Umayyad Era Research Articles

الرقابة على الأسواق فی عهد بنى أمیة (41هـ/ 661م - 132هـ/ 749م).

الرقابة على الأسواق فی عهد بنى أمیة (41هـ/ 661م - 132هـ/ 749م).

زخرفة المتاهة (المایندر) على العمائر الاسلامیة فی بلاد الشام ومصر من العصر الأموی حتى عصر أسرة محمد علی

The ornament of the minder, which means the maze, or, as some call it, zigzag decorations is a type of engineering decoration that appeared earlier in Greek and Roman art (the classical period) in various types and shapes, as it appeared in ancient Egyptian art. As for the decoration in the Islamic architecture, it was not monitored by a specialized study in spite of the appearance of this decoration on Islamic buildings since the Umayyad era in the Levant. In Egypt, the decoration was found on artistic artifacts and buildings that are attributed to the Coptic era, and continued use in the era (Fatimid, Ayyubid and Mamluk) Frames that define the main motifs with antiques or within geometric shapes that separate them in the same style that was found on Seljuk buildings and artifacts. This decoration was found on the facades of houses in the city of Rashid and that since the 12th century AH / 18AD CE, and its use has spread since the era of Muhammad Ali and his family with innovation and artistry at times, And the diversity in the materials by which the decoration was implemented, so this decoration was traced to Islamic buildings and the use of some artifacts as models to illustrate the ways of implementing this decoration and track its development in Islamic arts.

BETWEEN THE SA’ALIK AND THE EARLY MUSLIMS: A JAMESONIAN READING ON LAMIYYAT AL-ARAB

This article aims to propose a possible answer to the curious case of the popularity of Lamiyyat al-Arab as a means of education among Muslim leaders during the Umayyad era. The curiosity lies in the fact that Lamiyyat al-Arab is attributed to al-Shanfara, who was reportedly a su’luk, an outcast in the society who was also known as a brigand poet. To answer the curiosity, I conducted a literature review on who the sa’alik are and how they share some vision with early Muslims. This exploration makes up the first part of the essay. The second half of the essay is a textual interpretation on Lamiyyat al-Arab guided by the three horizons of interpretation as proposed by Fredric Jameson. Looking at three different horizons of meaning, textual, social, and historical, I strongly hope that the interpretation offer a glimpse into the desire for change that the poem shares with the early Muslims. This constitutes as a possible answer to the curious popularity of the pre-Islamic poem among early Muslims.

Al-Adab Al- ‘Araby Fi Fatrah Intiqal Al- Hukmi Min Khilafah Al- Umawiyyah Ila Khilafah Al-‘Abbasiyyah (Dirasah Washfiyyah Tarikhiyyah Adabiyyah)

The period of Arab literature was divided into the political age, the pre-Islamic period, the Islamic era, the Umayyad era, the Abbasia era, the Andalusian era, the era of the Mamalik, and the modern era. Because of the Umayyah caliphate and the Abbasia caliphate, the long period of politics extends. Political problems emerged from within the caliphate and therefore have a lot to do with Arab literature. The researcher used the descriptive and historical method. The result of this research on the characteristics of the Arabic literature in the period between the Umayyah and Abbasia Caliphate, are: 1) The poetry expresses the conditions obtained from the historical facts of war, 2) encouraging in its later stages, 3) the use of clear words and structures in the body Poem and poetry.Keywords: Arab literature, period of transition of government, Umayyah caliphate, Abbasih caliphate

Tathowwur Mafhum Al-Adab Al-‘Araby: Dirasah Lughawiyah Tarikhiyyah

Arabic literature has other characteristics of world literature. Begins with the division of Arabic literature into historians and the concept of the meaning of "Adab al-‘Araby" varying from era to era. This simple writing will explain the different meanings of this field. Due to the pre-Islamic era, Arabic literature was a sense of food. The concept of literature in this era has been associated with banquet, meaning food that calls people to their food and performs this habit in the winter when the cold and the possibility of generosity to people. In the Islam era, the meaning of literature has changed to education and literature by the dakwah of Islam to people and its teachings and the refinement of souls. In the Umayyad era, the concept of literature became the meaning of education. In the Abbasid era literature was the sense of the call to Mahamad and Almkramm. In modern times came literature in the sense of the French (Litterature), which the French to write everything in the language.

The Quotation from the Noble Qur’an: A Reading in the Poetry of the Islamic Sects in the Umayyad Era

The Quotation from the Noble Qur’an: A Reading in the Poetry of the Islamic Sects in the Umayyad Era

التوقیعات الشعریة فی العصر العباسی- دراسة موضوعیة فنیة

التوقيعات الشعرية في العصر العباسي- دراسة موضوعية فنية- محمود شاهين جامعة الجوف - المملکة العربية السعودية , کلية اللغة العربية ، جامعة الأزهر بالمنوفية، جمهورية مصر العربية drmahmoud740@gmail.com :الإيميل الملخص فإن التوقيعات الشعرية من الموضوعات الشائقة الرائقة في الدراسات الأدبية؛ ولکونها لم تحظ بدراسة فنية مستقلة کالتوقيعات النثرية، کانت أهمية الموضوع وجدارته بالدراسة، إذ لم تقف عند موضوع معين بل استبحرت في موضوعات عدة، کالإخوانيات، بما تشتمل عليه من صداقات وتهنئات واعتذارات، وعتاب وشکوى، وما إلى ذلک من هذه المعاني الاجتماعية، کما اشتملت على الهجاء والظرف والفکاهة والنقد والنصح والحکمة، کما أن بعضا منها جاء ردودا على المستشفعين وطالبي العفو والصفح والسعاة والوشاة والمتظلمين. وهذه التوقيعات الشعرية خلت من العصرين الجاهلي وصدر الإسلام وبدأت في العصر الأموي على يد عبد الملک بن مروان وابنه سليمان بن عبد الملک، ولکنها لم تکن من الکثرة بمکان شأن کل البدايات، وکأنها إرهاص للتوقيعات في العصر العباسي، لذا تخيرت العصر العباسي لأنه ميدان رحب لتوقيعات صنوف من الموقعين کالخلفاء والوزراء والکتاب والشعراء. من ثم شحذت همتي صوب هذا الموضوع لدراسته دراسة موضوعية فنية، وقد بينت أن هذا الشعر مناط التوقيع- في معظمه- ليس للموقعين أنفسهم، وإنما هو مستلهم من شعر غيرهم، وقد ضمنوه توقيعاتهم لأن معظمهم لا يجيد فن القريض، أو أنهم کانوا يجيدونه ولکن موهبتهم الشعرية لم تکن تسعفهم به في ذلک الوقت، أو أنهم وجدوا في الشعر مناط التوقيع حکمة أو مثلا سائرا. کما بينت أن لغة هذه التوقيعات الشعرية تتسم- في معظمها- بالخطابية الزاعقة التي أسس لها شيوع أساليب الأمر والنهي والاستفهام التعجبي والشرط والقول على البديهة، ومن ثم ندرت الصور الفنية سواء الجزئية أو الکلية وقلت صور البيان نتيجة اللغة المباشرة المسطحة في کثير من التوقيعات، إلى جانب أن هذه التوقيعات الشعرية جاءت على معظم البحور الشعرية – تامة ومجزوءة- مثلما جاءت على کثير من حروف الروي من غير القوافي الحوش. هذا بالإضافة إلى أن بعض التوقيعات ترددت نسبتها بين بحرين شعريين، وربما يعود ذلک لأنها أبيات مفردة لا تستطيع أن تحکم بنسبتها إلى بحر شعري دون متابعة بقية الأبيات. هذا وما عدمنا وجود التضمين العروضي في بعض النتف والمقطوعات الشعرية، ورددنا ذلک إلى قدرة الشاعر واتساع نفسه. ثم ختمت البحث بالحديث عن بنية التوقيع التي لم تأت على نمط واحد؛ بل جاءت في شکل شطر من بيت أو بيت مفرد، أونتفة أومقطوعة؛ وهذا لأن کثيرا من هذه التوقيعات جاءت مجاوبات شعرية (ردودا على شعر مرسل) من قبل الموقع إليه، فکان لزاما من قبل الموقع أن تأتي أبياته على قدر الأبيات المرسلة، تقل أو تزيد قليلا. ثم ختمت البحث بخاتمة رصدت فيها أهم النتائج التي توصلت إليها من خلال المعايشة للنماذج على کثرتها واندياحها. الکلمات المفتاحية : التوقيعات- الشعرية- العصر العباسي- الدراسات الأدبية Poetic Signatures in the Abbasid Era Mahmoud Shahin Department of Literature and Criticism, Faculty of Arabic Language, Al-Azhar University, Menoufia,Egypt. EMAIL: drmahmoud740@gmail.com Abstract The poetic signatures did not receive an independent technical study such as prose signatures, from this point of departure, the significance of the current research is aroused, as it did not stand at a particular topic, but it has navigated in several topics, such as the brotherhood, including friendships and congratulations and apologies, reproach and complaint, and so on. It also included irony, circumstance, humor, criticism, advice, and wisdom. Since these signatures were devoid in the pre-Islamic and Islamic periods and began in the Umayyad era, but they were not so many, Abbasid era is chosen for its vastness and the diversity of signatures such as caliphs, ministers, writers and poets. Then I perfected my task towards this subject to study it objectively and artistically. Moreover, I have shown that this poetry signature area came in a variety of structure because its language characterized by rhetoric and straightness and most of its poetry came from the poetry of others and not from the signatories themselves. Keywords: Poetic- Signatures- the Abbasid Era- Literary Studies

Early Islamic Kūfa in Context: A Chronological Reinterpretation of the Palace, with a Note on the Development of the Monumental Language of the Early Muslim Élite

Abstract The origin of the congregational mosque-dār al-imāra combination—despite wide acknowledgement of its symbolic importance and spread in early Islamic urbanism—has until now been considered the mere result of a measure to protect public treasure implemented in Kūfa at a very early date (638) as a consequence of a burglary. A critical analysis of literary sources, combined with a systematic review of the available archaeological evidence, has made it possible to confute this traditional view in favour of a new dating for the emergence of the first Kūfan dār al-imāra and its architectural development, suggesting interesting insights pertaining to the monumental propaganda promoted by the ruling élite in the Umayyad era.

The German orientalist Julius Wellhausen and his novels about the Islamic economy in the Umayyad era (a study in the truth of presenting the novels and the problematic of their interpretation)

This research deals with one of the most important pioneers of the German School of Orientalism, Julius Wellhausen (1260-1327 AH / 1844-1918 AD), and his accounts of Islamic economics in the Umayyad era. Importance With this orientalist's immersion in economic and financial issues that pertain to the Islamic religion and his uniqueness with many critical opinions regarding the financial policy of the caliphs and their economic policy, Julius Wellhausen even attributes the decline of the Umayyad state and then its fall to the wrong financial policy that was followed by the Umayyad caliphs, and the most important thing we have reached In this research, Wellhausen's views were an attempt to criticize the situation of the state as a whole

The manifestation of the image of Imam Ali (PBUH) in the Al-Azrya poem by Muhammad Kazem Al-Azrya in the light of religious intertextuality

Poetry that is committed to the love of the Prophet and the Ahl al-Bayt (E) has developed since the inception of Islam to the present day, as we see that in the Umayyad era this type of poetry witnessed its decline and in the Abbasid era poets accepted it as in our time we see this increasing demand and among these great committed poets to Iraq In the 12th and 13th centuries, Muhammad Kazim Al-Azri was famous for praising the Prophet (7) and the Ahl al-Bayt (A).

Military expenditures in the Umayyad era (40-132 H / 660-749 AD)

The military expenses in the Islamic Arabic state has been considered an important indicator that reflects the significance of the military system. Our current study aims to these military expenses in the era of Umayyad to specify the level of change in this institution from that level of Al-Rashidi era by bringing forth the changes that have been happened , besides placing terms for those who enter into the volume . This was prevailing over in the previous ages , but it was simple . It has been witnessed organizing volumes . The Umayyad state followed the rules placed by the caliphate " Omar Bin Al-Khatab" just like Sources of gifts from tributes and abscess and the surplus one placed in house of money; one should not take gift from charity. The distribution of the gift has been the reason for having the tribes of Levant ( Yemeni and Qaisi tribes)appear loyalty for Umayyad princes in return they will be given financial rewards and to be appointed in the jobs .IF the gift keeps on in Muharam Month (Islamic month) salaries to the soldiers will be paid since he lateness was causing problems for Umayyad caliphates . The heritage of gift remains applicable until the end of the Umayyad era , after it was applicable in Al-Rashidi era; besides , the Umayyad has organized and developed livings and established a special office for that. The booties in the era of Umayyad have got divided based on shares with the preference of the knight to the non-knight since the former has exerted efforts that will be explained in this current study.

Al- jahiz Vision in Umayyad era

The study seeks to highlight the role played by the Al- jahiz in the presentation of historical novels about the Umayyads, these novels by Al- jahiz himself from the rest of history, literature and other books, the study also explores the factors that contributed to the entry of the Umayyad dynasty in particular conflicts in the last years of the Umayyad state. The study addresses to highlight the role of Al- jahiz in writing the Umayyad state and how it was to the closeness of the Abbasid Caliphate reflection on his writings about the Umayyad dynasty. The study also explores the approach that was followed by most of the history book and Al- jahiz position of many of the writings and novels when streamlines and analyzes and be critic. The study is based on the historical method and descriptive analytical approach in the presentation and discussion of the results through analysis of previous studies, and research will be added due to the lack of scientific research that dealt with the history of the Umayyad dynasty through literature.

Al- jahiz Vision in Umayyad era

The study seeks to highlight the role played by the Al- jahiz in the presentation of historical novels about the Umayyads, these novels by Al- jahiz himself from the rest of history, literature and other books, the study also explores the factors that contributed to the entry of the Umayyad dynasty in particular conflicts in the last years of the Umayyad state. The study addresses to highlight the role of Al- jahiz in writing the Umayyad state and how it was to the closeness of the Abbasid Caliphate reflection on his writings about the Umayyad dynasty. The study also explores the approach that was followed by most of the history book and Al- jahiz position of many of the writings and novels when streamlines and analyzes and be critic. The study is based on the historical method and descriptive analytical approach in the presentation and discussion of the results through analysis of previous studies, and research will be added due to the lack of scientific research that dealt with the history of the Umayyad dynasty through literature.

The Role of Genetic tapes in Building’s Classification (Analytical study of the Arab-Islamic palaces)

The previous knowledge consider architectural form as a text like language texts, which sending messages holds meanings through codes that reflects a set of shapes and relations to the receiver. So that the architecture consider as a communicating and expressing language (Visual Text). Therefor it need to analyze corresponding characteristics which represent common bases combine the styles. In addition, deriving the differences that classify and characterize the architecture according to a certain type or style, or with a specific designer. This research assume that clarifying similarities and the differences in shape could be by (Genetic Tape) ,which is give person as well as architecture their identity . This enhanced by the technological development which offers the possibility of recognizing any product through its barcode, that holds all the information of the product and how to invest this in architecture. The range of building that require applying this mechanism are extensive, but the most needed building that requires an extra focusing is the ones that carries value of cultural heritage , All above showing the need for specialized scientific study to illustrate the possibility of finding genetic tapes for building’s characteristics that helps to classify and explain the variation. The research problem as stipulated (the role of encoding process in determining the genetic tape for historical building). Thus the goal of this study is identified as (determining the characteristics of historic buildings and categorized it using genetic tapes). Furthermore, to solve the research problem it needed a method consist of three stages, first establish a comprehensive conceptual framework regards the genetic tape outside the field of architecture and the potential possibilities of employing it in architecture, in addition to clarifying the encoding process , second stage illustrate the conducting study and the selected sample ( the selected samples were eight Islamic palaces , four of them belong to the Umayyad era , and the others to the Abbasid period ), then identifying the style and method of measurement and analyzing , finally analyzing the selected samples , showing the results , conclusions and recommendations .

The Office of Consideration of Grievances and its role in achieving justice

As for the Umayyad era, the Umayyad caliphs sat down to look into the grievances as well, but justice was not achieved in the way that the Muslims aspired to, because there is a discrepancy in the treatment of the subjects, especially with the people of the House (PBUH) and their followers, and this is clear through the many revolutions that took place against their unjust rule, and it seems that Their sitting was a formality to ward off criticism and deflect suspicions about the goals of the revolutions that took place against them.

A REVIEW ON DIFFERENT KINDS OF QURANIC INTERTEXTUALITY IN JARIR LAMPOONS VERSUS FARAZDAGH

Intertextuality is a theory that its entering into the literary criticism caused a wonderful change in this background. Based on this theory, every text, consciously or unconsciously, is a product or readout of other texts before it or current with it. Based on the theory, we see many Arabic texts which have intertextual relationships with classic texts in different ways and kinds and Quran have has more share than other texts. Jariribn Attyieh, a famous poet in Umayyad era, is the one who has incomparable approach to this divine book, as he has been seeking for prevailing its rival and sanctifying his poems. The present study, aiming at explaining different kinds of Quranic intertextual models in Jarir lampoons versus Akhtal’s ones by analytic-descriptive method, analyzes different kinds of intertextual relationships in his extracted poems, with Quran. The poem has enjoyed Quran profound and refreshing verses in content and word level. There were all these 3 intertextual relationships between poem texts and Quran. Intertextual relationships in words level has been more than slight or Ejterar, and in phrase level has been more than parallel or Emtesas. Also in some cases we see the peak of this poet show in the application of intertextual relationship of Hawar or general negation which is the deepest and most beautiful level of intertextuality

QURANICINTERTEXTUALITY IN JARIR POETRY

Intertextuality is a theory that deals with intertextual relationships and causes the creation of new text and treats any literary text as the absorption and transformation of the past or concurrent texts at the same time, in 60th decade of AD twentieth century, the Bulgarian-born French critic Julia Kristeva presented a theory that were highly regarded by critics. Quran, as a Religious Text, has always been a source adapted for literature texts. This study seeks to explain and describe Quranicintertextuality in Jarir poetry, famous poet, by an analytic-descriptive method in Umayyad era. The conclusion of this study is that the rich culture of Quran has affected the poet in 2 levels of word and meaning, and he managed to use the words of the Qur'an in his poems to give them sanctity and to give his objects of praise some Quranic attributes such as leadership, patience and steadfastness in the faith or to deny some attributes of his satire.

CALLING FOR QURANIC STORIES IN UMAYYAD POETRY

One of the cases of calling for literature heritage is summoning the stories, and Quranic character, and interaction of literal text with Quranic stories leads to the author’s goal attainment. Umayyadpoets, with the help of the rich Islamic heritage, specially Quranic stories, is seeking for giving meaning to his society’s political, and social realities. This paper includes some issues on applying the Quranic stories which have taken their meaning from Quran and are interrelated with Quran to explain the political and social states of society.The method of research is analytical-descriptive and it has been attempted to pick up the best poetry poems of Umayyad era.

An Umayyad Era Mosque and Desert Waystation from Wadi Shireh, Southern Jordan

In the winter of 1988, while surveying Wadi Shireh in the Hisma (or Wadi Ramm) Desert of southern Jordan, the 'Aqaba-Ma'an Archaeological and Epigraphic Survey, directed by the late William Jobling of the University of Sydney, discovered a rare early Islamic open-air mosque in association with several exceptional early Islamic (Kufic) inscriptions, one of which gives a date of 109 H (727/728 CE). While a number of scholars have since commented on the site’s interesting inscriptions, there has been little discussion of the mosque within its broader archaeological context or immediate landscape setting. This article evaluates the mosque, together with several associated buildings discovered in Shireh, in relation to similar early Islamic open-air mosques and marginal desert settlements known from the southern Levant. Following a review and analysis of the site’s intriguing inscriptions, the authors then offer tentative conclusions regarding the site’s function as a desert waystation during the time of the Umayyads.

Investigating the Relationship between the Islamic Empires and Arabic Literature in the Middle Ages - Focusing on the Umayyad Era and the Abbasid Era

Investigating the Relationship between the Islamic Empires and Arabic Literature in the Middle Ages - Focusing on the Umayyad Era and the Abbasid Era