HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor Research Articles

Baby Weight and Length Measurement System with Data Storage Using MySQL Database

Baby weight and length measurement system has been designed based on ultrasonic and load cell sensors with data storage using MySQL database and website interface. This research aims to produce a baby weight and length measurement system with microcontroller NodeMCU ESP32. The system is designed with an ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04 and four half-bridge load cells of 50 kg. The ultrasonic sensor works on the piezoelectric and inverse piezoelectric principles, while load cell sensors work on strain gauge principles. An ultrasonic sensor measures body length, while a load cell sensor measures body weight. According to the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia’s regulations, this system also has an LCD 20×4 to display measurement and nutritional status assessment results. The experiment used four doll objects with different lengths and weights. This research shows that the ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04 used in this research has an average error of 0.494% in length measurement. The load cell sensor and HX711 ADC used in this research has an average error of 0.949% in weight measurement. The designed system automatically assesses the nutritional status and stores the measurement result and nutritional status in the database to be displayed on the website.

DESIGN A MONITORING AND AUTOMATION SYSTEM FOR DRINKING WATER FILLING WITH VOICE COMMANDS USING GOOGLE ASSISTANT

Drinking water filling stations currently still use faucets or buttons to stiffen drinking water filling, where the user is sometimes negligent which results in water overflow during the drinking water filling process and the availability of gallons of water at drinking water filling stations also often runs out. The purpose of this study is to monitor the availability of gallons of water at drinking water filling stations and fill drinking water with voice commands according to the desired water volume using Google Assistant. The command code given is "Turn on the Water Pump", "Turn Off the Water Pump", "Turn on 240 Milliliters", "Turn on 600 Milliliters" and "Turn on 1000 Milliliters" to Google Assistant. The result obtained from this study is the percentage of success of the command code which is 100%. Google Assistant is not able to detect voice commands with environmental conditions of noise interference above 88 dB. The average response speed the tool works at when given a command is 2253 milliseconds. The average error percentage of the HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor with a manual gauge to determine availability in gallons is 1.8%. The success percentage of the E18-D80NK infrared sensor is 100%. The average error percentage of the Water Flow Sensor Yf-S201 with a measuring teapot when filling 240 milliliters of drinking water is 8.51%, 600 milliliters is 4.05% and 1000 milliliters is 2.35%.

Prototipe Sistem Pengosongan Kantong Urin Secara Otomatis Menggunakan Sensor Ultrasonik Berbasis Internet of Things (IoT)

A prototype design of an automated system for urine bag emptying using an Internet of Things (IoT) based ultrasonic sensor has been developed. The system comprises an HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor, an SG90 Micro Servo Motor, NodeMCU ESP8266, a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD), and Blynk integration. The servo motor is employed to open the valve for urine discharge and close it once the process is completed. The servo motor's movement is determined by the urine's detected height using the ultrasonic sensor, and it can be controlled through the Blynk platform. The reference heights for urine management are set at half the urine bag's capacity or 8 cm, triggering a 180º rotation of the servo motor, and at 0 cm, causing the servo motor to move to 0º. The measured urine height is displayed on the LCD and the Blynk IoT interface. The ultrasonic sensor's characterization results reveal an error percentage of 0.02%, a sensitivity value of 58.203 µs/cm, an offset value of 0.0123, and a coefficient of determination R2 of 0.9999. Based on the conducted measurements, analysis, and testing, it can be concluded that the system functions effectively.

Penerapan IoT pada Sistem Deteksi Kadar Air dan Level Tangki Stasiun SPBU

The development of the gas station business is currently very tempting for entrepreneurs, it can be witnessed that lately many gas station constructions have begun in the city to remote villages though. One of the most important things that is sometimes overlooked by gas station entrepreneurs is the quality of the fuel they sell and in general, monitoring the contents of the tank at gas stations is done manually. The purpose of the study was to design a Prototype of the Water Content Detection System and tank level, which aims to help gas station managers measure water content and monitor fuel content in gas station tanks automatically and realtime so that fuel quality is maintained, information can be monitored through web-based systems and mobile applications with Internet of Things technology. The IoT system design consists of an Arduino Uno R4 microcontroller, HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor, conductivity sensor, and selenoid valve. The accuracy test results of the ultrasonic sensor used are good enough to measure the contents of the tank with an average error of 1.3%, while the conductivity sensor measurement has an average error of 0.292% with a validation process using the centrifuge method, The selenoid valve works well which is activated through a web-based monitoring application and a mobile application.

Electronic Prototype of Autonomous Learning for the Crossing of Pedestrians with Visual Disabilities in Lima

Difficulties related to vehicular chaos and obstacles in public spaces hinder the orientation of visually impaired individuals, limiting their autonomy and exposing them to potential accidents. Considering these factors, the objective was to develop a prototype that facilitates autonomous learning by utilizing different electronic components. The aim is to ensure the safe movement of blind pedestrians, promote self-reliance, and minimize the risk of accidents. The proposed prototype is based on the concept of implementing intelligent traffic lights that detect the presence of pedestrians, allowing for safe crossing for both pedestrians and vehicles. The proposed circuit utilizes two ESP32 modules. One module is placed in the traffic light and configured as a Bluetooth master to transmit signals. It is also equipped with an ultrasonic sensor. The other module is located in the user’s wristband and configured as a Bluetooth slave to receive signals. It is also equipped with a horn. The communication between the modules has been developed using the C programming language for microcontrollers in the Arduino IDE development environment. A master-slave communication system was implemented, resulting in the constant reporting of the distance between the pedestrian and the sidewalk within the pedestrian crossing by the ultrasonic sensor. This system controls the safe crossing by regulating the traffic lights. The HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor can detect distances ranging from 2 cm to 450 cm. Therefore, the prototype can be used as a foundation for future advancements in various cities and contexts, ultimately benefiting blind pedestrians by improving their mobility.

DEVELOPMENT OF WATER LEVEL MONITORING APPLICATIONS IN SMART HOME SYSTEMS USING FLUTTER

Monitoring the water level at smart home system is an effort to increase the comfort and safety of its residents. Therefore, this study aims to design and develop a water level monitoring application that can be implemented to smart home system using the ESP8266 NodeMCU, HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor, MQTT protocol, and the Flutter framework. By implementing Flutter as an open-source framework for creating applications, it can be monitor water levels in real-time accessed from various platforms: such as Android, iOS, Web, Windows, macOS, and Linux. The test expected to function correctly and provide accurate and real-time information regarding water levels in the surrounding area and can be accessed using various platforms. This research likely to be successful because previous studies conducted the same components in this study.

Design of Automation and Monitoring Systems for Filling Mineral Water Tanks Based on Android Applications

The PURE “ARH” refillable drinking water filling station located on Arief Rahman Hakim Street, Klampis Ngasem, is still not very practical and efficient. This is because the machine is still manual, operated by pressing a manual button to switch it on and off, and requires visual observation until the water container is filled. As a result, this creates uncertainty in the volume of water being filled. Therefore, in this research, an automated prototype and monitoring system for filling mineral water tanks based on an Android application were developed. The use of an HCSR04 ultrasonic sensor for mineral water tank detection at approximately 20 cm and an FS400A water flow sensor to determine the volume of water filled is employed. Subsequently, the results of mineral water tank’s water filling can be monitored, displaying the number of fillings and the volume of water filled, which are then sent to the Android application. Three mineral water tank sizes are used as samples: 5 liters, 15 liters, and 19 liters. The filling process allows configuration of the filling volume through the Android application, allowing refillable drinking water station owners to set their desired set points based on the mineral water tank’s capacity. The validation results of the FS400A G1 flow sensor shows an average error of 1.35%, resulting in an accuracy level of 98.65%, while the HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor has an average error of 1.31% with an accuracy level of 98.69%. As for the testing of the filling mineral water tanks control system using the on-off control method, in this research, it has been successfully achieved with an error rate of 0.9% for a 5-liter set point, 1.3% for a 15-liter set point, and 2.4% for a 19-liter set point. From these results, it can be concluded that the water-filling control system operates effectively, as the actuator functions properly with a logic state of one (1), and once the set point is reached, the actuator turns off with a logic state of null (0).

Penerapan Keran Wudu Otomatis pada Optimasi Penggunaan Air dengan Sensor Ultrasonic Berbasis Arduino dengan Sistem Back Up Daya Otomatis

A resource is a potential value possessed by a particular material or element in life. Water is a resource that is a basic human need for survival, both for living needs and spiritual needs, even up to the era of modern technology. The level of human well-being is measured by the fulfillment of social, economic, and spiritual needs, including the need for automated technology to make work easier and more efficient. The need for automatic equipment in every field is increasing due to considerations of its practical and efficient nature, including spiritual needs. Spiritual activities that can apply automatic technology include the ablution process. The ablution is a mandatory routine activity. Water users in the process of taking wudu water are not optimal because when they want to perform wudu the tap lever is immediately turned, while they still need time to prepare themselves, for example by removing the hijab or rolling up the sleeves of their clothes. The water will flow continuously until the ablution process is complete and the tap lever is turned to close the water flow. So, in this case, a lot of water is wasted. Applying automatic technology to the wudu faucet requires a continuous supply of electricity so that it always remains operational by providing a backup power supply that charges automatically so that the wudu process can be carried out at any time. The use of Arduino and the PING HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor as an object distance detector can make the tap automatic and therefore practical. The working principle of this automatic faucet is that the solenoid will activate when the sensor detects an object under the faucet at a distance of 5 to 40 cm. The maximum detection angle is 10°. The average efficiency of automatic faucets compared to manual faucets is ±30.09%.

Measurement Enhancement of Ultrasonic Sensor using Pelican Optimization Algorithm for Robotic Application

HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor is one of the famous low-cost sensors. It is measured distance from 2 to 400 cm. It depends on ultrasonic sound waves that are sent by an electronic device to determine the distance of the object, and the reflected sound is converted into an electronic signal. This paper proposed a flowchart of the modern optimization method Pelican Optimization Algorithm (POA) to enhance the distance measurement of ultrasonic sensor kind HC-SR04. In addition, the experimental system designed and interfacing between MATLAB with Ardunio is implemented to easily save the measured and desired distances and enter these distances into the POA as pelicans. The error comparison between two methods implemented, one method called the classical method, and another method is proposed named POA. The results show the minimum distance error between ultrasonic and object in POA is less than the error without POA. The best-measured distance results were achieved and approximately equal to the desired distances. The proposed method of POA for ultrasonic distance sensor enhanced by 99.97%. This sensor accurately detects objects from 2 to 400 cm which can be used in a robotic application.

An internet of things-based touchless parking system using ESP32-CAM

<span>As technology continues to advance, governments around the world have implemented health protocols to minimize direct contact between individuals and objects, in response to the ongoing COVID-19 outbreak. To address this need, a touchless parking portal was designed using a microcontroller-based and internet of things (IoT) -based system, with the Arduino UNO microcontroller device serving as the core component. The system employs an ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04 and passive infrared (PIR) to detect vehicles as they arrive at the portal area, in addition to requiring an ESP32-CAM camera, servo motor, light-emitting diode (LED), I2C 16x2 liquid crystal display (LCD), push button, universal serial bus (USB) to transistor-transistor logic (TTL) converter, power supply, and portal bar. The system builder software was developed using Arduino integrated development environment (IDE), Android, and Blynk. The authors conducted thorough testing and analysis of the system, concluding that its overall performance reaches 100%. Nevertheless, despite the extensive experimentation conducted, there remains a possibility that certain factors could still affect the results. Therefore, caution is advised when interpreting the outcomes of this experiment.</span>

Development of an Ultrasonic-based Digital Height Measurement System

This paper presents the design, sensor selection, circuitry, firmware development, and testing of an ultrasonicbased digital height meter. An Atmega328 microcontroller is used in the design to handle sensor measurements as it investigates the utilization of HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor technology. Firmware was developed in the Arduino IDE environment, and the sketch was uploaded to the microcontroller. The designed circuit was constructed on a Veroboard, and the casing was designed for convenience of use. Ultrasonic digital height meters are more accurate, dependable, and quick when compared to hospital meter rules. The apparatus was mounted at a height of 2 meters to ease the measurement of humans. Results from the measurement of nine people were compared with those of the hospital scale, and a percentage error of 0.55% was obtained. A digital height meter can be a very useful instrument for many different applications, including medical, educational, engineering, and surveying, with careful planning and implementation.

Analysis of the Measurement Error From a Low-Cost Ultrasonic Sensor

This study analyzes the error within a low-cost range-finding device known as the HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor and compares it to what manufacturer datasheets claim as the error measurement in the sensor’s readings. The HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor is a device that is capable of determining the distance between itself and an object in front of it by using sound waves that reflect off of the object. These sound waves are ultrasonic waves, which have a frequency that cannot be heard by human ears. Common uses for this sensor are motion tracking, object detection, and state estimation – all common capabilities of robots today. This sensor offers an inexpensive option for range-finding which has extensive applications towards the field of mechatronics and robotics; however, there is a major drawback in using this device – the error of its measurements. This error will be analyzed through the distance readings from the HC-SR04 sensor in comparison to the true distance measurements as well as the possible error variation present when the distance from the sensor increases.

Monitoring and Control System Development on IoT-Based Aeroponic Growth of Pakcoy (Brassica rapa L.)


 
 
 
 One of the methods that can be used by Indonesian people in urban farming is the Aeroponic method of planting plants. The aeroponic method has a faster nutrient delivery speed than hydroponics and normal plant cultivation. The main objective of this study was to design an aeroponic monitoring and control system for Pakcoy (Brassica rapa. L) using the blynk application as an interface for remote control. The control system used is NodeMCU V3, DHT22 sensor, HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor and TDS sensor. Plants in the system use a container box measuring 110 cm x 80 cm with 10 nozzles on the inside of the box attached to a ½ inch pipe, with 24 planting holes on the lid of the box with a spacing of 20 cm. The pump will automatically turn on when the temperature in the box is >25oC and will stop when the temperature is =24oC, or when the humidity is <80%. The results obtained during the 30 days of research showed that the average R2 value of the DHT22 sensor was 0.9864 and 0.9864, the HC-SR04 sensor was 0.996 and the TDS sensor was 0.9899. Observations on the growth of pakcoy plants obtained an average height of 13.3 cm for system plants and 13.4 cm for control plants. The average leaf width in system plants was 4.3 cm and 3.6 cm in control plants. the average number of leaves on system plants is 8 leaves and 9 leaves on control plants. The system plant weight was 5.493 gr and that of the control plant was 2.961 gr. The control system that has been made can work well and can be used in aeroponic cultivation of plants.
 
 
 

AUTOMATED DELIVERY ROBOT SYSTEM DESIGN FOR OFFICE USING ESP32 TECHNOLOGY

The emergence of Industry 4.0 has brought about major changes in various industries, including the use of Internet of Things (IoT) technology. One of the technologies of Industry 4.0 is IoT (Internet of Things), which allows the connection between tools and other devices. The use of smart robots as a solution for task completion in office areas is increasing rapidly. This smart robot can be equipped with sensor modules and ESP32 microcontroller processing modules to enhance its functionality. In addition, integration with smartphones through Android applications and websites allows this robot to be controlled and monitored remotely (online). The design of this IoT-based delivery robot with the integration of the ESP32 microcontroller and advanced sensors shows promising potential in improving convenience in offices. The use of TCS34725, infrared sensor, and HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor enhances color detection and object recognition capabilities, enabling the execution of tasks as a delivery robot in an office environment. Integration of Android app and website as online control and monitoring function of the robot with real time

Rancang Bangun Prototype Sistem Monitoring Tandon Otomatis Menggunakan Mikrokontroller ESP32 Berbasis Internet Of Things

Filling reservoir water automatically using a pressure switch and radar is still not effective, because it cannot know how much water is in the reservoir in real time and how much water comes out of the reservoir. In addition, there is a problem with drilled wells where the source of water is not always available, when the well runs out the water pump will run continuously and can cause damage to the water pump. Therefore this study aims to make reservoir water filling automatic, maintain water availability in reservoirs, monitor water in reservoirs in real time, remote control and protect water pumps when well water supplies run out. This research was made using the ESP32 microcontroller, water flow sensor, water switch sensor and also utilizing the HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor. This research produces a tool that can work well for monitoring how much water is in the reservoir, turning off or on the pump automatically based on the water level in the reservoir, monitoring how much water discharge comes out of the reservoir and monitoring whether or not there is input of water into the reservoir so that the water pump does not lights up continuously when the well or reservoir water runs out to prevent damage to the water pump. All of these systems are controlled by the ESP32 microcontroller which is connected to the internet of things and Android devices so that they can be monitored in real time.

A FUZZY CONTROLLER FOR A MOBILE ROBOT WITH OBSTACLE AVOIDANCE

This research paper presents a mobile robot based on the MAMDANI fuzzy inference system. The mobile robot is equipped with three pairs of HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensors to detect the distance between the robot and obstacles. A fuzzy logic controller is built into the STM32F4 microcontroller platform to generate the actuation signal for the DC motor mounted on each robot wheel. To perform obstacle avoidance, a sensor capable of detecting the distance between the robot and the obstacle must be installed so that the controller can calculate and determine the appropriate control signal to send to the robot's actuator. In achieving this goal, the robot can perform movements at a constant speed or at a variable speed. When the distance between the robot and the obstacle is too far, the speed is too fast. Then, as the distance to the obstacle increases, the speed decreases. Such a control mechanism can be implemented with certain control methods installed in the controller. The data obtained from the ultrasonic sensors are expressed as linguistic variables that indicate the speed of movement of each wheel in fuzzy sets. A robot with a fuzzy logic controller based on a rule table is designed to achieve uninterrupted motion with obstacle avoidance capability. Keywords: STM32F4 microcontroller, Fuzzy logic, Fuzzy inference system, mobile robot, obstacle avoidance.

DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION SYSTEM WITH SOLAR ENERGY-BASED TELEGRAM NOTIFICATION

This study aims to produce an irrigation system development product using Wemos D1 as an irrigation control system, monitoring the state of soil moisture in stages and the state of the water pump by sending data periodically through the Telegram Messenger application. The research was conducted using the R&D (Research and Development) method and the prototype development model. The development procedure includes the stages of needs analysis, system design and design, making system prototypes, testing and validation stages. The results of the Black Box test obtained a percentage of 100% indicating that the prototype was feasible to use. Testing the working system of the tool where on the results of Testing Tool Conditions the Water Pump can work well, the Capacitive Soil Moisture Sensor can detect dry soil moisture when <20% and the soil is wet> 20%, and the HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor test can be used from 2 cm up to 22 cm as a reading of the tank contents. The results of testing user satisfaction with 20 respondents obtained a percentage of 90% in the very good category and 10% in the good category.

The Use of An Arduino Uno Ultrasonic Sensor in Desalination Equipment's Water Filling Control

A sensor called an ultrasonic sensor works by converting electrical quantities into physical quantities (sound) and vice versa. An Arduino Uno is required to activate the system's ultrasonic sensor. The reservoir's water level is determined using ultrasonic sensors. The purpose of this investigation is to learn how to put together, program, and utilize the HC-SR04 Arduino Uno ultrasonic sensor with the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment) application. Controlling the water in the desalination system is required so that the water entering the reservoir does not waste or overflow and pollute the desalinated water. An ultrasonic sensor is attached to a seawater desalination system using the evaporation method, and the sensor is put on the edge of the evaporation pond in order to conduct experimental testing of the ultrasonic sensor on the device. The desalination tool can operate more efficiently and under control with the help of the HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor by automatically filling the water in the evaporation pond. The sensor will automatically supply the water shortage when the seawater evaporates. Results of experimental observations made with the HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor on an evaporation bath with three water filling cycles are available. so that after 7 days, 13% of the volume that was filled in the evaporation basin has evaporated.

Rancang Bangun Alat Pemantau Suhu Kandang Ayam dan Stok Pakan Menggunakan Arduino Nano Berbasis SMS Gateway

This research focuses on the development of a temperature monitoring device for chicken coops and chicken feed, which is essential in the poultry industry. The device is designed to address specific conditions in the livestock industry that cannot be manually handled by humans. The design methodology involves software development using object modeling (UML), hardware design through circuit schematics, and the construction of the device. The device utilizes HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor and DHT11 sensor to measure humidity and temperature inside the chicken coop. Testing is conducted to measure the chicken feed supply using the ultrasonic sensor, as well as the humidity and temperature inside the chicken coop using the DHT11 sensor. The final outcome of this research is the implementation of a temperature monitoring device for chicken coops and chicken feed that functions according to the needs of poultry farmers. The Arduino Nano microcontroller is integrated with an SMS gateway device as an intermediary to transmit programmed process instructions as text messages containing real-time information.

Rancang Bangun Peringatan Dini Bahaya Banjir Pada Daerah Aliran Sungai Berbasis Internet Of Think

High rainfall, High rainfall, especially during the rainy season, results in a rise in the level of water flowing into the river, which can be a triggering factor for the danger of flooding. One indication that can be known is the overflow of water in the river flow so that the flowing water cannot be accommodated by the river canal. In this study, a monitoring system can provide water level reading information using the HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor with the addition of a flow meter sensor reading feature, and a DHT11 temperature sensor. This flood early warning system is designed to provide a warning when a flood hazard will occur which is indicated by an indication of rising water levels in the river flow with information directly or in real time as a disaster early warning effort. This information will then be displayed on a 16x2 LCD, alarm, and smartphone direct display via Internet of Think technology with ESP8266 as the transmission medium to the cloud network. In addition to presenting information, the tool is also equipped with a servo motor that will activate the opening of the sluice gate so that the water level returns to normal. In the appearance of this information later, the system will display the state of the level of early warning information with a red LED indicator display and a buzzer that lights up when conditions are dangerous and can be accessed via a smartphone. With this tool designed later, it is hoped that it will be able to anticipate the danger of flooding that will occur so that it can help residents around the riverbanks to get early warning when a possible flood hazard will occur.