Umayyad Era Research Articles

The Excess and Fabrication about Historical novels of Movement (Hussein son of Ali) in (61 K/683AD)

Hussein son of Ali's movement is one of the most interesting events of the Umayyad era that attracts the attention of many historians, especially because he was martyred as a result of this movement in the year 61 A.D., which It is worth noting that some historians have exceeding the recording of the events of this movement in narrating some phenomena and events after the revolution that are far from the truth, which is due to the sympathy of the historian's supporters and the influence of the political side. In writing history in the later Abbasid era, except for the critical deficiencies in recording history in this era, this research shows all the excesses in the event with the cause of excess, and at the same time the response and attention of some later historians on the excesses of this event.

“Superiority is due to us, and the king should come from among us”: The Arab Conquests and Conflicts of the Early Umayyad Era in a 7th-Century Syriac Universal History of Yoḥannān bar Penkāyē

Abstract The last few decades have seen considerable interest in non-Muslim sources that contain material on the earliest stage of Islam. This paper examines one such witness, The Book of the Main Points by Yoḥannān bar Penkāyē, a 7th-century Syriac universal history, that provides an account of the Arab conquests, the first decades of the Umayyad caliphate, with a special focus on the events of the Second Fitna. The paper includes a commentary on selected passages from the History concerning the conquests and early Muslim rule, a comparative study of Syriac Christian sources on the Second Fitna, and a lexico-historical sketch of the phenomenon of the šurṭa (slaves and prisoners of war) fighting on the side of al-Muḫtār during the Second Fitna.

The Image of Mafraq in the Geographers' and Travelers' Books and the Books of the Stations of Pilgrimage. (Since the Umayyad Era till the End of the Ottoman Era)

The cities and places located on the route of the pilgrims of the Levant were taken care of by Arab and Muslim geographers and travelers, their blogs included a description of their geographical nature and general conditions in terms of water resources and the availability of food, the fodder necessary to feed the animals, and the state of the roads that penetrate or pass next to it in terms of security and difficulty of passage and other things that the traveler should beware of such as thieves and bandits. The books of the pilgrimage also included brief statements aimed at serving the pilgrim and informing him of the route of the road and the conditions of the places located on it. Mafraq (its ancient name: Al-Faddain) occupied an important place before Islam by being located on the ancient Sultanic road (Trajan's road). Its flat terrain contributed to making it a corridor preferred by travelers away from the desert routes to the East, and The Straits of the Ajloun mountains to the West. This paper aims to trace the descriptions of Arab geographers and travelers about Mafraq (Al-Faddain) and note its presence in their writings and in the works of the pilgrimage stations, and to indicate their impressions of it and its geographical location.

Clergy in the Umayyad Era

The study reveals the positive role enjoyed by the clerics and the positive role they played, the vast majority of whom were the Companions of the Messenger of God, in the field of jurisprudence and Sharia, and solving problems and new developments affecting Muslims in the affairs of their religion, especially in the countries of conquest, where new elements entered for the first time in Islam. Arabic and non-Arabic, as well as in the affairs of their dealings, what made it easy for the clerics to solve what was problematic for Muslims was their capabilities, their knowledge of religious sciences, and people’s acceptance of them. The Islamic military leaders also played an important role in managing the areas that the Muslims entered as conquerors and sought to stabilize them and spread security in them, whether in their good management, application of the principles of Islamic law, and overcoming all difficulties through dialogue despite some intellectual differences, and the followers continued this in the policy approach of the Companions of Prophet Mohammad peace be upon him. Several schools of thought and jurisprudence appeared in Muslim countries, especially in the Levant, and spread in and outside the Levant. The Umayyad Caliphate made peaceful efforts to try to reconcile ideas and doctrines. Such as the doctrine of Qadariyah or Al-Awza’i, the purpose of which is to preserve the unity of the Islamic state and prevent it from slipping into internal disputes or conflicts. The Umayyad state was sometimes forced to use cruelty and weakness with some of the opponents, and the matter sometimes reached the point of imprisonment or killing because some of the opponents did not hesitate to oppose the Umayyads publicly. The Umayyad state succeeded in doing this temporarily, but it did not succeed until the end, as evidenced by the fact that the opposition’s ideology persisted until it weakened it and facilitated its downfall.

Al-Marrār b. Munqidh’s Life and Poetry

In the scholarly examination titled “al-Marrār b. Munqidh’s Life and Poetry”, a focused lens is turned towards the somewhat elusive figure of al-Marrār b. Munqidh, shedding light on his life and, more notably, his poetic contributions during the Umayyad era. The article’s methodological approach centers on a twofold analysis, first drawing from the limited biographical data available about al-Marrār to paint a picture of the poet and his socio-cultural environment, and then engaging in a meticulous exploration of his poetic oeuvre to discern the thematic and stylistic choices that characterized his work. Subject-wise, the research emphasizes the importance of studying lesser-acknowledged poets like al-Marrār b. Munqidh to fill gaps in the collective understanding of the Umayyad poetic landscape. His verses, although not dominantly featured in current literary circles, are intricate tapestries weaving the sentiments, intellect, and cultural motifs of his age. Thus, through his poetry, readers and scholars can glean nuanced insights into the multifaceted world of the Umayyad era, making his works indispensable for anyone seeking a comprehensive grasp of the period’s literary milieu. Regarding scope, while the article does delve into al-Marrār b. Munqidh’s biography, it primarily emphasizes the exploration of his poetry. Given the paucity of detailed records about his life, the emphasis on his poetic works is not just a choice but a necessity. This, in turn, allows the article to cast a wide net over the expanse of Umayyad poetry, positioning al-Marrār's contributions within this broader framework. By juxtaposing his poetic techniques and themes with those of his contemporaries, the research offers a holistic perspective on the dynamics and divergences that marked the Umayyad poetic tradition. The article underscores the importance of al-Marrār b. Munqidh not just as a poet, but as a key to unlocking the subtleties of his age. His poetry, with its distinctive thematic concerns and stylistic elements, becomes a mirror reflecting the broader societal, cultural, and intellectual shifts of his time. By studying his works, the research asserts that one can gain a deeper understanding of the underlying currents that shaped the artistic expressions of the Umayyad poets. As for the research’s purpose, it is manifold. Firstly, it aims to bring to the fore the life and works of a poet who might otherwise remain on the periphery of Arabic literary studies. In doing so, it not only champions the cause of al-Marrār b. Munqidh but also underscores the need to continually revisit and reassess historical literary figures, thereby preventing them from fading into obscurity. Furthermore, by anchoring its analysis in the broader context of Umayyad poetry, the research endeavors to enrich our understanding of the epoch, drawing attention to the intricacies and innovations that defined it. Methodologically, the research adopts a blended approach. It employs historical analysis to piece together the scant details of al-Marrār b. Munqidh’s life, cross-referencing various sources to ensure accuracy and reliability. Simultaneously, for the exploration of his poetry, a close textual analysis is employed.

The judiciary in Andalusia in the Umayyad era Ahmed Mohamed Hamad Al-Mashhadani

من مقومات الدول والحضارات العظيمة هو العدل والمساوات امام القضاء مابين الحاكم والمحكوم لذلك اولت الدولة العربية الاسلامية مؤسسة القضاء اهتماما كبير ، ولاهمية القضاء ولارساء العدالة فأول من مارس القضاء هم الخلفاء والامراء ثم القضاة ، وفي بدايات القضاء كان الحكم يتم اعتمادا على الشرع الاسلامي ومع تطور الدولة دخلت القوانين الوظعية في الاحكام ، وكان اختيار القاضي يتم اعتمادا على صفات معينة في القاضي منها العلم والدين والزهد وحسن الخلق وغيرها ، ولعظم القضاء فقد كان الكثير من العلماء والفقهاء يتهربون من تسنمه ، ومن المؤسسات الساندة للقضاء الشرطة والمحتسب ، وكان للشرطة تقسيمات مختلفة حسب الاختصاص وللمحتسب الدور الكبير في ارشاد الناس وانفاذ التعليمات وقد اولت الدولة العربية الاسلامية اهتماما كبير لكل تلك المؤسسات في الاندلس وغيرها

SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT OF THE MOSAICS DECORATION AT QASTAL PALACE

The following research deals with Al-Qastal Palace, one of the most important early Islamic structures. It dates specifically to the Umayyad era in Jordan. Its floors are decorated with geometric mosaics, which were revealed during a series of archaeological excavations. These mosaics are characterized by a high level of artistic skill in their execution, particularly as evidenced by the great diversity in their shapes and designs. This study marks a serious attempt to compare the palace’s mosaics with their counterpart in Byzantine art as represented at various Byzantine sites, likewise, to show the influence of Byzantine models on Islamic mosaics. Our research suggests that there was a prevalent school of art that was widespread in the region. By comparing the mosaics with relatively nearby sites, we were able to arrive at a comprehensive overview of mosaic production in the region, and determine whether they all belong to a single school of art. A serious attempt is being made to identify the main sources of influence for Qasr al-Qastal, especially those coming from Asia Minor, but also from other places outside the region.

The Role of Muhammad Ibn Al-Munkadir in the Intellectual Life and the Blogging Movement in the Umayyad Era (41-132 AH / 661-749 AD)

ABSTRACT Ibn al-Mankadr was an Umayyad-era scholar who possessed a wide range of knowledge in various fields, contributing significantly to the intellectual movement and Arab-Islamic civilization. The narratives that contributed to the documentation of Arab-Islamic history originated from Adam and subsequent prophets, and continued through the pre-Islamic era, the era of prophecy, the Rightly Guided Caliphate, and the Umayyad era, up until the time preceding the latter's demise. The author's narratives are characterized by quality, reliability, and truthfulness. Despite their large number, totaling just over 200 hadiths, they were not considered excessive during that period. The author's literary and artistic sensibilities were apparent in his storytelling, prayers, and commentary on certain poems. He supported the Arab-Islamic codification movement at its beginning, which was a crucial source for scholars who codified the Sunnah during his time and afterwards. One of his students, Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri, is considered the first to comprehensively codify the Sunnah and was a contemporary of Ibn al-Munkadir. This represents a fundamental aspect of the initial phase of the Islamic blogging movement.

Sejarah Transmisi Keilmuan ke dalam Bahasa Arab

Arabic translation in Islamic history played an important role in connecting the civilization of the Arab world with ancient knowledge and foreign cultures. From the time of the Prophet Muhammad to the time of the Ottoman Empire, the translation of science and philosophy was key in the development of science in the Islamic world. During the time of the Prophet Muhammad, the importance of mastering foreign languages and communication with non-Arab communities encouraged translation activities. The Prophet Muhammad himself sent letters to foreign kings and even translated the Koran. During the Umayyad era, the translation of Greek knowledge into Arabic began as a personal initiative of clerics. Furthermore, the Abbasid Daula, especially during the time of Caliph al-Ma'mun, witnessed a large-scale translation movement and the establishment of Bayt al-Hikmah as a translation center. During the Ottoman Empire, Islamic education initially experienced a setback, but Sultan Mahmud II reconstructed the education system, including the curriculum and teaching methods. This article emphasizes that individual hard work and political support in the scientific translation movement were important factors in the development of Islamic civilization. Further research can explore the role of translation in the context of Islamic education and the development of Islamic society today.

المرويات التاريخية للإمام جعفر الصادق (عليه السلام ) في كتب الحديث ( العهد الاموي والعباسي )

The imams of Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them) are the best of those whom the Messenger (may God bless him and his family and grant them peace) referred to in more than one place and sermon, and they are commanded by God Almighty in order to lead this nation after him. They represent the authentic and realistic line of true and tolerant Islam, and in this study Humble, I had the honor to shed light on one of the sciences, which are many, from among the eminent scholars of Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them), the owner of their greatest school and the sixth in the series of imams of purity, Imam Jaafar al-Sadiq (peace be upon him) Most writers and historians have neglected important aspects of the sciences of Imam al-Sadiq (peace be upon him) in various fields, but no one paid real attention to the historical knowledge of Imam al-Sadiq (peace be upon him). Perhaps this is due to the connection of history with the sciences of Sharia, jurisprudence, and hadith, or that researchers have overlooked this important aspect. From the knowledge of Imam al-Sadiq (peace be upon him), and I presented this study in order to highlight the narrations and historical knowledge of Imam al-Sadiq . Keywords: Imam Hassan made peace Historical narratives of Imam al-Sadiq, Parents meeting , Umayyad era , Overhead movements , Zaid's revolution

Means of Achieving Health Security in The Umayyad Era (41- 132 AH/661-750 AD)

Means of Achieving Health Security in The Umayyad Era (41- 132 AH/661-750 AD)

Achieving Health Security during the Umayyad Era (41-132 AH/661-750 AD)

Achieving Health Security during the Umayyad Era (41-132 AH/661-750 AD)

Factors Influencing the Formation of the Political Decision in the Umayyad Era: the Rulers of the Princes as a Model (41-64 AH / 661-684 AD) Historical Study

سعت هذه الدراسة إلى الكشف عن دور بعض القوى في تشكيل القرار السياسي في الفترة السفيانية من العصر الأموي، وركزت على بيان دور إحدى الفئات (ولاة العهد والأمراء الأمويين) باعتبارها ذات الأثر الأكبر في صنع القرار السياسي في العصر الأموي كونها الأقرب من الخليفة والملازمة له بحكم القرابة والأحقية. اعتمدت الباحثة في هذه الدراسة على المنهج التاريخي الوصفي والمنهج التحليلي القائم على جمع الروايات التاريخية وتحليلها من أجل التوصل إلى نتائج الدراسة. خَلُصت الدراسة إلى عدد من النتائج كان أبرزها: أن سلطة الخليفة الأموي في اتخاذ القرارات كانت محكومة نسبيًا بعدة عوامل وقوى مؤثرة؛ أي أنها لم تكن مطلقة إطلاقًا تامًّا كما يبدو لكثير من الناس، إضافةً إلى تفاوت نسبِ تأثير تلك القوى في صنع القرار السياسي الأموي تِبْعًا للظروف والأحداث ومستجدات التطورات السياسية، مع وجود الكثير من التداخل والتشابك في تأثير كل من ولاة العهد والأمراء وذلك على اعتبار أن كل ولاة العهد هم بالأساس أمراء أمويين. توصي الباحثة بإجراء المزيد من الدراسات المقارنة للبحث عن العوامل والمؤثرات في صنع القرار السياسي في العصر الأموي، بالمقارنة مع محركات صنع القرار في العصر العباسي، والتبحر في البحث عن دور الأمراء وولاة العهد العباسيين ومقارنتهم بنظرائهم الأمويين في علاقتهم بقصر الخلافة.

A Lost Source for Syriac Christianity in the Umayyad Era. The Ecclesiastical History of Daniel Son of Moses of Ṭur ʿAbdin (8th century)

A Lost Source for Syriac Christianity in the Umayyad Era. The <i>Ecclesiastical History </i>of Daniel Son of Moses of Ṭur ʿAbdin (8th century)

Some of Titles of the Arabic Poem Until the End of the Umayyad Era and Its Impact on the Formation of Meaning: An Analytical Study

أطلق كثيرٌ من الشّعراء والنُّقَّادِ ألقابًا على بعض القصائد؛ لتمتُّعِها بظواهر فنيَّة أتت في سياق التّشريف أو التّسخيف. ومادام أنّ عمليّة التّشكيل الشّعريّ تتمّ باللّاشعور الذي يخلق القصيدة ذات الروح الواحدة القائمة على غير غرضٍ شعريٍّ يتوسّل بها الشّاعر للوصول إلى هدفه، فإنَّ البحث يهدف لتلمُّسِ أثر اللّقب في تشكيل تلك القصيدة. وقد اخترت بعضَ تلك الألقاب؛ لكثرتها في المدونات الشعرية، والنقدية التي بدأت حركتها منذ عهد المفضل الضّبّيّ(178هـ). وسلك البحث مسلك المنهج اللغويّ التّحليليّ في استنطاق الأشعار؛ لاجتيافه أكباد المعاني وتطوّرها الدّلاليّ والإحاطة بها وتأطيرها في بؤرٍ لغوية متَّصلةٍ فيما بينها، وتوصَّلَ إلى أنَّ ثمة روابط دلالية تربط اللقب الشعري أو النقدي بفحوى القصيدة، وراجع عددًا من الأحكام النقدية التي يمكن أن تؤسس لدراسات تطبيقية لاحقة تقوم على ربط الحكم النقدي بمسوغاته.

MAJNOON'S NARRATION IN THE BOOK OF SONGS BETWEEN FACT AND FICTION

I place this study (Majnoon's Narration in the Book of El-egani Between Fact and Fiction) in the hands of readers and researchers. Perhaps it draws their attention because of its importance, especially the character that this study dealt with, the character of Qais bin Al-Malawwah (Majnoun Layla), and perhaps one of the most prominent poetic figures in the history of the platonic poetry. A love of a new kind, the signs of which seemed clear after the advent of Islam during the Umayyad era, which dominated the inhabitants of the desert of Hijaz and Najd, where the Arab traditions had mastered, until it became a general phenomenon in those desert, and perhaps it was a reaction to the shameless flirtation that spread in the cities at the time. Qais bin Al-Malawah represents the most wonderful representation of the platonic chaste love, which was a natural result and fruit of the desert environment and the Islamic faith that spread in this era. The research shed light on the narrations that came in the story of Majnoon's love for Laila (in the Book of El-egani), in terms of their authenticity and truthfulness. Far from the reality of the existence of Qais’ personality rather than its non-existence, as many critics and researchers have dealt with this issue, but in this research we decided to discuss the issue of narrations only, so we subjected it to the will of reason on the one hand, and to the customs and traditions in the Hijaz desert on the other, and finally to the Islamic faith that It was prevalent in that region at that time

The Scholarly Contributions of Jābir ibn Yazīd al-Juʿfī*

ABSTRACT: Abū Muḥammad Jābir ibn Yazīd al-Juʿfī al-Kufī (c. 50–128 ah) is considered as one of the well-known and trustworthy followers and companions of Imam Al-Bāqir and Imam Al-Ṣādiq. During the late Umayyad era, he was considered as a great authority on religious sciences of his time, his main scientific activities being focused on exegesis of the Qur’an, Hadith , history, jurisprudence, and Kalām . Having accepted numerous outstanding students from both Shi‘a and Sunni sections of the Muslim community, he profoundly contributed to the dissipation of these sciences among all Muslims, especially Shi‘a Muslims.

The Use of Animals in Satire: Al-Taremmah

Objectives: This study aims to uncover the unique aspects of Al-Taremmah bin Hakim's poetry, specifically in the realm of satire, within the context of the Umayyad era. It seeks to shed light on his poetic compositions, which engaged in battles of wit with renowned poets such as Al-Farazdaq, triumphing over them. One of the notable distinguishing features of Al-Taremmah's satire—unmatched or incomparable by any other poet—is his skillful use of animals to mock and deride his targets.&#x0D; Methods: The study employed a descriptive approach, analyzing the phenomenon through an examination of the poet's body of work.&#x0D; Results: Al-Taremmah's poetry demonstrates the incorporation of more than twenty different animals in his humorous compositions, ranging from birds and reptiles to savage creatures and pets. In fact, in his Diwan (collection of poetry), every satirical poem I encountered prominently featured an animal, with the creature assuming dominance over the scene's details. This represents a novel approach to satire within Umayyad poetry, surpassing the extent and intensity of animal usage exhibited by any pre-Islamic or Umayyad poets before him, to the best of my knowledge.&#x0D; Conclusions: This study emphasizes the importance of exploring the poetic collections of various authors, discerning the artistic phenomena that distinguish each poet from others, and identifying the distinctiveness that sets them apart.

The Poetics of the Artistic Imagery in the Speeches of Abu Hamza Al-Shari Al-Kharji

This study seeks to focus on the poetics of the artistic imagery of "Abu Hamza Al-Shari Al-Kharji", and to show what his speeches included in terms of artistic images. It concluded that his artistic images relied on a variety of methods, such as: metaphor, personification, embodiment, as well as analogy. It is noticeable that the images are derived from the surrounding environment and from ancient Arab life.The study consisted of an introduction and a preface which deals with the concept of poetics, linguistically and idiomatically, as well as poetics in ancient and modern times. The most important opinions of the ancients and modern scholars about it were presented. It also consisted of four chapters, the first dealt with imagery and the views of the ancients and modernists towards it, the second talked about the artistic imagery and imagination, the third was about rhetoric in the Umayyad era, and the fourth dealt with the artistic imagery of Abu Hamza Al-Shari. It ended with a conclusion in which the most important findings of the study were summarized. Finally, sources and references that were used in the study were listed.

عہد اسلام کے چند منتخب شعرا کی شاعری کا جائزہ

The topic of this research based on the critical analysis of a few selected poets of Islamic Era. This is a historical and narrative way of research. It aims to introduce and analyze the literary work of the ancient Muslim poets who contributed in the literary history of the world. The history of Arabic language (literature) covers a long period. The Arabs were famous for their poems, sermons, etc. Based on this, they used to call other nations dumb and deaf. In the Arab region, poetry singing, chanting, and rhyming were permanent arts. The Arab people used to say that such fine weight and rhyme did not exist in any other region of the world. There are such instances in imagery, metaphor, and simile that the human mind is stunned. The first formal beginning of poetry in Arabia is found with Amr al-Qais, after which other poets also made their mark. After the poets, comes the period of veterans, after this comes the era of the Islamic poets (the Umayyad era). Some Islamic poets will be mentioned in this magazine. His brief life circumstances will be described, and the characteristics of his poetry will be clarified. An example will be given with each feature. There will be an introduction to the poets in an easy-to-understand manner. This article also consists abstract, key words, Data analysis, conclusion and references.