Unequal Width Research Articles

Limitation in Controlling the Morphology of Mammalian Vero Cells Induced by Cell Division on Asymmetric Tungsten-Silicon Oxide Nanocomposite.

Engineered nanomaterials are often used in tissue engineering applications to influence and manipulate the behavior of cells. Recently, a number of tungsten-silicon oxide nanocomposite devices containing equal width (symmetric) tungsten and silicon oxide parallel line comb structures were developed and used by our group. The devices induced over 90% of seeded cells (Vero) to align within ±20° of the axes of 10 µm wide tungsten lines. Furthermore, a mathematical model was successfully developed to predict this alignment behavior and forecast the minimum width of isolated tungsten lines required to induce such behavior. However, the mechanism by which the widths of the symmetrical tungsten and silicon oxide lines induce the alignment behavior is still unknown. Furthermore, the model was never tested on more complex asymmetrical structures. Herewith, experiments were conducted with mammalian cells on complex asymmetrical structures with unequal tungsten and silicon oxide line widths. Results showed that the model could be extended to more complex pattern structures. In addition, cell morphology on the patterned structures reset during cell division because of mitotic rounding, which reduced the population of cells that elongated and aligned on the tungsten lines. Ultimately, we concluded that it was impossible to achieve a 100% alignment with cells having unsynchronized cell cycles because cell rounding during mitosis took precedence over cell alignment; in other words, internal chemical cues had a stronger role in cell morphology than external cues.

Analysis of a Tooth-Coil Winding Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Machine With an Unequal Teeth Width

This paper presents an analysis of a permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) with an unequal teeth width. The use of the concentrated nonoverlapping winding, also known as tooth-coil winding, has certain advantages. In addition, asymmetric features can be exploited by adopting this winding configuration to improve the machine performance. The procedure involves increasing the stator tooth width and, to the same extent, reducing the adjacent stator tooth width. In this paper, an analytical method was employed to predict and understand the back-EMF behavior, and a finite element analysis (FEA) was performed to verify the analytical method. Furthermore, a detailed study of the machine performance (electromagnetic torque, flux density, and losses) was carried out by the FEA. The machine was built and tested to validate the performance of the machine.

High frequency rejection using L shaped defected microstrip structure in ultra wideband bandpass filter

The frequency band from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz with a bandwidth of 7.5 GHz is defined as Ultra wideband (UWB). Federal Communication Commission (FCC) of United States permitted the use of UWB for commercial applications in February 2002. UWB provide very high data rate of the order of 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps. UWB signals are capable of penetrating through obstacles, they are immune to multi path and their power requirement is low. This paper presents a simple UWB bandpass filter (BPF) based on stepped impedance resonator (SIR) in folded form. SIR consists of two unequal width microstrip lines cascaded together. It has the ability to operate as a multimode resonator (MMR). When SIR is folded and the folded lines are kept in close proximity, due to multipath two transmission zeros are introduced in the frequency response. The frequency range between the two transmission zeros determines the passband of the BPF. This simple BPF has the disadvantage of small values of lower and upper rejection band. A simple L-shaped defected microstrip structure (DMS) is added to improve the upper rejection band. DMS is realized by etching slots or gaps in the microstrip structure. It has similar properties as that of defected ground structure (DGS) but does not have any leakage through ground. A simple LDMS behaves like a band notch structure. Length and width are the two parameters which determine the spectral behavior of LDMS. For optimized length of 2.6 mm and width 1.1 mm, the LDMS clearly reject high frequency components above 13 GHz. An insertion loss of less than −10 dB is obtained up to 25 GHz. Substrate used for the filter is FR4. Filter simulation is carried out using ANSYS HFSS software.

The performance analysis of dual-inverter three phase fed induction motor with open-end winding using various PWM schemes

Induction motor with scheme open end winding (OEW) has attract many attention in the recent time as a compromising alternative of multi-level inverter. The structure contains of simplicity in generating multi-level inverter and has potential ability to obtain a better quality output due to higher number of the available switching states and voltage vectors.’ Based on the method to divide the voltage references, various Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) schemes for the dual-inverter fed induction motor with OEW have been discussed in this paper. The first one is developed by equally splitting the voltage references to two inverters and termed as Equal Reference Division Pulse Width Modulation (ERD PWM). In the second PWM scheme, the voltage references are devided according to moduation index (M). At M > 0.525, one inverter is modulated using maximum voltage reference while the other one inverter is modulated proportionaly according the change of voltage reference. The PWM scheme is named as Unequal Reference Division Pulse Width Modulation (URD PWM). In the third PWM scheme, the two inverters are modulated using different method, i.e one inverter is controlled in slow switching PWM and the second inverter are modulated using fast switching PWM. Hence the thirs PWM is named as Mixed Devider Switching (MDS) PWM scheme. The results shows that the MDS PWM provide the best voltage Total Harmonic Disortion (THD) performance among the three PWM schemes. Further the speed-torque acceleration shows that the dual-inverter fed structure is able to control the speed to reach the desired speed at t = 0.25 s. The speed is able to adjust when the load is apply at t = 0.4 s. The motor current THD and the mechanical torque reveal that the MDS PWM provide the best among three PWM schemes.

Are there really only 2 kinds of people in the world? Evaluating the distribution of change from baseline in pain clinical trials.

It is often assumed that there are 2 types of pain patients: those who respond well to efficacious pain therapies and those who do not respond at all, with few people in the middle. This assumption is based on research that claims that changes in pain intensity have a bimodal distribution. The claim of bimodality has led to calls for a change in how pain clinical trials are designed and analyzed, eg, performing "responder" analyses instead of comparing group mean values to evaluate the treatment effect. We analyzed data from 4 clinical trials, 2 each of duloxetine and pregabalin, for chronic musculoskeletal and neuropathic pain conditions to critically examine the claim of bimodality of the distribution of change in pain intensity. We found that the improper construction of histograms, using unequal bin widths, was the principal flaw leading to the bimodality claim, along with the use of the oft-criticized baseline observation carried forward method for imputing missing data also serving as a contributing factor. Properly constructed histograms of absolute change in pain intensity using equal bin widths, combined with more principled methods for handling missing data, resulted in distributions that had a more unimodal appearance. Although our findings neither support nor refute the hypothesis that distinct populations of "responders" and "nonresponders" to pain interventions exist, the analyses presented in earlier work do not provide support for this hypothesis, nor for the recommendation that pain clinical trials prioritize "responder" analyses, a less efficient analysis strategy.

Improved Delay-Derivative-Dependent Stability Analysis for Generalized Recurrent Neural Networks with Interval Time-Varying Delays

In this paper, the problem of delay-derivative-dependent stability analysis for generalized neural networks with interval time-varying delays is considered. First, we divide the whole delay interval into two segmentations with an unequal width and checking the variation of the Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional (LKF) for each subinterval of delay, where the information on the lower and upper bounds of time delay and its derivative are fully exploited. Second, a new delay-derivative-dependent stability condition for time-varying delay systems with interval time-varying delays, which expressed in terms of quadratic forms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs), and has been derived by constructing the LKF from the delayed-decomposition approach and integral inequality approach. Third, all the conditions are presented in terms of LMIs can be easily calculated by using Matlab LMI control toolbox. Fourth, the computational complexity of newly obtained stability conditions is reduced because fewer variables are involved. Finally, four numerical examples are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed criteria.

Evaluation of bed load equations using field measured bed load and bed material load

ABSTRACT Bed load transport can be determined by direct measurement of bed load being transported by a stream. In India, measurement of bed load is rarely done. In the present study, bed load has been measured by unequal width incremental method using United States Geological Survey (USGS) bed load sampler (Modified-Helley–Smith bed load sampler) and bed material has been measured using scoop type sampler for the Ver stream in Mandvi region of Surat, Gujarat, India. From the field measurements and analysis, it is seen that the Ver stream has dominance of bed load transport with a Rouse number higher than 2.5 for all the selected cross sections. The measured average bed load transport rate is found to be 7.77 t/day. The measured bed load transport rate has been tested using two prominent bed load models. In 1950 Brown proposed the reach averaged approach which was augmented and supported by Recking in 2013. Both Brown's and Recking's reach averaged approaches have been used for computing bed load of Ver stream using particle size of bed load and bed material. Bed load computed using Recking's approach matches well with the observed bed load while Brown's model over-predicted bed load transport rate using bed load particle size. Overall, Recking's reach-averaged approach performs well using bed load particle size and bed material particle size.

Equation-Based Solutions to Coupled, Asymmetrical, Lossy, and Nonuniform Microstrip Lines for Tab-Routing Applications

In this paper, analytical equation-based solutions are derived to allow quick and accurate calculations directly from the physical parameters of coupled, asymmetrical, lossy, and nonuniform microstrip lines with interdigital trapezoidal tabs incorporated, resulting in their corresponding scattering parameters. Capacitance and inductance matrices under a quasi-static condition are derived from the cross-sectional dimensions of asymmetrical coupled microstrip lines with unequal widths. They are converted into a frequency-dependent resistance–inductance–conductance–capacitance model, allowing complete equation-based solutions to their four-port Z-matrix, S-matrix, and ABCD-matrix. As an application example of tackling the complexity of transmission lines, the derived analytical method is applied to a transitional structure with linearly varying trace width in tabbed microstrip lines by the method of segmentation. In addition, a new concept of tab-coupling fringing capacitance is specifically introduced to compensate for underestimated mutual capacitance at tab positions, which will improve the accuracy of the proposed approach. Numerical modeling results from commercial simulation tools are compared for validation purposes. As a conclusion, the proposed method and its versatility are demonstrated with applications to practical high-speed and high-density printed circuit board designs, which renders itself effective and efficient in an optimization process.

Using generalizability theory with continuous latent response variables.

In this article, we illustrate ways in which generalizability theory (G-theory) can be used with continuous latent response variables (CLRVs) to address problems of scale coarseness resulting from categorization errors caused by representing ranges of continuous variables by discrete data points and transformation errors caused by unequal interval widths between those data points. The mechanism to address these problems is applying structural equation modeling (SEM) as a tool in deriving variance components needed to estimate indices of score consistency and validity. Illustrations include quantification of multiple sources of measurement error, use of non-nested and nested designs, derivation of indices of consistency for norm- and criterion-referenced interpretation of scores, estimation of effects when changing measurement procedures and designs, and disattenuation of correlation coefficients for measurement error. These illustrations underscore the effectiveness of G-theory with continuous latent response variables in providing stable indices of reliability and validity that are reasonably independent of the number of original scale points used, unevenness of scale intervals, and average degree of item skewness. We discuss general distinctions in reliability estimation within G-theory, SEM, and classical test theory; make specific recommendations for using G-theory on raw score and CLRV metrics; and provide computer code in an online supplement for doing all key analyses demonstrated in the article using R and Mplus. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

New Adjustment Method for the Width of Monorail Beams on Curve

A new method to improve the passing performance of monorail train driving on a curve by adjusting the width of monorail beams is proposed. Equations for deformation of steering wheel and stabilizing wheel with respect to the contact relationship between monorail beams and trains are derived by geometric analysis. Then two kinds of adjustment schemes are proposed, equal width adjustment method and unequal width adjustment method. A curved guide way of radius 100 m is taken for the example to verify the validity of the improved method by comparing the tire deformation of monorail train driving on the beams before and after the adjustment of width. The results show that the improved adjustment method for the width of monorail beam is efficient to reduce tire deformation when the monorail train travels on a curve. For the guide way of radius 100 m, width of the beams should be reduced by 7 mm when the equal width adjustment method is adopted. When the unequal width adjustment method is adopted, the width of monorail beams at the position of steering wheel carriageway and stabilizing wheel carriageway should be reduced by 10 mm and 5 mm, respectively.

SIW resonator fed horn mounted compact DRA with enhanced gain for multiband applications

AbstractA novel design of compact and light-weight horn mounted cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna (CDRA) fed by substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) resonator has been investigated for high gain and multiband applications. SIW resonator contains two closely spaced longitudinal slots of equal length and unequal width to excite the CDRA. These slots are responsible for introducing triple resonating bands. The excited mode in dielectric resonator by longitudinal slots is EH11δ mode. The achieved impedance bandwidths are 65, 180, and 240 MHz at resonant frequencies 9.78, 10.58, and 11.84 GHz, respectively, for |S11| <−10 dB. Copper-taped horn enhances the gain of antenna more than 2 dB for all resonating bands. The measured peak value of gain is 9.3 dBi at ~11.84 GHz.

Damage Mechanism of Broad-narrow Joint of CRTSII Slab Track under Temperature Rise

There is two typical damage pattern at broad-narrow joint of CRTSII slab track breakage of narrow joint and fracture at junction between broad joint and narrow joint. This paper aims to study the damage mechanism and develop of broad-narrow joint of CRTSII slab track and put forward the methods to reduce the damage. Based on damaged plasticity model for concrete and cohesive zone model, the damage mechanism and development process of broad-narrow joint are analyzed in this study. The unequal width of broad joint and narrow joint, different concrete strength between broad-narrow joints and slab and slab integrity reducing due to the interface are the main reason for the typical damage. It is suggested to set the same width of broad joint and narrow joint, set the same strength of broad-narrow joint and slab and enhance the integrity of the slab by chipping or adding adhesives, among which the former two methods are more effective. Breakage of narrow joint is a gradual compression damage due to the lower concrete strength than slab. Fracture at the junction between narrow joint and broad joint is a mutational tension damage due to the unequal width of broad joint and narrow joint. The temperature gradient has significant effect on the compression damage, but small to the tension damage, it has the risk of complete destruction under extreme conditions.

Analysis and Reduction of the Cogging Torque of Flux-Modulated Generator for Wave Energy Conversion

Abstract As the cogging torque of the flux-modulated generator is large, the vibration and noise of the torque reduce the stability of the generator. According to the principle of the flux-modulated generator for wave energy conversion, a novel method is proposed to reduce the cogging torque. The method uses the rotor magnetomotive force produced by permanent magnets to substitute the effect of the rotor. Based on the energy method, the formula of the cogging torque in the gap is derived. The method of unequal tooth width is used to reduce the cogging torque of the generator. By using the finite element method, the simulation model of the proposed generator is built to prove the accuracy. Cogging torque and no-load induced electromotive force prove that the method of unequal tooth width can reduce the effective value of cogging torque effectively. The method is suitable for the promotions of the generator performance.

Electromagnetic Design and Analysis of Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Generator With Unequal-Width PCB Winding

For the design of printed circuit board (PCB) winding, it is necessary to take into account the requirements of electromagnetic and manufacture technology of PCB winding, which directly affect the output power of the machine. In this paper, for axial flux permanent magnet generator (AFPMG) of a small wind power system, the unequal-width (UEW) winding is proposed for the aim of improving the output power of the generator. The design ideas and methods of unequal-width (UEW) winding are proposed in combination with manufacture technology of the PCB. The finite element analysis (FEA) model of machine is built. The analytical formulas of electromotive force (EMF) and winding loss are derived. Though the comparisons between reactance and impedance of PCB winding, the analytical formula of output power is simplified. These characteristics of the generator with traditional equal-width(EW) winding and proposed UEW winding are analyzed and compared in detail by FEA and analytical calculation. The result shows that the output power of the generator with UEW winding is improved largely. Finally, the validity of the FEA model and analysis method is verified by experiment of prototype machine, which provides the reference for the design of AFPMG with PCB winding.

Design and Optimization of Complementary Field Excited Linear Flux Switching Machine With Unequal Primary Tooth Width and Segmented Secondary

Linear flux switching machines (LFSMs) are one of the recently emerging and competitive candidates for long stroke applications due to high thrust force density, low cost and robust secondary, and high reliability. In the past decade, permanent magnet linear flux switching machines (PMLFSMs) with continuous secondary is researched by numerous researchers. However, cost of rare earth permanent magnet and iron material for continuous secondary in case of long stroke application makes PMLFSMs not an economical choice. In order to incorporate advantages of segmented secondary, such as: less use of stator iron, high power factor, and less critical saturation, a novel complementary dual mover field excited linear flux switching machine (FELFSMs) with segmented secondary and parallel magnetic structure is proposed and investigated in this paper. Furthermore, geometry-based deterministic optimization approach based on finite element analysis (FEA) is adopted to uplift overall thrust force profile, reduce secondary iron volume, and balance magnetic circuit of the machine. During optimization process, magnitude difference of flux flow between ac winding tooth and dc winding tooth is observed, that compel designers to go for unequal primary teeth design. Finally, optimal ac and dc current densities of geometrically optimized model and without any cooling arrangements are investigated for maximum average thrust force and minimum thrust force ripple ratio.

On Field Weakening Performance of a Brushless Direct Current Motor with Higher Winding Inductance: Why Does Design Matter?

This paper comprises the design, analysis, experimental verification and field weakening performance study of a brushless direct current (BLDC) motor for a light electric vehicle. The main objective is to design a BLDC motor having a higher value d-axis inductance, which implies an improved performance of field weakening and a higher constant power speed ratio (CPSR) operation. Field weakening operation of surface-mounted permanent magnet (SMPM) BLDC motors requires a large d-axis inductance, which is characteristically low for those motors due to large air gap and PM features. The design phases of the sub-fractional slot-concentrated winding structure with unequal tooth widths include the motivation and the computer aided study which is based on Finite Element Analysis using ANSYS Maxwell. A 24/20 slot–pole SMPM BLDC motor is chosen for prototyping. The designed motor is manufactured and performed at different phase-advanced currents in the field weakening region controlled by a TMS320F28335 digital signal processor. As a result of the experimental work, the feasibility and effectiveness of field weakening for BLDC motors are discussed thoroughly and the contribution of higher winding inductance is verified.

Asymmetrical distractibility of global and focal visuospatial attention during segmental and total compound line bisections.

Compound horizontal lines are composed of 2 segments of unequal length and width. Line bisection requires that the participants attend to the entire line (global attention). The longer segment often distracts participants, suggesting that attention directed to this segment (focal attention) disrupts the allocation of global attention. This study attempted to learn whether the allocation of focal attention to a line segment is distracted by global attention allocated to the entire line and whether there are right-left distraction asymmetries when allocating focal or global attention. Twenty-four healthy adults (12 > 65 years old) attempted to bisect horizontal lines composed of 2 segments of unequal length, with the larger segment placed to the right or left. They were also asked to bisect the longer segment of these lines. When allocating focal attention to the larger segment, healthy participants were more distracted when the smaller segment was on the left than on the right. In contrast, when attempting to allocate global attention to the entire line, participants were more distracted when the larger segment was on the right side. There were no significant differences between older and younger participants. The asymmetrical global distraction during segment bisection might be related to the right hemisphere's dominance in mediating global attention and allocating attention leftward. In contrast, the asymmetrical focal distraction during full-line bisection might be related to the left hemisphere's dominance in mediating focal attention and allocating attention toward the right. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).

Design and Analysis of a Five-Phase SPM Machine Considering Third Harmonic Current Injection

This paper analytically derives the optimal third harmonic current to improve the output torque in five-phase surface-mounted permanent magnet (SPM) machines under the constraints of the same peak/rms value. The relationship between the output torque and the third harmonic current is established and its optimal value for maximizing the output torque is derived. It is found that the optimal third harmonic current is dependent on the ratio of the third harmonic back electromotive force (EMF) to the fundamental one but it is not 1/6 of the fundamental one as pulse width modulation in an inverter. In order to improve the output torque by increasing the fundamental and third harmonic winding factors and the third harmonic airgap flux density, the unequal width tooth and permanent magnet (PM) segmentation are employed in the 10-slot/8-pole five-phase SPM machine. The optimal unequal tooth dimensions and the number of PM segmentations are analyzed for maximizing the output torque. The airgap flux density, back EMF, cogging torque, and output torque of the machine with equal/unequal tooth width and unsegmented/segmented PM are compared. Finally, the experiments on the prototype 10-slot/8-pole PM machine with unequal tooth width and segmented rotor are given to verify the analytical and finite element analyses.

Differentially Fed Directional Couplers With Coupled-Conductors of Unequal Widths

In this letter, coupled-line directional couplers with differentially excited balanced coupled lines are considered in which balanced lines having different widths are proposed. Different conductor widths allow for coupling control within a chosen dielectric stack-up and give design freedom in terms of coupling adjustment. The theoretical analysis is confirmed by experimental verification, in which a broadband asymmetrical 3-dB two-section directional coupler has been designed and measured.

Wave-particle duality in asymmetric beam interference

It is well known that in a two-slit interference experiment, acquiring which-path information about the particle, leads to a degrading of the interference. It is argued that path-information has a meaning only when one can umabiguously tell which slit the particle went through. Using this idea, two duality relations are derived for the general case where the two paths may not be equally probable, and the two slits may be of unequal widths. These duality relations, which are inequalities in general, saturate for all pure states. Earlier known results are recovered in suitable limit.