Umaru Musa Yar Research Articles

Comparative Analysis of Proximate Composition of Rotten Banana (Musa sapientum) and Pineapple (Ananas comosus)

This study was aimed at determining the proximate composition of rotten banana (Musa sapientum) and pineapple (Ananas comosus). Rotten banana (Musa sapientum) and pineapple(Ananas comosus were purchased from Kofar Yandaka Junction and Katsina State Transport Authority (KTSTA) roundabout and transported directly to the soil and water laboratory, Geography department of Umaru Musa Yar’adua University Katsina. The Proximate analysis was carried out using a standard protocol. The proximate compositions analyzed were moisture content, ash content, crude fat, crude protein, crude fiber, and carbohydrates. Results showed variation among the tested parameters with moisture contents ranging from 14.37%-25.99% in pineapple and banana, ash content 4.37%-4.39% in pineapple and banana, crude fat 24.96%-56.30% in banana and pineapple, crude fiber 0.83%-0.39% in pineapple and banana, crude protein 10.63%-19.38% in pineapple and banana and finally carbohydrates with a range of 13.50%-24.89% in pineapple and banana respectively. It showed there is no significant difference between the proximate compositions of the two fruit samples (P- value = 0.07345, Fcrit =4.387, F-Value =3.642, P ≤ 0.05). It was also concluded that the presence of high amounts of nutrients in the tested samples makes it a good candidate for energy and food supplements for both humans and animals as it is needed for cell growth and proliferation. Finally, it was recommended that further research should be conducted on both the fresh, rotten, and dried to explore the differences between them for optimum utilization of their nutritional compositions.

Leadership and Sustainable Development in Nigeria: A Comparative Analysis of Good Luck Ebele Jonathan and Umaru Musa Yar’adua’s Administrative Style

It is believed that there is a relationship between leadership skills and the quality of development a nation can attain hence, the study examined leadership and sustainable development in Nigeria: A comparative analysis of Good Luck Ebele Jonathan and Umaru Musa Yar’adua’s administrative style. The study relied on the basic human needs’ theory as its theoretical framework while data for the study were drawn from secondary sources such as textbooks, government publications and materials from the internet. Analysis was done descriptively via content analysis. The study beliefs that sustainable development can be attained in Nigeria and Africa if leaders at all levels adopt democratic and people-centered policies and programs.

Assessing the acquired skills for demand and employability in the job market: a tracer study of LIS graduates of Umaru Musa Yar’adua University in Katsina metropolis Nigeria

This study set out to assess the acquired skills of the graduates of library and information science of Umaru Musa Yar’adua University for demand and employability in the job market. The study objectives were to examine the demand of LIS graduates; identify the sectors employing them and to ascertain the challenges they face on the job. Employers of LIS graduates were targeted in Katsina metropolis. Total enumeration was used as the population within the study area was small and the data was gathered through field survey and literature review with the use of questionnaire. The questionnaire was administered on the 120 identified graduates with a response rate of 98 which represent 81.70%, the quantitative data was analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 26. Two null hypotheses were also tested at α =0.05 using Correlation. The findings shows that demand for LIS graduates was generally low; the sectors employing the LIS graduates were information centers, printing and publishing firms, non-governmental organizations among others; and the challenges faced by the LIS graduates on the job are problem solving and teamwork among others. The study recommends that there is need to extend the industrial training done by the LIS students to other sectors to boost their thinking capacity and relevance, also, more skills acquisition related courses be integrated in their curriculum to widen the scope of their expertise for competitive advantage

Relationship between skills acquired and on the job performance of library and information science (lis) graduates of Umaru Musa Yar’adua University Katsina, Nigeria

This research is a study of Library and Information Science Graduates of Umaru Musa Yar’adua University Katsina 2010-2019 for their skills Relevance and performance in the Job Market. The areas focused upon were employers of LIS graduates in Katsina Metropolis. The data was gathered through literature review and field survey. Total enumeration sampling was applied to determine the required sample frames of graduates. The responses were gathered from LIS schools, Libraries, higher institutions, Ministries, Banks and NGOs. A Questionnaire was administered to obtain the necessary data from the respondents. The questionnaire was administered on a total of 120 graduates and a response rate of 98 representing 81.70% was achieved. Data was analysed using quantitative statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). Two null hypotheses were tested at α =0.05 using Correlation. The overall results revealed that the graduates were employed (100%). Decision on each of the items and aggregate mean score for the table is based on the midpoint average of 3.0 on the five-point scale. Opinion of the responses in the table revealed that Time manage was low on the scale among skills acquired by the graduates during their training in the university. Most responses were of the view that the graduates’ acquisition of Time management during training was not adequate enough. Responses were of the view that Information Management Skill acquired by the graduates was relevant in the job market. The responses rated the graduates’ performances as very high. Ho1 revealed that acquired skills during training as under-graduate in the university was significantly correlated with the graduates’ performances in their respective jobs. Ho2 revealed that the UMYU LIS graduates’ skills and relevance of the skills in the job market were significantly correlated.

A LOW-COST COMPACT ELECTRICAL ENERGY SAVING SYSTEM INTEGRATED WITH PIR MOTION DETECTOR

In the present modern society, where electricity is necessary for the lightening of homes and public buildings, the major problem in our localities is power wastes. To some extent electrical appliances such as lighting systems were left ON even in the absence of people in both private and public places. This is because traditional manual switching system is still employed in almost every building where one has to switch the room lights ON or OFF. Thus, a large amount of energy is being wasted if lights are left ON in the absence of people in those places. This work presents an intelligent energy saving system that can automatically power ON/OFF our lightening systems. The heart of this project is Passive Infrared (PIR) motion detector that can detects the radiated heat of a person and converts it to electrical signals, which is sent to switching circuit for processing. A low-cost fully automated energy saving system was designed and tested in physics laboratory of Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, Katsina, Nigeria. The system was able to detect movement of objects/humans within range of 6 meters in the lab to switch ON the light and also switch it OFF in their absence. Therefore, the designed system if explored will have the potentials of reducing energy waste and at the same time reducing one’s energy bills.

Revisiting the resource curse in Nigeria: the case of Niger delta

Natural resources endowment is a blessing to the endowed states due to their catalytic development-driving potential. The exploitation of the endowment should result in rapid socio-economic development. However, for most developing states, the blessing of these natural resources strangely tends to turn disadvantageous; a phenomenon that has been distinctly identified in the literature as ‘the resource curse. This paper examines that phenomenon, using Nigeria Niger Delta as a case study given the serious environmental, political and socio-economic challenges occasioned by the country’s exploitation of its oil and gas endowment. The paper further explores efforts made to reverse the trend of the phenomenon in Nigeria and also what could be the most effective means of containing the said problems in light of their implications for the future of the country and its people. The study recommended that that there is a well-planned and coordinated program for socio-infrastructural development across the region. Government should provide the grounds for both the oil companies and the host oil communities to cooperate with each other and ensure compliance of the MOUs signed by the oil companies and the host communities. The amnesty program initiated by late President Umaru Musa Yar’Adua should be effectively implemented to avoid the resurgence of militancy and other forms of conflict. Government and the oil companies should guarantee the indigenes that they are a part of the business of crude oil exploration and production in the communities, this will help reduce or possibly stop the issue of regular vandalization of oil pipelines and other facilities of the oil exploration companies. There should be equitable sharing of revenue from the sales of crude oil, particularly by the Federal Government.

An Empirical Study of the Numerical Proportions of Women Academics in Selected Universities in Nigeria: A Study of Federal University Gusau and Umaru Musa Yar’adua University

The paper provided an empirical analysis of the numerical proportions of women academics in the Nigerian University system. It assessed the challenges confronting women academics as a result of the numerical proportions and it examined their responses and reactions to the challenges that arises as a result of the numerical proportions. It focused on two universities namely Umaru Musa Yar’adua University and Federal University Gusau in Katsina State and Zamfara State of Nigeria respectively. The study was an exploratory research design. It was conducted using Key Informant and In-depth Interview. The data collected were analyzed using Nvivo, version 10. The study found that women also contribute to their numerical proportions in the Nigerian University system. The study suggested the need to encourage women generally to apply for academic career. It also suggested that the Nigeria universities’ management should prioritize the incorporation and recruitment of women in the Nigeria University system.

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE SEVEN POINT AGENDA OF PRESIDENT UMARU MUSA YAR’ADUA’S ADMINISTRATION IN NIGERIA

This study explores President Umaru Musa Yar'adua's Seven-Point Agenda policy, which sought to propel Nigeria to the twenty-first position in the world's economic development by 2020. The question that this article sought to address was if the issue of policy discontinuity and collapse in Nigeria afflicted the Seven-Point Agenda. The Marxist theory served as the theoretical foundation for this research. The study adopted qualitative method of research enquiry with data collected from secondary source such as text books, journals, and other internet sources while content analysis was used to analyse the data collected. It discovered that while the Agenda had a good influence on a few areas of the economy, the impact was insufficient to solve the difficulties of poverty, unemployment, security, and industrialisation caused by the administration of Umaru Musa Yar'adua's brief tenure. The research also discovered that the problems impeding the successful execution of the Seven Point Agenda's objectives include, but are not limited to, corruption, bad governance, and inconsistency in policy design and implementation. This study stated that with competent leadership and real dedication to the goals, the aim may be met because Nigeria is endowed with ample natural and human resources. The paper recommended taking decisive efforts to maximise the advantages, opportunities, and strengths of policies in Nigeria while also decreasing the obstacles they face via effective governance.

Application of Vertical Electrical Sounding for the Investigation of Groundwater potentials at Umaru Musa Yar'adua University, Katsina

The population of Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, Katsina (the study area) is increasing every session and therefore, sources of safe water in the area is need to be improved; more importantly groundwater. Recently, water supply from Zobe Dam is connected to the study area but still it does not solve the water supply problem; hence other alternative is needed in order to supplement for existing. Various groundwater exploration programs that have been carried out in the study area have not yielded the required results. However, there was no academic research on groundwater in the study area. VES has been carried out in order to investigate groundwater potential, to determine the lithology, the resistivity value associated with the groundwater and prospect locations for groundwater exploration. The ABEM Terrameter SAS 4000 was used and a Schlumberger array was employed to accomplish this task by obtaining resistance of 7 VES points in the study area with a maximum current electrode spacing (AB) of 240 m. The VES data obtained were processed using IPI2Win software. The VES results in correlation with the and borehole log data have revealed that the near-surface materials with resistivity value between about 1 Ωm to 7,985 Ωm is representing 4 to 5 layers consisting of first layer mostly top soil and laterite, having resistivity values between 403 Ωm to 7,985 Ωm with thickness from 0.498 m to 1.21 m; second layer with resistivity values from 43.6 Ωm to 114.4 Ωm having thickness from 1.34 m to 4.71 m interpreted commonly as sandy clay and sandy soil; third layer showing resistivity values between about 1 Ωm to 38.4 Ωm is found to be a saturated layer with water; fourth layer generally indicating weathered basement with resistivity values from about 1 Ωm to 7.57 Ωm having thickness of 36.1 m and or infinite thickness, and fifth layer showing vary low resistivity value with infinite thickness. The result shows that the groundwater exploration should be conducted at VES 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 at a depth from about 30 m to 50 m revealing low resistivity values ranging from 2 Ωm to 391 Ωm however, VES 6 and 7 indicates high resistivity value and therefore poor groundwater potentials.

Globalization and Foreign Policy of Nigeria: Issues and Challenges in Umaru Musa Yar'Adua's Diplomacy of Consequence

Globalization and Foreign Policy of Nigeria: Issues and Challenges in Umaru Musa Yar'Adua's Diplomacy of Consequence

Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals Using Spinach (Amarantus spinosa) Grown on Contaminated Soils

This work was designed to assess the phytoremediation ability of Spinach (Amarantus spinosa) grown on two different soils (contaminated soil obtained from Chalawa Industrial Estate, Kano, and control soil obtained from Biological Garden of Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, Katsina). Concentrations (mg/Kg) of Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Biological concentration factors (BCFs) and translocation factors (TFs) were calculated. The mean levels of metals obtained ranged widely from 0.23 mg/kg Ni to 1971.37 mg/kg Fe. Highest mean levels of Cr (97.74 mg/kg), Fe (1971.37 mg/kg), Mn (78.22 mg/kg), Zn (170.60 mg/kg) were contained in the leaf of the spinach samples, whereas Ni (1.98 mg/kg) and Pb (14.24 mg/kg) were contained in the root of the spinach samples. The results showed a significant level (p<0.05) of all the metals analysed in the spinach samples grown on the polluted soil compared with those grown on the control soils. Amongst the metals, Ni and Pb were found to have the lowest (0.50) and highest (7.57) BCF values respectively. The lowest and highest TF values were found to be on Cr (0.32) and Zn (1.17) respectively. Consequently, Higher BCF and TF values were found for Pb and Zn and this resulted in greater extraction ability of Pb and Zn. The spinach ability to extract Fe and Ni was found to be poor.

Evaluation of Haematological Parameters of Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Grown in Biofloc System using Three Different Carbon Sources

Biofloc Technology utilizes the addition of carbon sources to fish culture systems to allow the growth of bacteria, as well as aggregation of dead organic matter in the fish culture systems thereby permit continuous use of water. The use of biofloc for C. gariepinus culture has evaluated the growth, feed conversion and water quality. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of carbon sources on the haematological parameters of catfish in the biofloc system. The biofloc system was set-up at the Biological garden of Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, Katsina. A total of two hundred (200) fingerlings catfish with an average weight of 8.45 ± 1.6 g were randomly distributed in eight (8) plastic tanks at stocking densities of 1g/m3. Three carbon sources namely; corn flour, rice bran, and sorghum flour were used to support the flocculation and growth of catfish in the system. The fishes were fed uniformly with a commercial diet ad-libitum. After six weeks rearing period, the survival of fish in all treatments was not significantly different (p <0.005); control (94%); corn-flour (90%), sorghum flour (98%) and rice bran (96%). Total weight gain was significantly higher (p<0.005) in corn-flour biofloc treatment. The blood sample collected for haematological analysis showed a significant difference (p˂ 0.05) in the mean blood parameters with respect to park cell volume (PCV), white blood cell (WBC), and haemoglobin (mg/l) values. The PCV of the rice bran treatment (18.00%) was significantly lower (p˂0.05) compared with other treatments. White blood cell (WBC) was significantly higher in rice bran treatment (p ˂ 0.05). The result indicated that corn-flour and sorghum could be used as the carbon source in the biofloc system with no effect on haematological parameters.

Access and Management of Electronic Information Resources in Umaru Musa Yar’adua University Library, Katsina State Nigeria

The study investigated the access and management of electronic information resources in Umaru Musa Yar’adua University Katsina, library. The study adopted quantitative approach as research paradigm; with survey as research methods. Questionnaire was used as the primary instrument for data collection in which the entire forty two library staff was used as population of the study. The response rate of 92.9% was obtained, used and analyzed the data. From the findings of the study therefore, the influence of demographic variables (gender, age, education and professions) about the management of electronic information resources was not significant at the surveyed university library. Thus, the study recommended increased investment in ICT facilities, staff training and development at the surveyed university library to promote increase in the management of electronic information resources to satisfy the needs of users as ultimate goal of any library and information center.

Accessibility, Awareness and Use of Egranary Digital Library Technology in Academic Library by Lecturers of Umaru Musa Yar’adua University Katsina, Nigeria

The study investigated on the Accessibility, Awareness and Use of EGranary Library System by Academic Staff of Umaru Musa Yar’adua University. A null hypothesis was formed to investigate the influence of eGranary on enhanced access and usage of information resources by academic staff. The study used a quantitative research paradigm and a survey as the research method. Through the usage of the eGranary digital library system, a questionnaire was employed as the primary instrument for data collection on accessibility and utilization of information resources. The study used a population of 506 academic employees and a sample size of 150 academic staff, with a response rate of 95.0 % for data analysis. The study's data was broken down into percentage and frequency tables. According to the findings of the study, demographic characteristics (gender, age, education, and professional rank) had no significant impact on access to and use of information resources at the surveyed university. The study advised that the surveyed university to invest more in ICT facilities in order to improve academic staff's access to and use of eGranary and information resources for research.

Determination of Antibacterial Activity of Psidium guajava Leaf Extract against Bacteria Isolated from Mobile Phones of Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, Katsina Community

Mobile phones are increasingly becoming one of the indispensable accessories of professional and social daily life, although constant handling and usage in various environmental conditions makes it fomite. Thus, antibacterial activity of Psidium guajava leaf extract was evaluated against bacteria isolated from mobile phones within Umar Musa Yar’adua University, Katsina community. A total of sixty (60) mobile phones were randomly swabbed, twenty (20) each, from hawkers, students, and staff of the University community. These were used as candidates for isolation of bacterial contaminants using standard protocols. Variable concentrations (500mg/ml, 300mg/ml and 100mg/ml) of aqueous extract of the Psidium guajava were prepared and tested against mobile phones bacterial isolates using agar well diffusion method. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, tannins and terpenoids. Staphylococcus aureus (39.6%), Escherichia coli (29.7%), Klebsiella sp. (18.8%), Proteus sp. (8.3%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4.2%) were the bacterial contaminants isolated and identified from the mobile phones. Aqueous leaf extract of the plant displayed promising antibacterial activity at 500mg/ml against all the isolates, with average zones of inhibition of 25.0 mm for S. aureus, Proteus sp., P. aeroginosa and 24mm, 6.0mm for E. coli and Klebsiella sp. respectively. The use of Psidium guajava leaf extract as candidate for production of antibacterial agent which can be used to disinfect mobile handsets is suggested.

INVESTIGATING THE QUALITY OF WATER STORED IN PLASTIC TANKS IN UMARU MUSA YAR’ADUA UNIVERSITY KATSINA, KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA

Water is one of the most important natural resources which play an essential role in human life. Most of the Nigerian institutions stored water in either plastic or overhead tanks for different purposes. However, there has been a growing concern over the safety of the stored water for human consumption following reported cases of microbial occurrence in water stored in tanks. This study aimed at investigating the water quality stored in plastic tanks in Umaru Musa Yar’adua University Katsina. Water samples were collected from plastic tanks and analyzed for some physico-chemical and heavy metals parameters. The result of physico-chemical parameters obtained shows that only dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand were observed above the maximum permissible limit for drinking recommended by WHO and NSDWQ with the mean value of 55.18 mg/l, 38.86 mg/l and 38.08 mg/l respectively. While the remaining parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, turbidity, total suspended solid, alkalinity, sulphate, nitrate, phosphate, chloride and total hardness were found within the acceptable limit. However, analyzed result of heavy metals parameters revealed that all parameters were observed within desirable limit by WHO and NSDWQ for drinking water and suggested that the quality of water stored in plastic tanks was very good. It is concluded that, the quality of water stored in plastic tanks is suitable for human consumption. It is therefore recommended that, continuous monitoring of the water should be maintain so as to ascertain the safety of the water

Adoption of Koha Integrated Library System (ILS) for the Automation of Umaru Musa Yar’adua University Library, Katsina, Nigeria: Problems and Prospects

This study attempted to explore the gradual advancement of modern technology in libraries, it distinguished old and new innovations, creative efforts of librarians and information technologists through the various generations of automation revolution. The study also identify various components of the Integrated Library System (ILS) or Library Management System (LMS) which are used or being used in Umaru Musa Yar’adua University (UMYU) library as well as the services automated by the system. The study also identifies the exact reasons for adopting KOHA in UMYU library. It also explains the impact, challenges associated with the University library automation system. The study adopted quantitative approach as research paradigm; with survey as research methods. Questionnaires were the instrument used for data collection. The population of 42 library staff was used for the study. The data for the study were analyzed using tables and frequencies. From the findings of the study the two main services fully automated were the Circulation and Cataloguing, the library adopted the use of the KOHA ILS as it was a free open source and secondly for greater opportunities and innovation. However, retrospective conversion and Low Level of Literacy were the major challenges and a setback for the KOHA ILS implementation in the library understudy. The study recommended the need for the increase investment in the automation project to speed up the implementation of automation systems.

Phytochemical and insecticidal properties of some botanical extracts against the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica F. (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae)

Experiments were conducted in postgraduate laboratory of the Department of Biology of Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, Katsina (UMYUK) Nigeria, to analyze phytochemical properties and assess insecticidal effects of acetonic leaf extracts of Euphorbia balsamifera, Lawsonia inermis and Mitracarpus hirtus against Rhyzopertha dominica F. To analyze the phytochemicals of the test plants, preliminary tests were conducted to determine secondary metabolites while Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrum (GC-MS) was carried out to identify various active compounds present in the botanical extracts. Effects of the treatments on adult mortalities against R. dominica, adult emergence and grain weight losses were also determined. To determine percentage mortalities of R. dominica at 7 days after treatment (DAT), acetonic extracts of the botanicals at the concentrations of 6.25, 12.50, 25.00, 50.00, 100.00 mgml-1 and permethrin powder at 11.20 mg/20 g were applied to 20 g of sorghum grains in different plastic bottles. None of the extracts or permethrin powder was added to the control. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) and replicated three times. Findings of the study revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrate, phytesterols, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and cardiac glycosides in the botanical extracts. The plant extracts resulted in adult mortality of R. dominica which ranged from 16.67 to 63.33% within 7 days after treatment (DAT). No adult emergence was observed in all the treated grains. Also, grain weight losses of the treated sorghum varied from 3.92 to 6.63%. Acetonic extracts of the botanicals could therefore be utilized to reduce R. dominica infestations in stored sorghum.

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF MANGIFERA INDICA ETHANOL AND AQUEOUS LEAVES EXTRACT AGAINST PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA AND STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

The aim of this research is to investigate the antibacterial activity and identify the phytochemical constituents of Mangifera indica leafs on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus using disc diffusion method. The sample was collected fresh from the premises of Bioresources Development Center (BIODEC), Katsina, Katsina State and was dried and pounded into powder. The powdered leaves were extracted using ethanol and aqueous solvents. Various concentrations ranging from 500mg to 62.5mg were prepared. Test isolates were obtained from the Microbiology laboratory, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University Katsina (UMYUK) and were further authenticated using Gram staining and biochemical test. The bacterial inoculums were standardized to McFarland scale 0.5. Zones of inhibition were read after 24 hours at 370C. The results of the antibacterial study revealed that the ethanolic leaves extracts at 500mg/ml had effect on P. aeruginosa and S. aureus with zones of inhibition of 12mm and 6mm respectively. The results of the phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids and phenols where only alkaloids was found to be absent in the aqueous extract. There is no significant difference between the solvents and various concentrations used base on t-test data analysis.

The Niger Delta Amnesty – An Amnesty in Search of a Legal Legitimacy

On the 6 th of August 2009, the former President of Nigeria, Umaru Musa Yar’adua, (now late), declared amnesty for militants of the Niger Delta region of Nigeria (here in after called “the Niger Delta Amnesty”) based on the recommendation of the Presidential Technical Committee on the Niger Delta. The paper uses doctrinaire approach to appraise the Niger Delta Amnesty touted as a “home grown” amnesty. Based on statutes, case laws, opinions of legal text writers, newspaper comments and internet sources, it disappointedly finds out that the Niger Delta Amnesty, unlike many other amnesties, is not anchor on any known Nigeria law. It is the contention of the paper that such an important public proclamation should be anchored on a constitutional provision or an Act of the National Assembly. In the absence of such a legal validity, the paper recommends that the President of Nigeria should, as a matter of public importance and urgency, package the Niger Delta Amnesty Program in form of Executive bill and forward the same to the National Assembly for enactment as a law. This, the paper believes will guarantee its longevity and secure it from being used as a political tool. Keywords: amnesty, pardon, clemency, militants, militancy, impunity, legitimacy DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/101-06 Publication date: September 30 th 2020