Unique Response Research Articles

Methanogenic archaea in the human gastrointestinal tract.

The human microbiome is strongly interwoven with human health and disease. Besides bacteria, viruses and eukaryotes, numerous archaea are located in the human gastrointestinal tract and are responsible for methane production, which can be measured in clinical methane breath analyses. Methane is an important readout for various diseases, including intestinal methanogen overgrowth. Notably, the archaea responsible for methane production are largely overlooked in human microbiome studies due to their non-bacterial biology and resulting detection issues. As such, their importance for health and disease remains largely unclear to date, in particular as not a single archaeal representative has been deemed to be pathogenic. In this Perspective, we discuss the current knowledge on the clinical relevance of methanogenic archaea. We explain the archaeal unique response to antibiotics and their negative and positive effects on human physiology, and present the current understanding of the use of methane as a diagnostic marker.

Oral Sensory Neurons of the Geniculate Ganglion That Express Tyrosine Hydroxylase Comprise a Subpopulation That Contacts Type II and Type III Taste Bud Cells.

Oral sensory neurons of the geniculate ganglion (GG) innervate taste papillae and buds on the tongue and soft palate. Electrophysiological recordings of these neurons and fibers revealed complexity in the number of unique response profiles observed, suggesting there are several distinct neuronal subtypes. Molecular descriptions of these subpopulations are incomplete. We report here the identification of a subpopulation of GG oral sensory neurons in mice by expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). TH-expressing geniculate neurons represent 10–20% of oral sensory neurons and these neurons innervate taste buds in fungiform and anterior foliate taste papillae on the surface of the tongue, as well as taste buds in the soft palate. While 35–50% of taste buds on the tongue are innervated by these TH+ neurons, 100% of soft palate taste buds are innervated. These neurons did not have extragemmal processes outside of taste buds and did not express the mechanosensory neuron-associated gene Ret, suggesting they are chemosensory and not somatosensory neurons. Within taste buds, TH-expressing fibers contacted both Type II and Type III cells, raising the possibility that they are responsive to more than one taste quality. During this analysis we also identified a rare TH+ taste receptor cell type that was found in only 12–25% of taste buds and co-expressed TRPM5, suggesting it was a Type II cell. Taken together, TH-expressing GG oral sensory neurons innervate taste buds preferentially in the soft palate and contact Type II and Type III taste bud receptor cells.

Synergistic influence of tetraethyl orthosilicate crosslinker on mixed matrix hydrogels

Hydrogel is a 3D framework of hydrophilic polymeric material that quickly absorbs and retains a huge amount of water (or other fluid) and offers versatile functionality. A series of unique carboxymethyl cellulose/Xanthan gum/polyvinyl alcohol (CXP) blended hydrogels, containing both the natural and synthetic polymers, were prepared by following the blending and casting approach. The polymers were incorporated through chemical crosslinking by tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). The fabricated hydrogels showed all required features: non-toxicity, biocompatibility, and improved mechanical strength. The addition and variation in TEOS (crosslinker) significantly impacted the key characteristics of CXP hydrogel. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed the porous structure and indicated that the pore's size and intensity were reduced with the surge in TEOS content. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results confirmed the successful incorporation of various polymeric strands through crosslinking by TEOS. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) highlighted the greater stability of all the hydrogels over high temperatures. The crosslinked hydrogel displayed higher thermal resilience than the uncross-linked one. The differential thermal analysis (DTA) also confirmed that the addition of TEOS content drastically enhanced the thermal endurance of crosslinked hydrogels in comparison with the neat hydrogel. All the specimens exhibited good swelling ability in distilled water during the swelling studies. This study also reflected that the addition of crosslinker in a limited amount (50 µL) has significantly enhanced the swelling but further increase in concentration hindered the water uptake. The swelling response of blends towards pH revealed low swelling of films in acidic and basic pH, but maximal swelling in neutral media. This unique pH response of hydrogels at neutral pH along with the biocompatibility made them suitable for injectable managed drug carrier.

Bispecific antibody-derived molecules to target persistent HIV infection

HIV infection persists despite durable and potent antiviral therapy. To target persistent HIV infection, one major strategy aims to induce HIV provirus expression using latency reversing agents and then eliminate these reservoir cells via immune responses enhanced by treatment with antibody-derived bispecific molecules. The specificities of anti-HIV-1 envelope monoclonal antibodies have been incorporated into bispecific molecules that can recognize infected cells and recruit cytotoxic immune cells to eliminate them. This concept seeks to engineer a unique and potent effector response based on the opportunity to target conserved viral epitopes on infected cells, and recruit broad populations of immune effector cells that are not limited by major histocompatibility complex restrictions or other programmed specificity constraints. This article provides a review of bispecific DART® molecules and other dual-specificity antibody-based molecules that function by co-engaging CD3-expressing T cells or CD16A-expressing NK cells with HIV-1-infected cells.

Microwave-assisted pyrolysis spent bleaching clay for aromatic bio-oil production: Exploration of heating pathway based on microwave response characteristics of feedstock

Spent bleaching clay (SBC) is a waste generated from the refining process of edible oils. SBC contains some residual oils, with excellent potential to produce aromatic bio-oil. For the first time, microwave-assisted pyrolysis was used to treat SBC, which has unique microwave response characteristics. The products of microwave heating and electric heating were investigated, under three conditions: no catalyst, in-situ catalysis, and ex-situ catalysis. Microwave heating saved 50% of the reaction time and up to 53% of the energy consumption, compared to electric heating. Microwave heating facilitated the formation of aromatic hydrocarbons by promoting hydrogen transfer and cyclization reactions. In comparison with electric heating, the aromatic hydrocarbons relative content was increased by 15.46% under no catalyst. In addition, the optimal pyrolysis temperature, catalytic temperature, feedstock to catalyst mass ratio (F/C) and nitrogen flow rate based on microwave heating pathway were 500 °C, 500 °C, 10/1, and 50 mL/min, respectively. Under these conditions, the relative content of aromatic hydrocarbons was 87.89%. Microwave-assisted catalytic pyrolysis is a fast and energy efficient pathway to produce aromatic bio-oil from SBC, which can provide a theoretical basis for resource utilization of SBC.

Femtosecond Laser-Induced Anisotropic Structure and Nonlinear Optical Response of Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Single Crystals with Different Planes.

Nonlinear optical properties have been extensively studied due to their promising nonlinear effects and various applications. With ultrashort duration and ultrahigh intensity, a femtosecond laser can fabricate various superior-quality micro-/nanostructures to improve the nonlinearity of materials, which are promising for stable and high-performance nonlinear devices. In this contribution, yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) with fs laser-induced micro-/nanostructures is demonstrated to exhibit unique anisotropic light-material interaction and nonlinear optical response on [100], [110], and [111] planes. Time-resolved reflectivity of YSZ after fs laser excitation is investigated by a pump-probe experiment, which is consistent with simulations through the plasma model combined with a two-temperature model. These results indicate two early ablation mechanisms: Coulomb explosion and melting. Anisotropic crack structures are formed due to thermal stress, which is always ignored in fs laser fabrication and is verified by Raman mapping and analysis of slip systems on different crystal planes. Through the z-scan measurement, the nonlinear absorption (NLA) of crack structures is effectively improved, and a nearly 18 times enhancement of the NLA coefficient is acquired in [100] samples, while a 2 times enhancement in [110] and [111] samples. Such great enhancement of NLA is mainly due to the abundant presence of crack structures and the increase of fs laser-induced oxygen vacancies in [100] YSZ. These results provide a potential way of utilizing fs laser to improve the nonlinearity for the technological development in nonlinear devices.

Monitoring of Current Cancer Therapy by Positron Emission Tomography and Possible Role of Radiomics Assessment.

Evaluation of cancer therapy with imaging is crucial as a surrogate marker of effectiveness and survival. The unique response patterns to therapy with immune-checkpoint inhibitors have facilitated the revision of response evaluation criteria using FDG-PET, because the immune response recalls reactive cells such as activated T-cells and macrophages, which show increased glucose metabolism and apparent progression on morphological imaging. Cellular metabolism and function are critical determinants of the viability of active cells in the tumor microenvironment, which would be novel targets of therapies, such as tumor immunity, metabolism, and genetic mutation. Considering tumor heterogeneity and variation in therapy response specific to the mechanisms of therapy, appropriate response evaluation is required. Radiomics approaches, which combine objective image features with a machine learning algorithm as well as pathologic and genetic data, have remarkably progressed over the past decade, and PET radiomics has increased quality and reliability based on the prosperous publications and standardization initiatives. PET and multimodal imaging will play a definitive role in personalized therapeutic strategies by the precise monitoring in future cancer therapy.

Mobility in pandemic times: Exploring changes and long-term effects of COVID-19 on urban mobility behavior

The COVID-19 pandemic marked a global disruption of unprecedented scale which was closely associated with human mobility. Since mobility acts as a facilitator for spreading the virus, individuals were forced to reconsider their respective behaviors. Despite numerous studies having detected behavioral changes during the first lockdown period (spring 2020), there is a lack of longitudinal perspectives that can provide insights into the intra-pandemic dynamics and potential long-term effects. This article investigates COVID-19-induced mobility-behavioral transformations by analyzing travel patterns of Berlin residents during a 20-month pandemic period and comparing them to the pre-pandemic situation. Based on quantitative analysis of almost 800,000 recorded trips, our longitudinal examination revealed individuals having reduced average monthly travel distances by ∼20%, trip frequencies by ∼11%, and having switched to individual modes. Public transportation has suffered a continual regression, with trip frequencies experiencing a relative long-term reduction of ∼50%, and a respective decrease of traveled distances by ∼43%. In contrast, the bicycle (rather than the car) was the central beneficiary, indicated by bicycle-related trip frequencies experiencing a relative long-term increase of ∼53%, and travel distances increasing by ∼117%. Comparing behavioral responses to three pandemic waves, our analysis revealed each wave to have created unique response patterns, which show a gradual softening of individuals’ mobility related self-restrictions. Our findings contribute to retracing and quantifying individuals’ changing mobility behaviors induced by the pandemic, and to detecting possible long-term effects that may constitute a “new normal” of an entirely altered urban mobility landscape.

Integration of miRNA:mRNA Co-Expression Revealed Crucial Mechanisms Modulated in Immunogenic Cancer Cell Death.

Immunogenic cell death (ICD) in cancer represents a functionally unique therapeutic response that can induce tumor-targeting immune responses. ICD is characterized by the exposure and release of numerous damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which confer adjuvanticity to dying cancer cells. The spatiotemporally defined emission of DAMPs during ICD has been well described, whereas the epigenetic mechanisms that regulate ICD hallmarks have not yet been deeply elucidated. Here, we aimed to examine the involvement of miRNAs and their putative targets using well-established in vitro models of ICD. To this end, B cell lymphoma (Mino) and breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cell lines were exposed to two different ICD inducers, the combination of retinoic acid (RA) and interferon-alpha (IFN-α) and doxorubicin, and to non ICD inducers such as gamma irradiation. Then, miRNA and mRNA profiles were studied by next generation sequencing. Co-expression analysis identified 16 miRNAs differentially modulated in cells undergoing ICD. Integrated miRNA-mRNA functional analysis revealed candidate miRNAs, mRNAs, and modulated pathways associated with Immune System Process (GO Term). Specifically, ICD induced a distinctive transcriptional signature hallmarked by regulation of antigen presentation, a crucial step for proper activation of immune system antitumor response. Interestingly, the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) pathway was upregulated whereas class II (MHC-II) was downregulated. Analysis of MHC-II associated transcripts and HLA-DR surface expression confirmed inhibition of this pathway by ICD on lymphoma cells. miR-4284 and miR-212-3p were the strongest miRNAs upregulated by ICD associated with this event and miR-212-3p overexpression was able to downregulate surface expression of HLA-DR. It is well known that MHC-II expression on tumor cells facilitates the recruitment of CD4+ T cells. However, the interaction between tumor MHC-II and inhibitory coreceptors on tumor-associated lymphocytes could provide an immunosuppressive signal that directly represses effector cytotoxic activity. In this context, MHC-II downregulation by ICD could enhance antitumor immunity. Overall, we found that the miRNA profile was significantly altered during ICD. Several miRNAs are predicted to be involved in the regulation of MHC-I and II pathways, whose implication in ICD is demonstrated herein for the first time, which could eventually modulate tumor recognition and attack by the immune system.

Do mast cells contribute to the continued survival of vertebrates?

This study is an attempt to shed light on why the connective tissue mast cell (MC) is preserved in all species with a blood circulatory system, i.e., the vertebrates since >500 million years, which suggests that the MC performs as yet not understood indispensible life‐promoting actions. The literature survey focuses on data in published papers on MC functions in immunological and nonimmunological reactions, host protection, pregnancy, inflammation, and wound healing. All data are thus accessible to the reader. The MC is a secretory cell with a unique mediator profile. A distinctive role for MCs is defined not only by their extensive mediator composition but also by their prominent ability to affect the vasculature to expedite selective cell recruitment and permeability changes and to set the stage for an appropriate acquired response. MCs, harboring a wide range of surface membrane receptors, are activated by the major female sex hormones as well as by diverse potentially adverse stimuli. MC activation/degranulation creates a presumably unique triad tissue response in physiological and pathological situations alike: extracellular matrix degradation and tissue remodeling, de novo cell proliferation, and de novo angiogenesis. As shown in the literature, MC‐activation is crucial for successful female reproduction in the mouse, implying one of possibly several yet unidentified physiological roles of MCs. Moreover, the activated MC aids newborns to survive to reproductive age owing to its key beneficial actions in inflammation and wound healing. Thus, a not previously described life‐perpetuating loop spanning generations are apparently formed, which, hypothetically, could contribute to the continued survival of the vertebrates.

Production, optical characterization and DFT analysis of a nanofiber structure of a new pyridinylcarbonylquinoline: Synthesis and photovoltaic application

This paper attempts to show a correlation between the structure of a novel quinolone derivative and the optical applications of the prepared devices. Currently, 6-ethyl-4,5-dioxo-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrano[3,2-c]quinoline-3-carboxaldehyde (1) reacted with 5-amino-2,4-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one (2) affording the novel 5-(1-ethyl-4‑hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)-3‑hydroxy-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine (EHQPP). Density function theory (DFT) and TD-DFT/ B3LYP were used to generate the EHQPP's unique simulation properties, with a baseline group of 6–311++ G. (d, p). Scanning electron microscopy analysis was used to analyze the topography of EHQPP structure. TD-DFT was used to analyze the electronic parameters such as HOMO and LUMO energies, and other important geometrical parameters. Using Gaussian software, the PES technique was used to confirm the structural integrity of EHQPP, and the computational results revealed that the stable structure of EHQPP is conformer I, which has the lowest energy. The energy gap of EHQPP is found to be a direct allowed type with value of 2.75 eV. The films of EHQPP may be a possibility for optoelectronic applications due to their unique photoluminescence and absorption capabilities. Furthermore, the J-V characteristics of the EHQPP film-based devices were studied in the dark and under varied illuminations, yielding a unique response to incident light, indicating that the developed devices might be used for solar cell applications.

The Online Self-Disclosure of Workplace Mistreatment: A Novel Construct

Anecdotal evidence suggests that employees who are mistreated at work are speaking out about these incidents online, despite the risks to both themselves (e.g., social retaliation, professional consequences) and their organizations (e.g., reputational damage). Throughout this paper, the construct of online self-disclosure is borrowed from the literatures of social, clinical, and media psychology, and applied to the context of speaking out about workplace mistreatment. Online self-disclosure of workplace mistreatment is differentiated from the established constructs of voice and silence, and expectancy theory and cognitive heuristics are integrated to suggest when a target may choose to disclose their experiences of workplace mistreatment online. Finally, propositions are presented to support future investigations into this unique behavioural response. Scholars and practitioners who are invested in eradicating workplace mistreatment are advised to pay attention to online self-disclosures, as these communications signal inadequate workplace voice mechanisms, and thus multiple workplace mistreatment-related problems that need to be addressed.

Magnetic Permeability Sensor Array Prototype to Evaluate Reservoir Phase Permeability in situ Downhole

A measurement system capable of <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">in situ</i> measurements of formation permeability is described. The measurement method relies upon imaging the distribution of magnetic permeability fluid injected into a wellbore system through mutual inductance measurements between pairs of coils and relating the change in distribution of this fluid over time to a direct measurement of formation phase permeability. Analysis of the mutual inductance measurement method shows a unique response to distributions of magnetic permeability for various coil spacings and insensitivity to other confounding electrical parameters. The lower bound of measurement variance for this system is modeled for a continuum of coil spacings and radii of investigation for a perturbation in magnetic permeability.

Inhibition of root growth by alkaline salts due to disturbed ion transport and accumulation in Leymus chinensis

Soil alkalization severely affects plant growth and agricultural production. Compared with neutral salts, alkaline salts cause a combined stress of ion toxicity and high pH in plants. The alkali-resistant halophyte Leymus chinensis is a dominant grass growing on soda (NaHCO3 and Na2CO3, pH > 9) saline-alkali soil in northeast China. However, the molecular mechanism of alkaline salt tolerance in L. chinensis roots remains unclear. In this study, the seedling phenotype, ion accumulation, root ion dynamics, and gene expression profiles in L. chinensis under neutral salt (100 mM NaCl), alkaline salt (100 mM NaHCO3 and 50 mM Na2CO3), and high pH (pH = 10) stresses were investigated and compared. Phenotypic analysis showed that alkaline salt more severely inhibited the growth of seedling roots compared to neutral salt and high pH. Ion content detection revealed that alkaline salt-treated seedlings had higher Na+ accumulation and lower nutrient content compared to neutral salt and high pH-treated seedlings. Furthermore, the non-invasive micro-test showed that alkaline salt-induced high pH conditions perturb ion flux in seedling roots, which may be associated with impaired nutrient ion uptake and aggravated Na+ accumulation. Moreover, using full-length transcriptome combined with comparative RNA-seq, the identified alkaline salt-specific response genes were most significantly enriched to the transporter activity term, which contained a large number of genes encoding transporters of nutrient ions. Our results provide new insights into the unique response mechanism of L. chinensis roots to alkaline salt.

Mixing-induced phase stabilization and low-temperature-shifting of ferroelectric nematics

ABSTRACT Ferroelectric nematic phase is a novel state of matter, i.e. the sixth nematic liquid crystalline state, that represents high degrees of fluidity and polarity simultaneously. Thanks to the unique dielectric response and strong optical nonlinearity originated from the spontaneous polarisation, this new category of materials has begun to receive tremendous interests for developing liquid-based electrooptical applications such as capacitor and memory devices. Recently, based on a massive synthesis, we found the material state can appear in a wide range of molecular modifications under a necessary condition that the molecular dipole is strong enough. However, most of the reported materials exhibit the ferroelectric nematic state at high temperatures and are barely stabilized at room temperature. Here we demonstrate that a proper mixing of ferroelectric nematic materials can expand the temperature range of ferroelectric nematic phase from high temperature about 120ºC down to room temperature about 25ºC. Interestingly, we also show proper mixtures exhibit higher apparent dielectric permittivity and nonlinear optical response than the genuine material.

The Differential Metabolic Signature of Breast Cancer Cellular Response to Olaparib Treatment.

Simple SummaryBreast cancer remains a leading cause of female cancer related mortality worldwide. Loss of genomic stability and dysregulation of cellular metabolism are well-recognized features of breast cancer, presenting an opportunity to study the drivers of breast cancer progression and resistance to chemotherapy. The overarching goal of this work is to perform combined analysis of DNA damage repair and cellular metabolism in response to olaparib treatment in a panel of breast cancer cell lines. By applying a combined untargeted metabolomics and molecular biology approach, our findings show dysregulation of amino acid metabolism and metabolic reprogramming from glycolysis to amino acid utilization to be a common feature in all breast cancer cell lines examined, some of which are consistent with findings from the analysis of clinical breast cancer tumours. Functional assessment of genetic alterations offers the scope to design new prognostic tools and inform the design of new chemotherapies or drug combinations.Metabolic reprogramming and genomic instability are key hallmarks of cancer, the combined analysis of which has gained recent popularity. Given the emerging evidence indicating the role of oncometabolites in DNA damage repair and its routine use in breast cancer treatment, it is timely to fingerprint the impact of olaparib treatment in cellular metabolism. Here, we report the biomolecular response of breast cancer cell lines with DNA damage repair defects to olaparib exposure. Following evaluation of olaparib sensitivity in breast cancer cell lines, we immunoprobed DNA double strand break foci and evaluated changes in cellular metabolism at various olaparib treatment doses using untargeted mass spectrometry-based metabolomics analysis. Following identification of altered features, we performed pathway enrichment analysis to measure key metabolic changes occurring in response to olaparib treatment. We show a cell-line-dependent response to olaparib exposure, and an increased susceptibility to DNA damage foci accumulation in triple-negative breast cancer cell lines. Metabolic changes in response to olaparib treatment were cell-line and dose-dependent, where we predominantly observed metabolic reprogramming of glutamine-derived amino acids and lipids metabolism. Our work demonstrates the effectiveness of combining molecular biology and metabolomics studies for the comprehensive characterisation of cell lines with different genetic profiles. Follow-on studies are needed to map the baseline metabolism of breast cancer cells and their unique response to drug treatment. Fused with genomic and transcriptomics data, such readout can be used to identify key oncometabolites and inform the rationale for the design of novel drugs or chemotherapy combinations.

Temperature dependence studies of tissue-mimicking phantoms for ultra-wideband microwave breast tumor detection

Microwave imaging (MWI) systems are being investigated for breast cancer diagnostics as an alternative to conventional x-ray mammography and breast ultrasound. This work aims at a next generation of tissue-mimicking phantoms modelling the temperature-dependent dielectric properties of breast tissue over a large frequency bandwidth. Such phantoms can be used to develop a novel kind of MWI systems that exploit the temperature-dependent permittivity of tissue as a natural contrast agent. Due to the higher water content in tumor tissue, a temperature increase leads to a different change in the complex permittivity compared to surrounding tissue. This will generate a tumor dominated scattering response when the overall tissue temperature increases by a few degrees, e.g. through the use of microwave hyperthermia systems. In that case a differential diagnostic image can be calculated between microwave measurements at reference (around 37 °C) and elevated temperature conditions. This work proposes the design and characterization of agar-oil-glycerin phantoms for fatty, glandular, skin and tumor tissue. The characterization includes measurements with an open-ended coaxial probe and a network analyzer for the frequency range from 50 MHz to 20 GHz in a temperature-controlled environment covering the temperature range from 25 °C to 46 °C. The phantoms show an unique temperature response over the considered frequency bandwidth leading to significant changes in the real and imaginary part of the complex permittivity. Comparative studies with porcine skin and fat tissue show a qualitative agreement.

Анализ состояния и перспектив развития рынка труда в Российской Федерации. Подготовка кадров для новой экономической реальности

Russia's economy has experienced several major crises over the past few decades. However, the unique response of the Russian labor market to economic shocks was not an increase in unemployment, but primarily changes in wages, which offset the negative macroeconomic effects. In the current situation, with the ongoing Ukrainian crisis, as well as under the influence of anti-Russian sanctions of Western countries, the Russian labor market is inevitably preparing to undergo significant changes. In addition, the labor market in Russia today is significantly influenced by the global digital transition, which causes an urgent need for the transformation of training models for workers. Thus, this article offers a broad overview of the nature and peculiarities of the Russian labor market through its history, and identifies areas for its change and adaptation to the current external challenges.

Environmentally friendly optical multi-color rewritable paper based on inverse photonic glass

As a substitute for traditional disposable paper, rewritable paper has been widely studied in recent years because of its low consumption. However, it is still a major challenge for rewritable paper to meet the requirements of simple large-area preparation, biocompatibility, good cycle stability and multi-color output. In this study, a new type of rewritable paper with silk-fibroin inverse photonic glass (SF-IPG paper) is developed. The simple spray coating method is used to realize the rapid and large-area preparation of it. Based on the regulation of the structure of inverse photonic glass, through the dynamic hydrogen bonding between H2O and silk fibroin polymer chains, the multi-color text output of SF-IPG paper written with a water pen is realized. SF-IPG paper has good mechanical strength, excellent biocompatibility, high structural stability and unique water response mechanism. At the same time, it is simple to produce, fully meets the requirements of environmental protection and sustainable development. Therefore, this preparation strategy has broad application prospects in the field of rewritable paper.

Identification of COVID-19-Specific Immune Markers Using a Machine Learning Method.

Notably, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has a tight relationship with the immune system. Human resistance to COVID-19 infection comprises two stages. The first stage is immune defense, while the second stage is extensive inflammation. This process is further divided into innate and adaptive immunity during the immune defense phase. These two stages involve various immune cells, including CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, monocytes, dendritic cells, B cells, and natural killer cells. Various immune cells are involved and make up the complex and unique immune system response to COVID-19, providing characteristics that set it apart from other respiratory infectious diseases. In the present study, we identified cell markers for differentiating COVID-19 from common inflammatory responses, non-COVID-19 severe respiratory diseases, and healthy populations based on single-cell profiling of the gene expression of six immune cell types by using Boruta and mRMR feature selection methods. Some features such as IFI44L in B cells, S100A8 in monocytes, and NCR2 in natural killer cells are involved in the innate immune response of COVID-19. Other features such as ZFP36L2 in CD4+ T cells can regulate the inflammatory process of COVID-19. Subsequently, the IFS method was used to determine the best feature subsets and classifiers in the six immune cell types for two classification algorithms. Furthermore, we established the quantitative rules used to distinguish the disease status. The results of this study can provide theoretical support for a more in-depth investigation of COVID-19 pathogenesis and intervention strategies.