Unified Procedure Research Articles

Long‐Term Schumann Resonance Dynamics Based on Horizontal Magnetic Field Data at Mikhnevo Observatory During 2016–2020

AbstractIt is the first time when we present a significant amount of two‐channel (north‐south and west‐east) absolute magnetic field data in the extremely low frequency (ELF) band for the European Russia. The measurements are evaluated at Mikhnevo geophysical observatory of the Sadovsky Institute of Geosphere Dynamics. We start with a recently proposed unified processing procedure by Rodriguez‐Camacho et al. (2018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018jd029462) and further elaborate an ELF spectrum calculation technique. The true sequence of the spectrum calculation is presented, including the proper parameters, software requirements, and the use of third‐party libraries. We receive an optimal set of processing parameters for Mikhnevo observatory and discuss the long‐term (2016–2020) Schumann Resonance variations.

CODING DATA FLOWS METHOD FOR VIRTUAL PROFILED EQUIPMENT IN INTERDISCIPLINARY ENVIRONMENT OF LABORATORY RESEARCHING

In the present research an improved the technique of coding the specification from widespread software complexes for modeling and designing the subject area is proposed, which is optimized with regard to the specialization of data flows of the built scheme of learning experiment with operational access to information resources and computerized means for appraise demonstrated competencies. Stipulated hierarchy of target categories for simulation model of production stages distinguishes of structured rubrics sets, meaningful records of which represent properties and events in visualization the regular objects, guaranteeing stability of experimental scheme due to unified procedures of subject area processing and absence the arhythmization in algorithm of file format serialization. Thus, related instances of complementary objects of ramified technological map or commenting on graphic pattern the generalized simulation model of experimental scheme provide the completion accompanying hypertags of projected specification, which assure the integration of created media platform into academic information space. The adequacy of modeled data structure is confirmed by saving of user settings by API and the correctness of subject area file processing in file system according to accepted signature.

Mollic soils situated in non-Chernozem regions in Slovakia

Abstract This study is focused on an evaluation of some important soil properties as a result of the genesis of mollic soils which are located outside of the main Chernozem regions in Slovakia. Several soil profiles selected from the Soil Monitoring Network in Slovakia were evaluated and interpreted. Unified analytical procedures used in soil monitoring system have been applied. Following soil indicators: pH, humus content, and qualitative components as humic acids (HA) and fulvic acids (FA) as well as the fractional composition of HA, the content of labile carbon (CL), potentially mineralisable nitrogen (Npot) have been analysed. Based on obtained results in more details, it may be said that the dark-coloured soils in non-Chernozem regions opposite dark-coloured soils in Chernozem regions have a higher content of labile carbon and higher index of lability as well as higher CL: Npot ratio. This indicator seems to be more significant than the often used C/N ratio. In addition, the darkcoloured soils in non-Chernozem regions are characteristic with higher content of aliphatic carbon as well as lower content of carboxylic groups (-COOH) and lower value of the optical parameter (E1% 6). These indicators in more detail are of higher interpretation value for a better evaluation of dark-coloured soils in non-Chernozem regions compared with similar soils in Chernozem regions.

PROBLEMS OF CLASSIFICATION AND VALUATION OF FINANCIAL ASSETS

Abstract. The article discusses the main problems of the classification and valuation of financial assets, namely, in terms of inconsistencies in the approaches proposed by the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines. The study found that in many countries that have begun to apply International Financial Reporting Standards, there are no uniform rules for the classification, assessment and determination of the fair value of financial assets. The need to address these issues is of particular importance in the context of the development of the OECD initiative to implement the BEPS. This determined the direction of the study and allowed formulating the aim of the study, which is to develop sound proposals for further development and improvement of IFRS provisions related to the classification and valuation of the fair value of financial assets. The methodological background of the research involved an institutional approach to the study of socio-economic processes and phenomena, as well as a system of principles and methods for creating and assessing value, which is based on philosophical, worldview, general scientific and special scientific methods. The study allowed systematising and classifying financial assets according to different features and characteristics. The proposed classification of financial assets makes it possible to determine the directions for improving accounting in terms of its arrangement based on the approximation of IFRS to the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines. The promising areas for further research include the development of a unified procedure for determining the real value of financial assets for taxation and accounting purposes. Keywords: financial assets, economic essence, classification, assessment, financial market, fair value. JEL Classification G12, D53 Formulas: 0; fig.: 1; tabl.: 1; bibl.: 25.

Features of the use of coercion during criminal procedural detention

The article focuses on the study of the peculiarities of the use of coercion during the criminal procedural detention. The article analyzes the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights on the application of coercion and its lawful limits. In the process of investigating the subject it is emphasized that in fact after the moment of detention, the burden of proof on the proper protection of the rights and freedoms of the detainee lies with the state. From that moment on the detainee finds himself in a vulnerable position and is under state control. It is emphasized that the peculiarity of detaining a person as a measure of coercion is that if necessary, the detainee may be legally inflicted bodily harm, and in conditions of absolute necessity, the person may be legally deprived of life. It is emphasized that the involvement of a medical worker by law enforcement agencies immediately after detention in case the detainee has visible bodily injuries should be a duty. It does not matter when the injuries were received (before or during the detention). It is stated that when using force during detention, the involvement of a medical worker should take place as soon as possible. The death of a person during detention is an extreme measure and should be absolutely necessary in an appropriate setting. The authorized official must be aware in good faith of the level of danger to himself and others that justifies this coercion. It was determined that the death of a detainee should be regarded as an undesirable consequence of lawful acts. The proposal to introduce a unified (single) procedure for short-term detention on suspicion of committing criminal offenses, crimes and administrative offenses seems valuable and promising. In such types of detention, the degree of restriction of the right to liberty is equal to the need to involve medical workers in some cases. During the first three hours of detention, the procedure should be the same regardless of the suspicion, but with a tendency to complicate detention on suspicion of committing criminal offenses.

Comparative Approach of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Restrictions in Controlled Airspaces

Recent public discourse regarding unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) usage and regulation is focused around public privacy and safety. Most authorities have employed key guidelines and licensing procedures for piloting UAVs, however there is marginal consensus amongst regulators and a limited view towards unified procedures. This paper aims to analyze the key challenges that affect the use of UAVs and to determine if the current rules address those challenges. For this purpose: privacy, safety, security, public nuisance and trespass are tested. A set of criteria are developed to perform a comparative analysis against the existing UAV regulations to determine how they are meeting the specified criteria. Within this framework, five countries are selected: Australia, Canada, European Union (EU), United Kingdom (UK) and the United States of America (USA), with usage data and length of time between regulatory reviews ensuring any analysis is realized on updated protocols. The regulations of each country are then compared against the developed criteria. The findings show there are shortfalls with the majority of regulations failing to meet some criteria and the results confirm that key issues fail to be addressed. Finally, recommendations are suggested for filling the gaps in the regulations.

A unified operating procedure is crucial to evaluate sludge dewaterability, taking the setup of refrigerated storage time as an example

Although extensive efforts have been carried out to study sludge dewatering mechanism, the lack of universal operating procedures makes it never be satisfactorily explained. This study evaluated the impact of a unified operating procedure on waste activated sludge (WAS) dewaterability by taking the setup of refrigerated storage time as an example. It was found that storage time played an important role in determining WAS dewaterability and sampled WAS should be refrigerated within 2 days. The results showed that after 2-d storage, sludge filterability was deteriorated significantly while the extent of dewatering efficiency had little change. Meanwhile, increasing storage time greatly increased the release of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and heavy metals, decreased sludge viscosity and weakened its network strength, but had little impact on the floc size and zeta potential of the sludge samples. It can hardly reveal the mechanism of storage time on sludge dewaterability due to the non-uniformity of operating procedures in literatures, which is normally ignored. This study emphasizes a unified operating procedure is crucial to evaluate WAS dewaterability. Therefore, more efforts shall be focused on establishing the uniform operating procedure while advancing applied research in the field of sludge dewatering.

Artificial intelligence in gastric cancer: applications and challenges.

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignant tumors with high mortality. Accurate diagnosis and treatment decisions for GC rely heavily on human experts' careful judgments on medical images. However, the improvement of the accuracy is hindered by imaging conditions, limited experience, objective criteria, and inter-observer discrepancies. Recently, the developments of machine learning, especially deep-learning algorithms, have been facilitating computers to extract more information from data automatically. Researchers are exploring the far-reaching applications of artificial intelligence (AI) in various clinical practices, including GC. Herein, we aim to provide a broad framework to summarize current research on AI in GC. In the screening of GC, AI can identify precancerous diseases and assist in early cancer detection with endoscopic examination and pathological confirmation. In the diagnosis of GC, AI can support tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging and subtype classification. For treatment decisions, AI can help with surgical margin determination and prognosis prediction. Meanwhile, current approaches are challenged by data scarcity and poor interpretability. To tackle these problems, more regulated data, unified processing procedures, and advanced algorithms are urgently needed to build more accurate and robust AI models for GC.

Effective Practices of Macroprudential Stress Testing as a Tool of Increasing the Stability of Russian Financial System in the Context of Macroeconomic Shocks

The article examines the evolution of the prudential approach to banking regulation, examines the practical contribution of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision to the development and implementation of internationally unified practices and procedures for stress testing and supervision. The authors share the point of view that the existing methods and practices of stress testing still need improvements and methodological improvements, since they regularly allow the practical implementation of adverse scenarios leading to financial shocks and global crises. As a significant disadvantage of many actively used stress testing models, it is noted that they are often focused on complex, highly bureaucratic procedures for the preparation and analysis of financial statements, the main purpose of which is to assess the probabilities and sizes of losses and identify scenarios for the development of the situation for each specific bank, and no risks for the financial system as a whole. The authors come to the conclusion that it is advisable to prioritize the use of alternative stress testing models in crisis and post-crisis conditions, the forecasts within which are based on the actual values of financial market indicators, macroeconomic variables, and other open data. Special attention is paid to the stylized CLASS model, based on simple econometric models, as well as stress testing the current market value of V-lab. Based on the results of the study, the authors come to a number of conclusions that the role of the macroeconomic component in the procedures, methods, and algorithms for macroprudential stress testing used in Russia should increase, the degree of involvement and the sphere of responsibility for its results of key institutional units of the public administration system should expand, and macroprudential stress testing itself should not be limited to supervisory stress testing in everyday practice.

КОНЦЕПЦІЯ ОПЕРАТИВНИХ СИЛ ТА СПРОМОЖНОСТЕЙ НАТО ЯК ІНСТРУМЕНТ РЕФОРМУВАННЯ ТА ЗБІЛЬШЕННЯ БОЙОВИХ СПРОМОЖНОСТЕЙ ПІДРОЗДІЛІВ СПЕЦІАЛЬНОГО ПРИЗНАЧЕННЯ (СИЛ СПЕЦІАЛЬНИХ ОПЕРАЦІЙ)

Combat capabilitie sofunits of the Special Operations Forces of the Armed Forces of Ukraine during the involvementin the OOS and capacity building (acquisition of newones) during the preparation for dutyinthe NATO Response Force wereanalyzed. There sults of the basictraining course for the spy of the National Guard of Ukraine are given. Special units of the Armed Forces play an important role in the implementation of the Joint Forces operation in eastern Ukraine. During the performance of specific tasks, special forces units not only conducted reconnaissance (special measures) at important enemy targets, but also provided for the deployment of units of the Armed Forces to fire. The experience of recent armed conflicts shows that the most effective fire defeat of the enemy is possible with the maximum integration of means and forces of detection (intelligence). The tool for such integration, as well as for increasing the combat capabilities of special forces (Special Operations Forces), is the involvement in the NATO Operational Force and Capabilities Concept (hereinafter referred to as the Concept). The concept of NATOꞌs operational forces and capabilities is, in essence, a clear set of requirements for the unit involved in the assessment and sets a clear goal for the unit's command. With each assessment, the unit is faced with more and more requirements, for which the unit must be qualitatively transformed in accordance with NATO guidelines and act in accordance with their protocols. Protocols are a unified procedure and are the same for all types of troops. Since the last assessment, the unit has achieved its main goal ‒ full interoperability with NATO units and the ability to perform tasks in any operational area as efficiently as possible.

Stability Assessment of A Radial Grid With Power Converters

The increase proportion of power converters causes stability problems in the radial grid. To address these issues, this paper firstly proposes a unified modeling procedure and applies it to two types of converters. Secondly, the impedance models are used to analyze the stability of a radial grid with converters under four cases. The influence of the short circuit ratio (SCR) and line impedance on system stability are investigated. Then, a comprehensive sensitivity analysis is performed in order to investigate the effects of parameters variations on the closed-loop poles of the system under different conditions. Finally, the accuracy of the model and theoretical analysis are verified by simulations and Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) tests.

Investicije u građevinarstvu u vanrednim situacijama - koristi i rizici

In this paper, the author analyzes the effects of an emergency situation, primarily the COVID-19 pandemic, on investments in construction industry. In Serbia, the expansion of construction industry continued in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on the risk assessment that accompanies construction projects and the actions of the state to reduce pandemic disturbances, we can conclude that the short-term effects of state measures in construction industry have supported the implementation of construction projects. The first pandemic wave affected a change in the project management strategy aimed at adapting to the changed circumstances. However, the long-term economic consequences of the pandemic are still difficult to observe. Long-term pandemic effects emerge as a consequence of structural disorders, the so-called "multiplied" negative effects, which are the result of the connection between economic flows and activities. The more economic segments are affected, the more multipliers there will be; moreover, there are compensatory effects (e.g. the expansion of the pharmaceutical industry, production of computer equipment, etc.). The complex interaction of related economic activities determines the initial result of individual economic entities, which will affect the profitability of future construction projects. The biggest incentive for construction industry in our country is the introduction of the Central Register of Unified Procedures (CRUP). By using this system, complete documentation required for construction and use of facilities may be submitted and issued online in e-form.

Directions of modernization of the system of state strategic planning in Ukraine

The systematically organized state strategic planning is the crucial factor of effective public governance. However, main problems of such planning in Ukraine may be noted as absence of the systematic forecasting and long-term strategic planning, undetermined links and mechanisms of coordination between strategic documents, lack of clear and unified standards, procedures and functions' distribution between actors in planning process. Therefore, the aim of this study consists in determination of modernization directions of the state strategic planning in Ukraine by means of the integrated planning system formation. The definition of "state strategic planning" is proposed in this study with using comparative analysis of various approaches and viewpoints concerning strategic management and strategic planning. The proposed definition and problem analysis of current organization structures and procedures of planning in Ukraine assume as a basis of recommended modernization directions to form the System of State Strategic Planning in Ukraine. The appropriate system of strategic planning documents in Ukraine at national, regional and sectoral levels is suggested with using hierarchy analysis across these levels and analysis of the current set of Ukrainian approved documents in proper field. Special attention is given to national level because national strategic directions and goals constitute general framework for strategic documents at other levels. The 10-years Development Strategy of Ukraine is proposed as the main strategic document of national level. The study generalizes methodological principles, and develops institutional mechanism for making and executing mentioned Strategy, proposes the functions' distribution between governmental and other actors involved in this mechanism

УНИФИЦИРОВАННЫЙ МЕТОД АДАПТИВНО-РОБАСТНОЙ РЕДУКЦИИ НЕОПРЕДЕЛЕННОСТЕЙ ПРИ РАСКРЫТИИ «СЛЕПЫХ» ЗОН И ДАЛЬНОМЕТРИИ ВОЗДУШНЫХ ОБЪЕКТОВ В ИМПУЛЬСНО- ДОПЛЕРОВСКИХ РАДАРАХ

A unified method of disclosing blind ranges, reducing or eliminating measurement ambiguity has been proposed and investigated, which allows, within the framework of a typical long-range detection session of an air object by a pulse-Doppler radar, to reduce time costs, expand information content, and unify algorithmic support of a detection session. At the heart of: unified adaptive-robust procedures for controlling radiation parameters (guaranteeing the observability of an object) and processing ambiguous quasi-measurements of range (in absence of detection) and real measurement (in initial detection).

A Systematic Approach for the Agricultural Sector

A rigorous description of the systematic approach to the most developed ergatic systems and a unified procedure for the study and construction of systems based on general systemic principles and postulates are presented. The adaptation of the general procedure for the systemic approach for the agricultural sector and its application to the analysis of the implemented programs of digitalization of agriculture are provided.

Problems of customs control over the movement of hazardous waste across the customs border of the Eurasian Economic Union

Hazardous waste is a trigger of the environmental crisis, especially at the stage of increasing production and consumption of goods, leading to a significant increase in industrial waste and its movement across customs borders. The cross-border movement of hazardous waste is controlled by the state, customs authorities are entrusted with the tasks of protecting national security, human life and health, animal and plant life, the environment, including protection against the illegal import of hazardous waste. The transboundary movement of hazardous wastes is carried out within the framework of the permissive procedure. Such a unified licensing procedure has also been adopted in the EAEU with respect to the import into the customs territory, transit, export from the customs territory of dangerous wastes. This procedure assumes that the declarant submits to an official of the authorized body a license of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Russian Federation or a permit for the transboundary movement of hazardous waste of the Federal Service for Supervision of Environmental Management. However, despite the efforts of the international community in the fight against hazardous waste, the dynamics of illegal movement of certain types of waste continues to grow, which indicates the existence of a number of unresolved problems. In the course of the study, the conceptual and categorical apparatus in the field of hazardous waste is analyzed, the main provisions of the procedure for moving this category of goods across the customs border of the EAEU are considered. The basis for national legislation in terms of the conceptual apparatus and regulation of the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes through the customs territory of the EAEU is the norms of international law, while a comparative analysis confirms the ambiguity of their recognition and classification in the EAEU member states. The analysis of the dynamics of the movement of hazardous waste, including used pneumatic tires and tires, showed that every year the problems of environmental protection become more acute. As a result of the study, specific problems in the field of transboundary movement of hazardous wastes were identified and recommendations for their solution were given.

Personalized Cell Therapy for Patients with Peripheral Arterial Diseases in the Context of Genetic Alterations: Artificial Intelligence-Based Responder and Non-Responder Prediction.

Stem/progenitor cell transplantation is a potential novel therapeutic strategy to induce angiogenesis in ischemic tissue, which can prevent major amputation in patients with advanced peripheral artery disease (PAD). Thus, clinicians can use cell therapies worldwide to treat PAD. However, some cell therapy studies did not report beneficial outcomes. Clinical researchers have suggested that classical risk factors and comorbidities may adversely affect the efficacy of cell therapy. Some studies have indicated that the response to stem cell therapy varies among patients, even in those harboring limited risk factors. This suggests the role of undetermined risk factors, including genetic alterations, somatic mutations, and clonal hematopoiesis. Personalized stem cell-based therapy can be developed by analyzing individual risk factors. These approaches must consider several clinical biomarkers and perform studies (such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS)) on disease-related genetic traits and integrate the findings with those of transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) and whole-genome sequencing in PAD. Additional unbiased analyses with state-of-the-art computational methods, such as machine learning-based patient stratification, are suited for predictions in clinical investigations. The integration of these complex approaches into a unified analysis procedure for the identification of responders and non-responders before stem cell therapy, which can decrease treatment expenditure, is a major challenge for increasing the efficacy of therapies.

Credibilistic fuzzy clustering based on evolutionary method of crazy cats

The problem of fuzzy clustering of large datasets that are sent for processing in both batch and online modes, based on a credibilistic approach, is considered. To find the global extremum of the credibilistic fuzzy clustering goal function, the modification of the swarm algorithm of crazy cats swarms was introduced, that combined the advantages of evolutionary algorithms and a global random search. It is shown that different search modes are generated by a unified mathematical procedure, some cases of which are known algorithms for both local and global optimizations. The proposed approach is easy to implement and is characterized by the high speed and reliability in problems of multi-extreme fuzzy clustering.

ASMADA—A tool for automatic analysis of shape memory alloy thermal cycling data under constant stress

The authors present the automatic shape memory alloy data analyzer (ASMADA). ASMADA is capable of rapid, robust, and consistent processing of shape memory alloy thermal cycling data acquired under constant stress. This seeks to address two primary issues: the lack of unified analysis procedures in relevant standards and the near-universal manual analysis of such data. ASMADA is compliant with the definitions provided in ASTM standards and calculates up to twenty-three (23) material properties/parameters at speeds ranging from 5 to 35 cycles s−1. These parameters include the four transformation start/finish temperature thresholds, which are calculated using the tangent line method; the transformation region tangent lines are determined using a modified sigmoid function, whereas the single-phase region tangent lines are determined based on the geometry of the cycle data. Additionally, a graphical user interface is provided to make the tool readily accessible and easy to navigate. The capabilities of ASMADA have been tested on experimental data from four different research groups; results from five of these tests are presented to demonstrate the tool’s robustness. This tool was developed in Python and is publicly available at https://github.com/matthewkuner/ASMADA

Model-based control of wind turbines for active power control

Abstract This paper addresses the model-based control design of wind turbines using the sector-nonlinearity approach. Building on the Takagi-Sugeno framework, this approach introduces an exact representation of the underlying nonlinear dynamics into the control design. The unified wind turbine control design followed in this study addresses both established (power optimization in the partial load and power limitation in the full-load region) and further requirements for wind turbine systems. An important control objective for wind turbines is the ability to support grid operators with frequency control. To achieve this, an active power control scheme is inherited in the design model such that changes in the power generation can be balanced and the grid frequency may be controlled. First, the derivation of models designed to achieve the multiple control objectives is presented in detail. After that, a unified synthesis procedure based on linear matrix inequalities is discussed and applied. Finally, the quality of the design process is evaluated through simulation studies for representative scenarios.