Unfavorable Behaviors Research Articles

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NUTRITIONAL RISK FACTORS, DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS AND A SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS IN A STUDY GROUP OF COMMUNITY-DWELLING OLDER ADULTS IN POLAND

Background. A significant percentage of older people in Poland experience a high nutritional risk, which is determined by various factors. The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between nutritional risk factors, selected demographic characteristics and a socio-economic status. The SCREEN14 questionnaire was used to identify nutritional risk factors. Questions on gender, age, region of residence, place of residence and personal household structure were used to characterize demographics. A socio-economic status was assessed using questions on the self-assessment of a material situation, education, social activity and family relations. Based on a cluster analysis using Ward's hierarchical classification of variables, two clusters of dietary risk factors emerged. A Chi-square test was used to verify differences between the variables. A logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between the variables. Results and conclusions. It was shown that people belonging to cluster 1, described as "Weight gain and unfavorable dietary beliefs and behaviors", were more likely to live in small towns, alone or with a partner but without a family. Individuals belonging to cluster 2, described as "Weight loss and its perception and functional limitations", were more likely to have a high nutritional risk, were more likely to be aged 75 or older, living alone or living with a family (with or without a partner). Respondents with a low socio-economic status also belonged to this cluster. Decision-makers in public health policy planning should take into account data and indicators for nutritional risks and their determinants to increase the effectiveness of efforts to reduce negative changes in the health and quality of life of older people.

Unfavorable Behaviors in Children Run in Packs! Dietary and Non-Dietary Modulators of Attentional Capacity.

Children's cognitive performance can be influenced by behaviors such as eating breakfast in the morning. The aim of this analysis was to investigate the mediating effects of breakfast behavior and other lifestyle habits on eye-hand coordination and attention. In a secondary analysis of the CogniDROP study, children from the 5th and 6th grade of a comprehensive school in Germany (n = 223) performed a simple computerized Visual Attention Task and answered a questionnaire about behavioral patterns, i.e., skipping breakfast on a school day, frequency of physical activity (PA) outside school, and nighttime sleep. An association matrix was constructed to show the relationship between the variables. Almost 11% of children left home in the morning without breakfast, more than 9.5% of children reported poor sleep quality, 24.9% slept less than the recommended 9 h, and girls were insufficiently physically active. Sleep duration, bedtime, and PA correlated with skipping breakfast. Better sleep quality was positively related to reaction time in the Visual Attention Task. Overall, the data suggest that unfavorable behaviors in children tend to run in packs, just as skipping breakfast in the morning seems to be associated with other unfavorable habits, which impairs children's eye-hand coordination and attention.

Customizing the mechanical properties of additively manufactured metallic meta grain structure with sheet-based gyroid architecture

The use of cellular structures has led to unprecedented outcomes in various fields involving optical and mechanical cloaking, negative thermal expansion, and a negative Poisson’s ratio. The unique characteristics of periodic cellular structures primarily originate from the interconnectivity, periodicity, and unique design of the unit cells. However, the periodicity often induces unfavorable mechanical behaviors such as a “post-yielding collapse”, and the mechanical performance is often limited by the design of the unit cells. Therefore, we propose a novel structure called a meta grain structure (MGS), which is inspired by a polycrystalline structure, to enhance flexibility in design and mechanical reliability. A total of 138 different MGSs were built and tested numerically, and the correlations between the design parameters (e.g., the relative density) and mechanical properties of the MGSs were rigorously analyzed. A systematic design methodology was developed to obtain the optimal design of the MGS with the target Young’s modulus. This methodology makes it possible to build a unique structure that offers various design options and overcomes the current limitations of cellular structures. Furthermore, a systematic inverse design methodology makes it possible to produce an MGS that satisfies the required mechanical performance.

Perceived deception and online repurchase intention: The moderating effect of product type and consumer regulatory orientation

AbstractLimited by e‐tailers' ability to present accurate information about their products, consumers often misunderstand and misinterpret product messaging, which can heighten their perception of deception among e‐tailers and result in unfavorable consumer behaviors and actions. Integrating perceived deception and existing consumer behavior theories, this research examines the intricate relationships between product type (hedonic vs. utilitarian), consumer regulatory orientation (promotion vs. prevention), and their interactive effect on the relationship between perceived deception and consumer repurchase intention in online settings. Across three studies, we identified a less negative impact due to perceived deception for online repurchase intention of hedonic products than for utilitarian products. After perceived deception occurs, promotion‐oriented individuals show a higher online repurchase intention compared to prevention‐oriented individuals. Furthermore, the fit between promotion orientation and hedonic products works best to attenuate perceived deception's unfavorable impact on online repurchase intention. In contrast, the fit between prevention orientation and utilitarian products leads to the lowest online repurchase intentions. Also, e‐tailers can increase repurchase intentions by emphasizing the hedonic attribute, and instigating promotion intention would help mitigate the negative effects of perceived deception.

Physician Burnout-Evidence That Leadership Behaviors Make a Difference: A Cross-Sectional Survey of an Academic Medical Center.

High rates of physician burnout are well documented in the USA. Identifying beneficial leadership behaviors as an organizational approach to mitigating burnout can lead to improved wellness in the physicians that they lead; however, few studies have examined which leadership behaviors are beneficial and which may be detrimental. This survey study of academic medical center physicians and their physician leaders assessed the correlation between burnout and leadership behaviors. Data were analyzed for the strength of correlation between scores for leadership behaviors and self-reported physician burnout with analysis of variance by sex, time from training, specialty, and age. Of 1,145 physicians surveyed, 305 returned surveys. Among the respondents, 45% were female, 25% were 56 years or older, and 57% self-identified as practitioners of medicine or medicine subspecialties. Two transformational leadership categories of behaviors (idealized influence behaviors and individualized consideration) and one transactional leadership behavior category (contingent reward) correlated favorably with all domains of burnout (P < .0001). Conversely, two transactional leadership categories of burnout (management by exception passive and laissez-faire) correlated unfavorably with all burnout domains. Organizational interventions are needed to improve burnout in physicians. Adopting favorable leadership behaviors while avoiding unfavorable leadership behaviors can improve burnout in those physicians being led. These findings could inform the conceptual basis of future physician leadership training programs as transactional leadership behaviors also have an impact on physician wellness.

KONSELING BEHAVIORAL DENGAN TEKNIK SHAPING UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEDISIPLINAN SAAT DARING KELAS XI MA ABADIYAH GABUS

Behavior counseling is creating a new, better condition through the learning process so that negative behavior can be eliminated and changing adaptive behavior by strengthening expected behavior and eliminating unexpected behavior and trying to find new ways of behaving. The subjects students of MA Abadiyah Gabus year 2021/2022. Data collection methods used are interviews, observation, and in-depth documentation so that later accurate data will be obtained on the problems studied, namely the problem of improving students in doing school online assignments.Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the factors that cause undisciplined in doing online learning assignments are two factors, internal and external.After counseling with SDI and AMR shaping techniques were able to eliminate unfavorable behaviors such as being able to control oneself for the spirit of learning and reduce playing games and open applications that are not so important.

Modeling for external stakeholder risk assessment of project portfolios

PurposeExternal stakeholder risks (ESRs) caused by unfavorable behaviors hinder the success of project portfolios (PPs). However, due to complex project dependency and numerous risk causality in PPs, assessing ESRs is difficult. This research aims to solve this problem by developing an ESR-PP two-layer fuzzy Bayesian network (FBN) model.Design/methodology/approachA two-layer FBN model for evaluating ESRs with risk causality and project dependency is proposed. The directed acyclic graph (DAG) of an ESR-PP network is first constructed, and the conditional probability tables (CPTs) of the two-layer network are further presented. Next, based on the fuzzy Bayesian network, key variables and the impact of ESRs are assessed and analyzed by using GeNIe2.3. Finally, a numerical example is used to demonstrate and verify the application of the proposed model.FindingsThe proposed model is a useable and effective approach for ESR assessment while considering risk causality and project dependency in PPs. The impact of ESRs on PP can be calculated to determine whether to control risk, and the most critical and heavily contributing risks and project(s) in the developed model are identified based on this.Originality/valueThis study extends prior research on PP risk in terms of stakeholders. ESRs that have received limited attention in the past are explored from an interaction perspective in the PP domain. A new two-layer FBN model considering risk causality and project dependency is proposed, which can synthesize different dependencies between projects.

Physical Activity Behaviors And Metabolic Syndrome Among Law Enforcement Officers

There is limited data on objectively measured activity behaviors of law enforcement officers. Due to frequent bouts of on-duty sedentary behavior, this may place them at a greater risk for metabolic syndrome. PURPOSE: To examine the associations between activity behaviors and metabolic syndrome risk among law enforcement officers. METHODS: Eighteen participants aged 33.00 ± 9.03 years participated in the study. Law enforcement officers were asked to wear activity monitoring devices for 7-consecutive days during on-duty and off-duty times. At the end of monitoring period, participants had their metabolic risk factors measured using waist circumference and a finger-prick test after fasting for at least 10 hours prior. Metabolic syndrome was determined if participants had 3 of the 5 following criteria: waist circumference measurement >89 centimeters for women or > 102 centimeters for men; serum triglycerides >150 mg/dL; high-density lipoprotein <50 mg/dL for women and 40 mg/dL for men; blood pressure ≥ 130/≥85 mmHg; and fasting glucose ≥100 mg/dL. ActiGraph worn on the wrist measured physical activity behaviors of participants who adhered to wearing the device for at least four days of the 7-consecutive day monitoring period. Descriptive statistics were used to determine means for all metabolic risk factors and to determine time spent in physical activity behaviors (sedentary, light, moderate, and vigorous). Correlation analyses were used to examine relationships between various physical activity behaviors and metabolic risk factors. RESULTS: 11.2% (n = 2) had three or more metabolic risk factors and 33.3% (n = 6) had two or more metabolic risk factors. Mean on-duty sedentary activity was 273.35 ± 59.12 minutes compared to off-duty sedentary activity of 401.02 ± 146.35 minutes. Mean on-duty moderate activity was 235.91 ± 40.09 minutes compared to off-duty moderate activity of 304.58 ± 79.80 minutes. There was a negative correlation between on-duty sedentary activity and SBP (r = -.48) and DBP (r = -.48), respectively. There was a positive correlation between off-duty moderate-vigorous activity and waist circumference (r = .62). CONCLUSION: Law enforcement officers have unfavorable physical activity behaviors during a typical day regardless of working status and may be at risk of developing metabolic syndrome.

Teachers' characteristics predict students' guidance for healthy lifestyle: a cross-sectional study in Arab-speaking schools

IntroductionSchools are valuable settings for implementing healthy lifestyle interventions. Teachers' health behaviors affect their health and well-being and might affect their position as role models for students. This study aimed a) to assess health behaviors, health perceptions, burnout, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment among Arab school teachers in Israel; b) to examine the relationship between these variables; and c) to explain the variance of healthy lifestyle promotion among students.MethodsA cross-sectional study using a structured questionnaire was conducted among 150 teachers (mean age 39 years, 85% women) in May-June 2020.ResultsMost respondents (79%) were overweight and obese, 79% reported unhealthy nutrition and not reaching the recommended physical activity target, 47% slept >7 hours at night and 54% defined their health status as very good or excellent. Reported burnout levels were high. Organizational commitment and job satisfaction were high while students’ guidance towards a healthy lifestyle was moderate. Burnout was negatively correlated with health perception, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction. Health perception was positively correlated with organizational commitment, job satisfaction and promoting a healthy lifestyle among students. Logistic regression analysis revealed that job satisfaction, performance of PA according to the recommendations and burnout predicted 51% of the variance of healthy lifestyle promotion among students.ConclusionsTeachers in Israeli Arab schools report unfavorable health behaviors and health perception as well as high burnout levels. The findings suggest implementing intervention programs to reduce teacher burnout and creating organizational conditions that would encourage teachers to adopt a healthy lifestyle and help them promote healthy lifestyle habits among their students.

The Immediate and Lasting Effects of Resident Summer Camp on Movement Behaviors Among Children.

This study aims to examine the immediate and lasting effects of resident summer camp on movement behaviors among children with repeated pre-, during-, and post-intervention measurements. In total, 21 children (aged 10.3 ± 1.2 years, 17 boys and 4 girls) participated in a 31-day nature-based resident summer camp in Japan. Daily children's movement behaviors (moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), sedentary behavior (SB), and sleep) were continuously monitored before, during, and after the summer camp (i.e., 75 continuous days). It was found that the children engaged more time in MVPA (9.6%), less time in SB (58.0%), had more steps (22,405 steps/day), and an earlier midpoint of sleep (0:24 a.m.) in the summer camp as compared to the other periods (before and after the camp). However, the children engaged in unfavorable behaviors [reduction in MVPA (3.6%), increased SB (67.3%), and a later midpoint of sleep (1:32 a.m.)] during the summer vacation after the camp. This study indicates that the resident summer camp was effective in improving children's movement behaviors during the camp. However, the lasting effects were negligible or at least limited after its completion.

Genome-wide association studies identify novel genetic loci for epigenetic age acceleration among survivors of childhood cancer

BackgroundIncreased epigenetic age acceleration (EAA) in survivors of childhood cancer is associated with specific treatment exposures, unfavorable health behaviors, and presence of certain chronic health conditions. To better understand inter-individual variability, we investigated the genetic basis underlying EAA.MethodsGenome-wide association studies of EAA based on multiple epigenetic clocks (Hannum, Horvath, PhenoAge, and GrimAge) were performed. MethylationEPIC BeadChip array and whole-genome sequencing data were generated with blood-derived DNA from participants in the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort Study (discovery: 2138 pre-existing and 502 newly generated data, all survivors; exploratory: 282 community controls). Linear regression models were fit for each epigenetic age against the allelic dose of each genetic variant, adjusting for age at sampling, sex, and cancer treatment exposures. Fixed-effects meta-analysis was used to combine summary statistics from two discovery data sets. LD (Linkage disequilibrium) score regression was used to estimate single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based heritability.ResultsFor EAA-Horvath, a genome-wide significant association was mapped to the SELP gene with the strongest SNP rs732314 (meta-GWAS: β=0.57, P=3.30×10-11). Moreover, the stratified analysis of the association between rs732314 and EAA-Horvath showed a substantial heterogeneity between children and adults (meta-GWAS: β=0.97 vs. 0.51, I2=73.1%) as well as between survivors with and without chest/abdominal/pelvic-RT exposure (β=0.64 vs. 0.31, I2=66.3%). For EAA-Hannum, an association was mapped to the HLA locus with the strongest SNP rs28366133 (meta-GWAS: β=0.78, P=3.78×10-11). There was no genome-wide significant hit for EAA-PhenoAge or EAA-GrimAge. Interestingly, among community controls, rs732314 was associated with EAA-Horvath (β=1.09, P=5.43×10-5), whereas rs28366133 was not associated with EAA-Hannum (β=0.21, P=0.49). The estimated heritability was 0.33 (SE=0.20) for EAA-Horvath and 0.17 (SE=0.23) for EAA-Hannum, but close to zero for EAA-PhenoAge and EAA-GrimAge.ConclusionsWe identified novel genetic variants in the SELP gene and HLA region associated with EAA-Horvath and EAA-Hannum, respectively, among survivors of childhood cancer. The new genetic variants in combination with other replicated known variants can facilitate the identification of survivors at higher risk in developing accelerated aging and potentially inform drug targets for future intervention strategies among vulnerable survivors.

Association between dietary and suicidal behaviors in adolescents in Korea based on the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (2015-2020).

OBJECTIVESThis study explored the association between dietary and suicidal behaviors of Korean adolescents and investigated differences in this association in children of immigrant parents.METHODSThe sample (n=368,138) was collected from the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey from 2015 to 2020. Participants who agreed to provide family information (n=313,689) were classified according to their parents’ nationality. The study variables were 11 self-reported dietary behaviors, and their composite dietary behaviors (i.e., nutrient deprivation and unhealthy food consumption) that resulted from principal component analysis. The association between study variables and suicide-related outcomes (i.e., suicidal ideation, suicide planning, and suicide attempts) was analyzed by multiple logistic regression with adjustment for covariates. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.RESULTSParticipants who skipped key meals and foods were more likely to have attemped suicide (aOR [95% CI]: skipping breakfast ≥5 days/wk, 1.28 [1.21 to 1.35]; consuming fruits <1 times/wk: 1.42 [1.32 to 1.52]; consuming vegetables <1 times/wk: 1.72 [1.53 to 1.93]; consuming milk <3 times/wk: 1.07 [0.99 to 1.16]). The associations were prominent in third culture kids (TCKs) (aOR [95% CI]: 2.23 [1.61 to 3.09]; 2.32 [1.61 to 3.35]; 2.63 [1.50 to 4.60]; 1.69 [1.09 to 2.63], respectively). Participants who consumed unhealthy foods (fast food, caffeinated and sugary drinks) more frequently were more likely to have attempted suicide (aOR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.38 to 1.73). This association was also more prominent in TCKs (aOR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.08 to 4.01).CONCLUSIONSOur findings indicate a positive association between unfavorable dietary behaviors and outcomes related to suicide, and this association appears to be notable in adolescents with immigrant parents.

Gamification in Genetics: Effects of Gamified Instructional Materials on the STEM Students’ Intrinsic Motivation

Gamification in education offers an innovative way of learning. However, some studies claim that, while it helps raise students' motivation, the kind of motivation is extrinsic and, so, intrinsic motivation declines with time. The researchers used the descriptive research design to describe the STEM students’ intrinsic motivation along with the utilization of game elements in teaching genetics through a learning management system. The researchers collected quantitative data using the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory, which were analyzed through descriptive statistics and complemented with qualitative data from the students' journals and interviews. Overall, the students agreed (M = 5.38, SD = 1.20) that gamification, despite being characterized as extrinsically motivating, had intrinsically motivated them. Its proper implementation helps students adapt to and overcome unfavorable behaviors towards competitiveness and emphasizes the role of teachers in facilitating learning. Time constraints, peer pressure, and distractions were noted; hence, more research is needed to address these challenges and determine the long-term effects of gamification.

Effect of ethnicity, country of origin and workplace on health behaviors and health perception among nurses: Cross-sectional study.

The study aimed to (1) examine health behaviors and perceived health among nurses; (2) analyze the effect of nurses' personal and work characteristics on these variables; and (3) explore the relationship between health behaviors and nurses' health perception. A cross-sectional study was conducted among nurses working in health care organizations (HCOs) across Israel. An email with the online questionnaire was sent to nurses working in 19 HCOs across Israel during September-December 2018. Of 18,120 nurses employed, 3542 completed the survey. Mean age was 44.8years, 91% were female), 64.6% were hospital nurses and 52.8% were clinical staff nurses. Two-thirds of nurses did not achieve the physical activity (PA) target; the majority reported unfavorable eating habits; 66% slept less than 7h at night and 15% smoke. Hospital nurses working night shifts reported the least favorable health behaviors. Non-Jewish nurses had less eating habits compared with Jewish nurses. Nurses born in the Former Soviet Union perceived their health as significantly worse than that of the other respondents. Binomial logistic regression demonstrated that, age, Israeli origin, achieving the PA target, having food breaks during work, consuming a Mediterranean diet, sleeping at least 7h, undergoing screening tests as recommended, and not smoking predicted better health perception among nurses. Nurses, particularly hospital-based, non-Jewish and immigrants from the Soviet Union, demonstrated unfavorable health behaviors that may negatively affect their wellbeing and health perception. Interventions aimed at improving the health promoting mindset of nurses have the potential to improve their health and wellbeing and to enable them to become role models and health educators for patients and their families.

Nutritional Behaviors, Health Literacy, and Health Locus of Control of Secondary Schoolers in Southern Poland: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Nutritional behaviors remain an essential part of a healthy lifestyle. It seems obvious that unfavorable health behaviors adopted in adolescence are maintained late in adulthood and may have a profound effect on health status. The main aim of this study was to assess the association between nutritional behaviors and health literacy (HL), health locus of control (HLC), and socioeconomic variables in secondary school pupils from a voivodship (the main unit of territorial division) in southern Poland. The analysis was based on dataTable from a paper-and-pencil survey taken by 2223 pupils from schools selected as the result of cluster sampling. The survey questionnaire encompassed a set of five items asking about dietary patterns and the consumption of fruit and vegetables as well as fast food, a European Health Literacy Project Questionnaire consisting of 47 items, the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) scale, and items asking about sociodemographic and economic variables. Uni- and multivariate logistic regression models have been developed to assess the predictors of indicator nutrition behaviors. The adjusted models revealed that internal HLC was not significantly associated with any of analyzed nutritional behaviors. “Powerful other HLC” and “Chance HLC” (dimension of external HLC) were significant predictors of the selected dietary patterns. Furthermore, higher HL was associated with higher consumption of fruit and vegetables [odds ratio, 95% confidence interval (OR, 95% CI)]: 1.02 (1.01–1.04) and with lower consumption of fast food (OR, 95% CI, 0.98, 0.95–0.999). There was a significant relationship between gender, the size of the household, self-assessed economic situation, expenditures on mobile phones, and weekly duration of Internet use and selected nutrition behaviors. In conclusion, developed regression models confirmed a significant relationship between HL and the types of consumed food, but not with dieting patterns. Contrary to earlier studies, internal HLC was not associated with nutrition behaviors. In our study, boys showed more favorable nutritional behaviors than girls. More intense use of the Internet was associated with less beneficial nutritional behaviors. This study brings important results that should have an impact on health promotion interventions addressed to adolescents in southern Poland.

Abstract 12549: Population Patterns of Clustering in Cardiovascular Health Metrics and Associations With Cardiovacular Disease: A Latent Classpopulation Patterns of Clustering in Cardiovascular Health Metrics and Associations With Cardiovacular Disease: A Latent Class Analysis

Background: Cardiovascular health (CVH) is defined by 7 health behaviors (smoking, diet, physical activity) and factors (body mass index, blood pressure, total cholesterol, glucose). we sought to explore how CVH components cluster in individuals and examine associations of clusters with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Methods: Participants aged 20-79 years were included from four longitudinal cohorts. Levels of each CVH metric were classified as ideal, intermediate, or poor using AHA definitions. Among sex and race subgroup, we applied latent class analysis (LCA) models on CVH metrics and individuals were assigned to a class based on the highest posterior probability of membership. Cox regression model was conducted to estimate the association of cluster and the CVD events. Results: Among 9270 White and 3913 Black women, and 7773 White and 2875 Black men, 6004 CVD events occurred during 19.5 years’ follow-up. Three common classes were observed (Figure 1): Suboptimal (unfavorable behaviors and factors), Mixed (diverse levels of behaviors and factors), and Favorable factors. One additional class of Unfavorable Behaviors (with relatively favorable factors) was identified in Whites. Compared with Favorable factors, other classes had significantly higher risk for CVD (Figure 2), except in Black women. Conclusions: We observed three common clusters of CVH component, with an additional class of Unfavorable Behaviors (only) in White participants, that were significantly associated with incident CVD across subgroups. Given that 27-47% of participants were in the Suboptimal group, multifaceted primordial prevention strategies will be needed to bend the CVD epidemic curve.

Understanding the influence of building characteristics on enhancing energy efficiency in residential buildings: A data mining based study

The building sector holds a significant share in energy consumption and its impact on various aspects of human life necessitates the identification of factors influencing the energy consumption pattern. In this study, a data mining-based approach is proposed to explore the factors which can be adapted to conserve energy in buildings. In this approach, clustering classifies similar households in a group, and then the clustering results constitute a base for decision tree and association rule mining technique to discover factors affecting energy consumption. This will reduce the complexity in interpreting the results and helps in identifying the effective factors in detail with high accuracy. To demonstrate the applicability of the framework, it is applied on the U.S. household energy dataset. The results indicate that households who do not own houses show many unfavorable behaviors with respect to energy consumption. The insulation policies are properly applied only to the newly built homes with a large floor area. Highly energy consumed households with many windows often have single-pane windows, while low-consumption energy households have double/triple glazing windows. The research findings indicate the ability of the approach to discover patterns and unknowns in more detail and precision. • A combinational approach is proposed to discover energy consumption pattern. • The approach used a combination of clustering, decision tree and association rules. • A way to build an optimal tree to present interesting rules, also provided. • The approach proved its' ability to explore more detailed and precision patterns.

Motivational interviewing for caries prevention in adolescents: a randomized controlled trial.

The objective of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of motivational interviewing (MI) in changing health behaviors (snack and toothbrushing) and preventing dental caries among adolescents. Five hundred andtwelve adolescents with unfavorable caries-related behaviors ("snacking three times or more a day" and/or "toothbrushing less often than twice a day") were randomly assigned to three groups. Group I received prevailing health education (oral health talks and pamphlets). Participants in group II joined a one-on-one face-to-face MI session. In group III, a patient communication tool (Cariogram) was incorporated to facilitate the MI process. At baseline and 24months post-intervention, a self-administered questionnaire gathered information of participants' sociodemographic characteristics and oral health self-efficacy and behaviors. Their oral hygiene and tooth status were assessed by a blinded examiner. After 24months, 460 (89.8%) participants were followed up. Compared with group I, (i) restriction of frequent snacking was more likely in group II [OR (95% CI): 3.91 (1.48-10.33)] and group III [OR (95% CI): 6.33 (2.46-16.27)], whereas group III tended to adopt the behavior of toothbrushing twice a day [OR (95% CI): 4.80 (1.79-12.85)]; (ii) no significant between-group difference in plaque score reduction was found (p > 0.05); and (iii) groups II and III developed fewer cavitated teeth (△DICDASII 3-6MFT) [β (95% CI): - 0.19 (- 0.37, - 0.01) and - 0.20 (- 0.38, - 0.02), respectively], whereas increment of total carious lesions (△DICDASII 1-6MFT) was lower in group III [β (95% CI): - 0.63 (- 1.24, - 0.02)]. MI outperformed prevailing health education in improving oral health behaviors and preventing dental caries among adolescents. Incorporating MI into dental care for caries-prone adolescents contributes to optimal health outcomes. HKUCTR-1852 ( http://www.hkuctr.com/ ) (Hong Kong, 2013).

Obesogenic Behaviors of Rural Children on School and Nonschool Days.

Background: Children living in rural areas are at increased risk of overweight and obesity compared with their urban-dwelling counterparts. The purpose of this study was to provide preliminary evidence of rural children's obesogenic behaviors (e.g., activity, sedentary behaviors, sleep, and diet) during school days, nonschool weekdays, and weekend days. Methods: A repeated measures 14-day observational study was conducted early March 2020. Children (n = 54, 92% 6-11 years old; 66% female; 98% non-Hispanic white; 22% overweight or obese) wore accelerometers on the nondominant wrist for 24 hours/day for 14 consecutive days to capture moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), sedentary time, and sleep. Parents completed diaries to report daily activities, diet, and screen time of their child each day. Mixed effect models compared behaviors between school days, nonschool weekdays, and weekend days. Results: Children accumulated +16 additional minutes/day of MVPA (95% confidence interval, CI: +10 to +23 minutes/day), reduced sedentary time (-68 minutes/day, 95% CI: -84 to -51 minutes/day), and reduced screen time (-99 minutes/day; 95% CI: -117 to -81 minutes/day) on school days vs. nonschool weekdays. Similar patterns were observed on school weekdays days vs. weekend days, and on nonschool days when children attended a structured program vs. days they did not attend. Minimal differences were observed in reported consumption of food groups across different days. Conclusions: Preliminary evidence suggests rural children display multiple unfavorable obesogenic behaviors on days when they do not attend school or other structured programs. Future interventions targeting obesogenic behaviors of rural children may want to target times when rural children are not engaged in school and "school-like" environments.

Characterization of Opalescence in low Volume Monoclonal Antibody Solutions Enabled by Microscale Nephelometry

Monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based drugs are often prone to unfavorable solution behaviors including high viscosity, opalescence, phase separation, and aggregation at the high concentrations needed to enable patient-centric subcutaneous dosage forms. Given that these can have a detrimental impact on manufacturability, stability, and delivery, approaches to identifying, monitoring, and controlling these behaviors during drug development are critical. Opalescence presents a significant challenge due to its relationship to liquid-liquid phase separation. Quantitative characterization of opalescence via turbidimetry is often restrictive due to large volume requirements (>2mL) and alternative microscale approaches based on light transmittance (Eckhardt etal., J Pharm Sci Technol. 1994, 48: 64-70) may pose challenging with respect to accuracy. To address the need for accurate and quantitative microscale opalescence measurements, we have evaluated the use of a 'de-tuned' static light scattering detector which requires <10 μL sample per measurement. We show that tuning of the laser power to a range far below that of traditional light scattering measurements results in a stable detector response that can be accurately calibrated to the nephelometric turbidity unit (NTU) scale using appropriate standards. The calibrated detector signal yields NTU values for mAbs and other protein solutions that are comparable to a commercial turbidimeter. We used this microscale approach to characterize the opalescence of 48 commercial mAb drug products and found that the majority have opalescence below 15 NTU. However, in products with mAb concentrations greater than 75mg/mL, a broad range of opalescence was observed, in a few cases greater than 20 NTU. These measurements as well as nephelometric characterization of several IgG1 and IgG4 mAbs across a broad pH range highlight subclass-specific tendencies toward opalescence in high concentration solutions.