Underground Passages Research Articles

Energy-Saving Led Lighting System With Parallel Power Supply By Photovoltaic Modules And By Network

The current state of LED lighting systems with parallel power supply by photovoltaic modules and central power supply network is analysed. The approach to implementation of parallel operation of LED luminaire powered by two sources of power is presented. It is simple, cheap and highly reliable as compared to the existing solutions. Based on this approach, four diagrams are developed which are applicable correspondingly to lighting applications and characteristics of photovoltaic modules and power consumers. The first and the second diagrams contain minimal quantity of transformers, but a number of operational constraints shall be taken into account when using them. The third diagram contains standard transformers and implies minimal number of various constraints, which makes it an optimal solution for the low-power lighting system being designed. The fourth diagram is expensive due to utilisation of equipment with automatic maximum power point tracking (the MPPT technology); it provides maximum possible energy efficiency of the lighting systems but the advantages of the MPPT technology apply only to high-power systems. It is preferable to use such objects where lighting is mostly required during daytime as consumers of such systems (shopping malls, underground passages, storage facilities, poultry farms, etc.). A positive aspect is increase in reliability of consumer power supply since power supply of LED luminaires will be also provided by an additional source. The proposed approach leads to reduction of power consumption for LED lighting, saving of fossil energy sources and therefore to ecologisation of the environment.

Object of offensive provided by Art. 181-1 the code of Ukraine about administrative offences «consuming prostitution»

As a result of the study, a number of scientific provisions were obtained that are important for the practice of applying the administrative law. Investigating the legal signs of engaging in prostitution, it is necessary to correctly establish the object of this offense, that is, to determine those social relations that are harmed and which are under the jurisdiction of norm 181-1. The article proves the thesis that the generic object of the offense under Art. 181-1 will mainly advocate public health rather than public order and public safety. It is proposed to understand the population health as social relations as a set of favorable conditions for the functioning of a living organism. Attention is focused on the fact that only street prostitution (the lowest type of prostitution) will encroach on public order, when a prostitute person offers his/her services – «advertises him/herself», searches for clients or provides his/her services in public places (entrances, underground passages, parks, squares, etc.). In other cases, these actions take place covertly and in no way can violate public order. On the basis of this, a proposal is made to transfer the corpus delicti «Engaging in prostitution» from Chapter 14 «Administrative offenses infringing on public order and public safety» to Chapter 5 «Administrative offenses in the field of labor protection and public health». After analyzing the scientific works on the issue under consideration, it was found, that public morality in the intimate sphere acts as the direct object of the offense. At the same time, the object of prostitution largely depends on how this phenomenon is perceived in society. If it is negative, then the harm to the immediate object will have a pronounced character, if it is neutral, then prostitution will not harm public morality in the intimate sphere and will not create such a threat

ANALYSIS OF SOME PROBLEMS AND REQUIREMENTS FOR NEW SOUND RESONANT UNITS FOR TRENCHLESS LAYING OF PIPELINES BY VIBRATION METHODS

This article continues the series of works, which are devoted to studies of vibration methods of pipe laying, with purpose of increasing the productivity through higher speed of driving, penetration capacity, possibility to overcome the great frontal resistance of soil at acceptable energy consumption. The studies have been fulfilled on the base of wave theory of stress propagation in going downward pipe and in soil. This article analyzes some of the challenges facing designers of sound-resonance units for vibro-puncture and vibro-compression, operating in a wide range of laid pipes and in different soil conditions while constructing underground passages not only under motor roads, highways and railway embankments but also under bottom of various water basins which can be carried out by trenchless methods. There has been conducted the analysis of the high frequency vibrators existing abroad, which are suitable for work in sound resonance modes, in particular, quarter wave and unpaired multiple to it “three-quarter wave” and “five-quarter wave” modes. Existing drives, able to provide the possibility for high consumed power achievement, have been analyzed, which may be necessary while constructing long lengths under water pathways (up to 300 m) with the use of sound-resonance units. Some examples of necessary technical characteristics for new sound-resonant installations for vibro-puncture and vibro-compression are given; basic requirements for these installations are formulated.

A wireless sensor network for underground passages: Remote sensing and wildlife monitoring

AbstractThis article presents a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) system, developed to monitor concealed box‐shaped underground passages to protect wildlife. The system's purpose is to recognize the species of passengers (ie, human, canis, flying species, and so on) without using video sensors (image recognition) through data provided by sensors that measure distance and weight. Moreover, the information provided by the WSN was analyzed via a variety of methods, including a neural pattern recognition network, as well as clustering algorithms, which were able to recognize the species of passengers with certainty scores of over 90%. The main concern for future study is the evaluation of these passages, which are frequently located along main highways, and using data fusion to evaluate low‐cost and low‐power microsensors regarding their effectiveness, that is, whether they are frequently utilized by animals.

What’s the economic value of greening transport infrastructures? The case of the underground passages in Lisbon

Green infrastructure have been widely spread to counter the negative effects of urbanization. However, their economic feasibility still generates discussion between researchers, investors and suppliers, leading to the need for more accurate and case-specific cost-benefit analysis. This study pretends to analyze the economic feasibility of greening transport infrastructures, in particular road tunnels. The proposed methodology includes the life-cycle costs and benefits of green systems. Its incremental approach considers economic appraisal components (financial, economic and socioenvironmental) and transport infrastructures dimensions (infrastructure, user and surroundings). This study simulates five green case studies in underground passages of a roadway with high traffic intensity in Lisbon, Portugal. Four out of five scenarios are economically feasible using a life-cycle of 40–50 years and a discount rate of 4,8 %. The final net present values range from 33.961 to 5.079.356 €. Discount and inflation rates, financial costs, reduction of the noise inside the tunnels, creation of new functional areas and aesthetical improvements have great significant impact on projects’ economic return.

THE DEEP-FUNCTIONAL SCHEME OF GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF UNDERGROUND SPACE IN URBANIZED TERRITORIES

Lack of free urban areas, the attraction of the population to the improvement, improvement and rational use of the city's environment requires more use of underground space. Efficient and efficient placement in it of numerous constructions of transport, energy, economic, communal, social purpose and creation of large-scale engineering infrastructure raises the task of strategic planning of the development of the underground space of the metropolises. The placement of underground structures in cities is tiers, at different depths (from several to hundreds of meters). An analysis of the influence of underground workings during their formation and exploitation on the development of dangerous processes in the geological environment of urbanized territories, the threat of emergencies – failures, landslides, damage to terrestrial objects. The underground structures, formed on several levels, in different stratigraphic horizons, and in different functional zones of cities are considered. At the first level, these are engineering networks of the water supply, heating and drainage systems, and on the second floor there are underground passages, shopping and warehouse facilities, parking lots. The third level includes the transport facilities of deep laying, the fourth is related to groundwater exploitation. The peculiarities of engineering-geological conditions for different levels of placement of engineering structures that can become the causes of emergencies are highlighted. The developed scheme of the depth-functional section of the geological environment on the allocation of characteristic emergencies and features of engineering-geological conditions and processes is a scientific basis for further development of the infrastructure of underground space of large cities.

Face stability model for rectangular large excavations reinforced by pipe roofing

This paper presents a model for the analysis of the face stability of rectangular excavations supported by roof-box jacking (RBJ), which are recommended for underground passages in crowded urban spaces. The model is based on the limit equilibrium method, which takes into consideration the change in the overburden earth pressure acted on the sliding block due to the presence of the pipe roof. Elastic foundation beams are used to consider the mechanical action of the pipe roof. The proposed model is then used together with the finite element software ABAQUS for the analysis of a roof-box jacking excavation in Tianlin Road in Shanghai. The analyses show that the results of the proposed model are close to that of the finite element analysis and that this model could be used in engineering practices.

Wandering and Placemaking in London: Iain Sinclair’s Literary Methodology

Wandering and Placemaking in London: Iain Sinclair’s Literary Methodology

Experimental Study of the Behavior of Rectangular Excavations Supported by a Pipe Roof

This paper presents an experimental investigation of the role of pipe-roofs in the improvement of the stability of rectangular excavations constructed using pipe-roof technology. This technology is suitable for the construction of underground passages in crowded areas subjected to high requirements concerning soil settlement and stability during excavation construction. The design of a rectangular pipe-roof excavation required an understanding of the interaction between the soil, the pipe-roof and the excavation. This interaction is complex and plays an important role in the features of the pipe roof excavation. This paper presents a series of 1g physical experimental tests conducted in dry sand soil with an advanced monitoring system, which allows tracking of the soil settlement, the pipe deformation and the soil pressure. Analysis of these tests shows the effective role of the pipe-roof in reducing both the soil settlement and the soil pressure on the excavation. It also shows the influence of pipes on the deformation mechanism of the soil and its evolution from low deformation to the instability phase.

O grafite na cidade modernista

O grafite, expressão plástica e visual encontrada em ruas, muros e viadutos das grandes cidades, enfrenta em Brasília um desafio espacial para a sua realização e revela outras dimensões da capital, para além da centralidade político-administrativa e da arquitetura monumental. Justamente por ser realizada no espaço público, a prática do grafite dialoga diretamente com a arquitetura singular da cidade e encontra em suas especificidades dinâmicas próprias para a sua execução. Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar e analisar os grafites brasilienses como representação social da cidade, evidenciando questões territoriais e que permeiam o imaginário urbano. Para tanto, destaca-se a inscrição de grafites em alguns lugares específicos do Plano Piloto, como as “tesourinhas”, viadutos, passagens subterrâneas e a Via W3, resignificando esses lugares por meio de uma ocupação criativa.

Underground Public Space. Cracow’s Tunnels of Fear?

The importance of the quality of public spaces increases with the inhabitants’ awareness. A well-designed place gives users a sense of security. Underpasses are a special type of urban space, which, despite relatively high implementation costs, are used quite often, especially in large cities. In recent years, Krakow underground passages have been called “fear tunnels”. However, not all of them cause a sense of danger. The aim of the research was to determine the factors that make the underground passage become user-friendly and do not create a sense of uncertainty? Underground passages located in various parts of the city and performing various functions were analysed. Underground public spaces have different shapes and dimensions. In the conducted research, it was analysed whether the technical parameters of the underpass - such as width and height have an impact on the user’s sense of security. It was checked how the spaces in which no services exist are perceived and whether these spaces are available to all users. The aim of the research was to determine the elements affecting the reception and use of this special type of urban space. The analysis was carried out for ten underground passages located in various parts of Krakow. Out of these ten, five spaces of the most diverse character were selected for the performance. Underground transitions with different saturation with service functions, different number of users, different degree of adaptation for people with mobility difficulties and various aesthetic level were analysed. Areas with high saturation of service functions and located in places generating a large number of users were rated as the best. Spaces with a small number of services and with the proportions of a tunnel longer than sixty meters were rated as the worst, despite the good technical condition and facilities for people with mobility problems.

Characteristics and Causes of Water Seepage on Riverside Tunnel Structure and Control Measures in Sandy Pebble Stratus

The water content and permeability of silt and silt strata are significant in cities of Southwest China, and the seepage of underground passages in cities is unavoidable, which affects normal operation. More serious situation may occur when large-scale water gushing phenomenon and obvious structural deformation appears. After long-term and repeated repairs, water cannot be sealed, and even causes surface subsidence and deformation, voids in ground soil, which cause severe social and economic impacts. Loss. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate effective water shutoff measures for specific seepage projects according to local conditions to ensure that groundwater seepage can be effectively solved or controlled. Taking an underground passage in a city as an example, this paper analyses the causes and characteristics of seepage diseases, explores the specific stratum conditions of seepage location and puts forward control measures. Through detection the effectiveness of the implementation of control measures are verified, which provides reference for the treatment of underground seepage in similar strata.

Воздушный режим и состояние строительных конструкций подземных переходов

Воздушный режим и состояние строительных конструкций подземных переходов

Theoretical and experimental studies of seismic resistance of underground passages

In this article theoretical calculations of the construction of the underground passages under the influence of seismic forces are conducted and refined by a series of experiments. As a result of experimental studies, the authors have clarified the value of the active pressure of the ground on the construction and the active seismic inertial forces, taking into account the design. As a result of theoretical and experimental studies of seismic resistance of underground pedestrian crossings at different ground, areas of stress concentration in these constructions have been determined, which allows these sections to provide anti-seismic beams, which ensures the safety of the constructions to an earthquake or significantly reduce the degree of damage.

Korytarze rekreacji pieszej i rowerowej jako środek kształtowania nowych przestrzeni publicznych Rzeszowa

Tematyka opracowania dotyczy zagadnień selekcji fragmentów struktury miejskiej istotnych dla historii i tradycji Rzeszowa oraz integracji miejsc mniej eksponowanych z obszarem intensywnie eksploatowanej przestrzeni publicznej, w celu wzmocnienia wśród mieszkańców ich poczucia utożsamienia się z miastem. Charakterystycznymi zmianami struktury przestrzennej Rzeszowa są jej rozrost oraz osłabienie zwartości przestrzeni publicznej na historycznym obszarze miasta. Problemem staje się znaczne natężenie ruchu samochodowego. Zanik funkcji publicznych w obrębie centrum jest spowodowany m.in. dostępnością dla samochodów większości ulic w tym obszarze. Jedyną enklawą ruchu wyłącznie pieszego i rowerowego jest strefa obejmująca Rynek, ulice Kościuszki i 3 Maja oraz fragmenty ulic Mickiewicza i Grunwaldzkiej. Drugą taką strefą są tereny rekreacyjne nad rzeką Wisłok. Oba obszary cieszą się popularnością wśród społeczności Rzeszowa, lecz w opinii autorów, nie zaspokajają potrzeb. W pracy przedstawiano pomysł połączenia obu obszarów oraz włączenia do strefy ruchu pieszego i rowerowego innych, aktualnie odseparo-wanych, terenów o historycznym rodowodzie, w tym parków. Istotnym elementem koncepcji są bezkolizyjne skrzyżowania wytyczonych tras z arteriami ruchu samochodowego, z zastosowaniem przejść podziemnych, które dzięki konfiguracji terenu dostępne byłyby za pomocą pochylni, a ich przestrzenie doświetlone światłem słonecznym i dostępne wizualnie z zewnątrz. Proponowane rozwiązania wzmacniają istniejącą infrastrukturę eliminując bariery psychologiczne i funkcjonalne.

Theoretical and experimental studies of seismic resistance of underground passages

In this article theoretical calculations of the construction of the underground passages under the influence of seismic forces are conducted and refined by a series of experiments. As a result of experimental studies, the authors have clarified the value of the active pressure of the ground on the construction and the active seismic inertial forces, taking into account the design. As a result of theoretical and experimental studies of seismic resistance of underground pedestrian crossings at different ground, areas of stress concentration in these constructions have been determined, which allows these sections to provide anti-seismic beams, which ensures the safety of the constructions to an earthquake or significantly reduce the degree of damage.

Pedestrian network information extraction based on VGI

Pedestrian network information plays an important role in pedestrian location based service (LBS), and its completeness determines the quality of a pedestrian LBS. This study used volunteered data and BaiduMap to research how to extract pedestrian network information on the basis of pedestrian GPS trajectories. The method extracts human road information by three steps: cleaning track data, extracting the road network, and detecting and analysing the recognised pedestrian road facilities. Once the road network information is extracted, the information regarding road facilities can be obtained, e.g., pedestrian crossings, overpasses, and underground passages. This paper describes a new method for incrementally updating electronic maps.

Reduction of movement resistance force of pipeline in horizontal curved well at stage of designing underground passage

A method has been developed to reduce the resistance to movement of a pipeline in a horizontal curved well in the construction of underground passages using trenchless technologies. The method can be applied at the design stage. The idea of the proposed method consists in approximating the trajectory of the designed trenchless passage to the equilibrium profile. It has been proved that in order to reduce the resistance to movement of the pipeline arising from contact with the borehole wall, the profile of its initial and final sections must correspond, depending on the initial conditions, to the parabola or hyperbolic cosine equation. Analytical dependences are obtained which allow supplementing the methods of calculation of traction effort in trenchless construction for the case when the profile of the well is given by an arbitrary function.

Improvement of Pipe Pushing Method

In focus is improvement of hole-making technology by vibro hammer pushing with batch-wise removal of soil core while a pipe is driven in soil under impact loading. The important advantage of the technology is the concurrent pipe driving and soil core removal. The minimal air pressure required to separate a core and transport it along the pipe is determined. The frequency of soil core separation and transport during vibro-hammer driving of pipes in soil has been tested in underground construction of utilities. The tests prove the possibility to cut-down time of trenchless construction of underground passages and to raise the level of mechanization of the operations.

Modernist urban visions and the contemporary city

The future of the city is underground, says the Urban UndergroundSpace Center of Japan (USJ, 2016). And Japanese politicians clearlyagree. In 2001, the Diet passed a law about the use of the extremeunderground (daishindo), allowing some development of areas below 40 meters for public services without negotiations with owners of the land aboveground. Underground constructions are already everywhere throughout Japan. Beneath one of the densest and most crowded urban centers (Hongo, 2014), for example, Tokyo Station is connected through more than four kilometers of passageways to neighboring locations, including other major stations. They anchor another bustling city. Long passageways of underground shopping malls with restaurants are connected to subway entrances and to the high-speed Shinkansen Station. Aboveground, the land has seen extensive remodeling, fromcareful restoration of the old train station facing the Imperial Palace(Fig. 1) to the creation of new skyscrapers (Fig. 2) and a new entrance towards the Ginza shopping area (Figs. 3 and 4) (Tokyo Station, 2016).But below, the new Tokyo Station City, with its old and super-modern elements, attracts tourists and shoppers, not just passengers (Figs. 5 and 6). It has become an attraction in itself. Tokyo Station is not an exception: many other underground shopping malls lie under the capital’s major stations. Close to 3 kilometers of underground passages connect Shinjuku to the Tokyo Metropolitan Government office and other corporate skyscrapers, hotels, and department stores in its vicinity (Figs. 7, 8, and 9).