents by the area of the mine field were constructed. Linear regression equations are calculated between the concentrations of toxic elements and the main technological parameters of coal. Analyzing the result of statistical processing of geochemical information and geological and structural characteristics of the coal seam c1 of «Blahodatna» mine field allowed us to establish, that the formation of the association of cobalt, nickel, vanadium, lead, chrome and manganese is associated with the enrichment of contact zones of the coal seam by these elements and is genetically is due to influence of adsorption and reductive-oxidative barriers on the migration of matter during the diagenesis and catagenesis of coal-bearing series. The main scientific importance of the results of the performed studies is the establishment of genetic causes that have a significant effect on the distribution of toxic elements in coal seam of c1.

Revealing the patterns of change in the technical condition of refractory elements in thermal units during operation

Operating conditions of thermal units for processing raw materials predetermine defects in refractory elements resulting in their gradual accumulation, which leads to a change in technical condition. A large number of defects, their development, and the achievement of critical values lead to difficulties in modeling the physical processes of changing the technical condition of refractory elements.This study has investigated the mechanism of the occurrence, development, and accumulation of defects in refractory elements, as well as the processes of cumulative accumulation of damages; a probability model of their degradation has been constructed. The model was built using Markov chains; it describes the sequences of change in the states of refractory element damage and the probability of transitions between these states. Based on the statistical data about a change in the state of damage, the model makes it possible to assess the probability of a defect reaching the critical condition following the predefined number of load cycles. A special feature of the model is the possibility of its application to individual defects, as well as to refractory elements on which defects occur and develop, as well as to assemblies where such refractory elements are installed.The main patterns of change in the technical condition of refractory elements of coke ovens have been established: the distribution of cracks of a certain length according to the number of coke oven output cycles; the probability of the occurrence of a crack of a critical length at a certain point during operation; the dependence of the probability of a refractory element failure on the predefined number of coke oven output cycles.Based on the modeling results, it has been proposed, in order to prevent the degradation of refractory elements, to strengthen the structure of the surface layer of the refractory element by cold gas-dynamic spraying, to arrange laying elements that would stop the evolution of defects, and to make up schedules of hot repairs based on the time when the defects may reach critical values, determined during modeling

Nilai Karakter Pada Lirik Lagu-Lagu Kids United

Learning French in class always pays attention to 2 aspects namely cognitive and moral. Moral aspects also have a role in the development of students, so that they have good morals and personalities such as learning to adapt in the school environment to foster a sense of tolerance in order to be able to control their own emotions while also having high knowledge.
 The purpose of this research is to describe the character value contained on the songs of Kids United and linguistics elements expressing the character value. This type of research is a descriptive research with a qualitative approach. Whereas the data collection methods used in this research are the listening method and the note technique. Then the results of data analysis in this research indicate that Kids United’s three songs contain 3 dominant character values ​​from eight national character values ​​according to IHF, such as (1) loving, caring and cooperate; (2) confident, creative, hard work and never give up; (3) responsibility, discipline and independent.

Ледовые нагрузки на корпус винторулевых колонок судов ледового плавания

This paper presents the methodology for determination of ice loads on the elements of pod propulsion units for Arc4-Arc9 ships. The conclusion gives calculation results for ice loads on pod units for Arc5 and Arc7 ships, and compares these results with those obtained as per DNV-GL rules for ice classes PC6, PC5, PC3