Ultra-high Dilutions Research Articles

Changes of Unit Cell Parameters in Lactose Saturated by Substances Technologically Processed by Dilution

Background: Our research investigates how the structure of a lactose matrix can be altered by the specific drugs used to saturate it. In particular, we examine whether ultra-high dilutions of substances, such as antibodies, can change the crystal structure of lactose. Methods: We employed methods including X-ray diffractometry, Raman spectroscopy, and granulometric content analysis. Results: Our findings suggest that once saturated with highly diluted substances, lactose does indeed gain and retain changes in its crystalline structures [particularly cell parameters a, b, c, β]. These changes are most pronounced between intact and saturated lactose samples, and there are also differences observed when using different solutions for saturation. Conclusion: The results support the idea that ultra-high dilutions can irreversibly change the structure of lactose, potentially due to differences in solution wetting and subsequent recrystallization of the lactose matrix.

Impact of ultra-high dilutions from Iranian endemic and commercial calendula on the germination and growth quality of Oryza sativa L.

PurposeThis article deals with producing ultra-diluted compounds (UHDs) prepared from Iranian calendula's characteristic and endemic species. It compares their chemical, biological and biochemical characteristics with the commercial sample of calendula species (grown in the Alps). In the following, these UHDs have been used to improve the quality of germination and growth and reduce contamination of rice (Oryza sativa) seeds in the laboratory environment. MethodsHigh-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) is used to isolate the active compounds. On the separated results, antioxidant and antibacterial were identified directly on the plate (Bio-autographic method). Direct on the plate)DESI mass spectrometry was used to identify the active compounds. ResultsThe HPTLC reveals that the chromatogram of native C. percica and C. officinalis extract is the most similar to the commercial compounds. The highest antioxidant activity is related to C. officinalis. The best antibacterial activity of the extracts against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli belongs to C. officinalis and C. tripterocarpa. Rutin, quercitrin, β-campstrole and di-o-caffeoylquinic acid, which are among the flavonoid and terpenoid categories were identified as active compounds. The prepared UHDs from native calendula are biologically more effective than the commercial ones in increasing seed germination efficiency, improving rooting quality and reducing contamination. ConclusionUsing UHDs increases the production of photosynthetic pigments the root length and the number of lateral roots. Also, the amount of protein, gibberellic acid and abscisic acid in seedlings treated using native UHDs of C. officinalis (native or commercial) is higher than the others.

Ultra-high dilutions analysis: Exploring the effects of potentization by electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and deep learning

The subject of ultrahigh dilutions has been under continuous debate over the years, mainly because the possibilities to analyze such diluted solutions are limited. In this context, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigations were conducted to evaluate the morphological characteristics of ethanol- and water-based highly diluted solutions of gold; three levels of potentization (6C, 30C, and 200C) were examined for each type of solution. Moreover, Raman spectroscopy and deep learning (DL) algorithms were employed for the analysis of the three potentization levels of purified water, unpurified water, and purified water-based gold solutions. Three batches were assessed for each considered category, and the ability to discriminate between all investigated classes, between the potencies within each group or between the classes within the same level of potentization were presented and discussed in correlation with the TEM findings. Distinct forms of organization were revealed by TEM for the three levels of potentization, while the gated recurrent unit (GRU) model showed great accuracy (88 %) for discriminating all classes, over 90 % accuracy for distinguishing the samples within each group and over 95 % accuracy for classification within the same level of potentization if unpretreated Raman spectra were used. Thus, this suite of methods (TEM-EDX and Raman spectroscopy in combination with DL) can be successfully used for the characterization and differentiation of highly diluted solutions resulting after potentization treatment. Furthermore, considering the results obtained from the discrimination study involving all 11 classes and a data augmentation approach, the spectral segmentation method can be seen as a valuable strategy for increasing the model prediction accuracy.

Efficacy of Homoeopathic Ultra High Dilutions in management of Dysmenorrhoea: A Review

Introduction: Dysmenorrhea, or painful menstruation, affects a substantial portion of women worldwide, with prevalence rates reaching up to 67 to 90% among young women. This condition, characterized by intense lower abdominal cramps and associated symptoms, has a significant impact on women's quality of life. Conventional treatments like non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have limitations, leading many to explore alternative therapies such as homeopathy. Objective: This article reviews the effects of homeopathic treatments on dysmenorrhea patients and examines seven studies conducted in this context. Methods: Studies which meet the specific required criteria; involving dysmenorrhea and Homoeopathy and being published in peer-reviewed English-language scientific journals were only included. Various parameters, such as disease intensity scales, the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDQ), Pain Rating Scale (PRS), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and quality of life (QoL) using the World Health Organization Quality of Life: Brief Version (WHOQOL-BREF) scale, numerical rating scale (NRS), and verbal multidimensional scoring system (VMSS), were evaluated. The results before and after treatment with homoeopathic high dilutions have been compared and summarized. Results: Clinical analysis and statistical data of reviewed studies reveal homeopathic high dilutions as effective for Primary Dysmenorrhea, reducing pain (VAS), improving quality of life (WHOQOL), and demonstrating safety, emphasizing their holistic potential.

Existence of original drug molecules in ultra high dilutions

Abstract:
 
 Background: Some workers postulated that homeopathic medicines have got some alterations of hydrogen bonded network in water molecules for their activity, but according to others the original drug molecule remains present as nanoparticles. Objective: To prove experimentally whether traces of medicine molecules are present in ultra high dilution and determine its apparent cause. Materials and Methods: To detect existence of Copper ion in 5 ultra high dilutions (6c, 30c, 200c, 1000c and 10000c) in Cuprum metallicum were subjected to Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. An experiment was also set up to determine how one can obtain trails of original molecules in highly diluted solutions beyond Avogadro’s limit where a solution of copper sulfate was successively diluted decimally in three different ways: NSW (Non-”Succussed” Water), SW(“Succussed” Water), SWE (“Succussed” Water with 50% ethanol) and was studied by UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. Result: Existence of a Copper ion was found asymptotically decreasing through all the five dilutions. In the second experiment it was observed that in case of NSW solution the Optical Density (OD) reaches to non-detectable (ND) range earlier, but for SW and SWE later. Conclusion: Some sorts of non-homogeneity established in “succussed” alcoholic dilutions due to fall of dielectric constant. With the increase of dilution more proportion of solute molecules in the form of nanoparticles covered by solvent layers become transferred to the next serial dilution. Drugs, tightly packed by ethanol (‘nanoparticles’) easily enter inside cell, bring symptoms to the “provers” and cure patients as well when applied in minute dose.

Existence of Quantum Pharmacology in Sartans: Evidence in Isolated Rabbit Iliac Arteries.

Quantum pharmacology introduces theoretical models to describe the possibility of ultra-high dilutions to produce biological effects, which may help to explain the placebo effect observed in hypertensive clinical trials. To determine this within physiology and to evaluate novel ARBs, we tested the ability of known angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) (candesartan and telmisartan) used to treat hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases, as well as novel ARBs (benzimidazole-N-biphenyl tetrazole (ACC519T), benzimidazole-bis-N,N'-biphenyl tetrazole (ACC519T(2)) and 4-butyl-N,N0-bis[[20-2Htetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl-4-yl]methyl)imidazolium bromide (BV6(K+)2), and nirmatrelvir (the active ingredient in Paxlovid) to modulate vascular contraction in iliac rings from healthy male New Zealand White rabbits in responses to various vasopressors (angiotensin A, angiotensin II and phenylephrine). Additionally, the hemodynamic effect of ACC519T and telmisartan on mean arterial pressure in conscious rabbits was determined, while the ex vivo ability of BV6(K+)2 to activate angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) was also investigated. We show that commercially available and novel ARBs can modulate contraction responses at ultra-high dilutions to different vasopressors. ACC519T produced a dose-dependent reduction in rabbit mean arterial pressure while BV6(K+)2 significantly increased ACE2 metabolism. The ability of ARBs to inhibit contraction responses even at ultra-low concentrations provides evidence of the existence of quantum pharmacology. Furthermore, the ability of ACC519T and BV6(K+)2 to modulate blood pressure and ACE2 activity, respectively, indicates their therapeutic potential against hypertension.

A discussion on the scientificity of the theory of vital principle as a relativistic phenomenon and the concept of minimum dose

The cell theory, gene theory, evolution, homeostasis, and laws of thermodynamics are the five fundamental principles of biology. The vital principle collectively denotes these five basic principles. However, the energy or information on its own is insufficient to make life. Energy, information and preservation of information are necessary for the existence of life. The biological process of adaptation to environmental influences also helps the preservation process. All these provide evidence that the vital principle is relativistic. Similarly, Dr. Hahnemann advises that the smallest possible dose itself is sufficient to cure the disease. However, Hahnemann has not defined what exactly this ‘smallest possible dose’ or ‘minimum dose’ means, due to which there is ambiguity among homoeopaths. In his earlier periods of medical practice, he used mother tinctures and mother solutions to treat the patient. He encountered severe aggravations, which compelled him to dilute the medicine to avoid aggravation. However, low- and ultra-high dilutions of homoeopathic medicine have been observed to act on the five fundamental biological principles within the closed system (for example, epigenetic modification). Relating and using these well-established scientific principles help us to create better scientific homoeopathy. Thus, the vital principle is observed to have a relativistic phenomenon and the concept of minimum dose has been observed to be correlated with the principles of biology.

Alteration of enzyme-substrate interactions by ultra-high dilutions of the substrate

The effects of different ultra-high dilutions of luciferin ranged from 1010 to 10102 on luciferin-luciferase reaction of fireflies were investigated. Luciferin substrate concentration varied from 0.0025 nM to 2.5 nM and ATP concentration remained unchanged. This study evaluated the bioluminescence intensity after addition of ultra-high dilutions of luciferin or ultra-high dilutions of water to the bioluminescent system and some multidirectional and significant differences were found. The number of ultra-high dilutions from studied starting materials, for which significant differences were found, increased sharply with decreasing substrate concentration to 0.0025 nM. No differences were found when the effects of ultra-high dilutions of a non-specific control imidazole and ultra-high dilutions of water on the signal intensity were compared. Our results suggest that ultra-high dilutions of luciferin can specifically inhibit the luciferin-luciferase reaction.

Alteration of Enzyme-substrate Interactions by Ultra-high Dilutions of the Substrate

Alteration of Enzyme-substrate Interactions by Ultra-high Dilutions of the Substrate

A Meta-analysis of the Efficacy of Homoeopathic Ultra High Dilutions on Wheat Plant Growth and Disease Management

Homeopathic medicines have been examined in plant models for various purposes like promotion of seed germination, growth and physiology of plants, plant disease control, secondary metabolites enhancement, metal detoxification, etc. However, a limited number of the studies question the reliability of the data, which restricts the use of homoeopathy in the plant system. Therefore this meta-analysis was undertaken to investigate the effect of various homoeopathic medicines on seed germination, growth and disease control in wheat (Triticumaestivum L.). A web search was performed on the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed search engine and 16 studies were retrieved based on inclusion and exclusion criterions. Using data from each study, two by two tables were prepared and fixed mean differences for plant growth, odd ratios for seed germination and risk ratio for disease control along with their ninety-five percent confidence intervals were calculated by Inverse Variance method using Review Manager 5.4.1 (Rev Man 5.4.1) software. Data suggests that gibberellic acid significantly reduces the wheat seedling/stalk growth in autumn season with mean difference of -3.99 (95% CI: -4.41, -3.51), with inconsistent effect in winter and spring season. Further, Arsenicum album treatment promoted the seedling growth in wheat with mean difference: 11.86 (95% CI: 11.67, 12.06), while there was no significant effect on seed germination, and odd ratio: 1.27 (95% CI: 0.87, 1.85, P = 0.22). Moreover, various homoeopathic agents significantly reduced the risk of Fusarium and Alternaria infection in wheat seeds. To conclude, meta-analysis of included studies suggests significant effects of homoeopathic agents in various aspects of wheat plant growth and disease management.

Effect of Hydrated Fullerene C60 in a Wide Concentration Range on Low-Level Photon Emission from Undiluted Human Blood

Hydrated fullerene C 60 (HyFnC 60 ) is a symmetrical molecule of C 60 Buckminster fullerene surrounded by a water shell obtained by an original technique. It can act as an antioxidant or a pro-oxidant in various biological objects, depending on the conditions. In this study we added HyFnC 60 at a range of concentrations obtained by a method of serial dilutionswith vigorous shaking at each step to whole undiluted blood of healthy donors and hospital patients with COPD and examined lucigenin-enhanced blood chemiluminescence. We have found that HyFnC 60 at concentrations of 2.5 ´ 10 – 6 M, 2.5 ´ 10 – 7 M, 2.5 ´ 10 – 17 M, and 2.5 ´ 10 – 19 M increased lucigenin-dependent chemiluminescence in heathy donors’ blood while in blood of patients with COPD it had an opposite effect. This can be interpreted as in healthy donors’ blood reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation is enhanced by HyFnC 60 while in patients with a chronic inflammatory disease with already increased ROS generation it is attenuated. This indicates that HyFnC 60 preparations even in ultra-high dilutions may play the role of a tuner of the processes with ROS participation. Probable reasons of such action of HyFnC 60 on human blood even in ultra-high dilutions are discussed.

Role of Ultra-High Dilutions of Homoeopathic Medicines in Increasing Blood Oxygen Saturation Levels in Patients under Palliative Treatment– A Case Series Study Using Pulse-Oximeter Levels

Background: Oxygen is one of the most important elements that support the life. So, the demand and delivery of oxygen should be well balanced in order to maintain homeostasis in our body. The maintenance of this homeostasis and oxygen delivery revolves around respiratory and cardiovascular system of our body. Thus, any dysfunction or abnormal function to these systems can leads to an imbalance in homeostasis causing hypoxemia and their complication including multi-organ dysfunction. Objective: To obtain an effective homoeopathic management for hypoxemia in patients under palliative care by using ultrahigh dilutions of various homoeopathic medicines and by thus improving the Quality of Life of the patient. Methods: The methodology comprises of selection of patients from palliative care unit of Sarada Krishna Homoeopathic Medical College, Kulasekharam, whose SpO2 level falls between 95%-80% by the help of a pulse-oximeter and after the selection of patient appropriate ultra-high dilutions of homoeopathic medicine will be administered. Results: From this study, it was observed that Homoeopathic treatment with oxygen therapy can improve Hypoxemia as well as Quality of Life (using 15D-HRQoL) in hypoxemic patients under palliative care treatment. Conclusion: With Homoeopathic intervention, we can alleviate the sufferings of Hypoxemic patients in palliative care treatment.

Characterization of nanoparticles in gunpowder 3x, 6x, 12x and 24x potencies using Raman spectroscopy

Background: According to the literature of homoeopathy the remedy gun powder has the property to cure Abscesses, Acne, Bites, Blood-poisoning, Boils, Carbuncles, Cuts - poisoned, Ivy (Hedera) poisoning, Osteo-myelitis, Tonsillitis – septic, Vaccinosis, Worms. Homoeopathic system of medicine uses ultra-high dilutions as their medication. Avogadro’s Limit is a threshold limit where there is no possibility of presence of original molecules over the dilution of Avogadro’s constant which is 6.02254 x 1023. When the potency goes above 23x in Decimal scale of potentization, it crosses the Avogadro’s limit. So, this study is done to find the presence of nano particles of the source materials in the homoeopathic medicine gun powder in 3x, 6x, 12x and 24x potencies using Raman spectroscopy.Method: Gun powder 6x, 12x, and 24x were prepared from 3x potency. Then the source materials such as, sulfur, charcoal, potassium nitrate and lactose were tested separately under Raman spectroscopy along with gun powder 3x, 6x, 12x, and 24 potencies. The values of lactose were subtracted from the 3x, 6x, 12x, and 24x potencies. A line graph of all the values obtained were plotted and then comparedResult: The peaks of potassium nitrate and Sulphur coincides with all the triturations of gun powder tested.Conclusion: The presence of nano-particles of the source materials of gunpowder in the homoeopathic triturations of the same till 24x potency is found. This may indicate that even other homoeopathic trituration up to 24x potency have the nano particles of its source materials.

Ultra-high diluted medicines and their probable role in homoeopathic drug standardization

Background: Pharmaceutical homeopathic industries are the mainstream manufacturers for high dilution potencies. In coming years, the CAGR for the homeopathic medicines will be high around 12.5% compared to all other alternative present in the global market. Therefore, a need is felt in upgrading the homoeopathic drug standardization as the presence of nanoparticle in high dilutions can prove to be the new defining parameter for their quantitative analysis. Methods: An online database search was made and the studies on nanoparticles with ultra-high dilutions (UHDs) chosen based on pre-defined keywords were used. Databases searched were from Google scholar, Pub-med, Web of science, Science direct, SCOPUS, CINAHL, EMBASE, Psych-info, WILEY. Articles published from 2000 to 2018 were included. Results: There were 09 research manuscript identified showing the results of ultrahigh dilution medicines testing on presences of nanoparticles. Most researched homeopathic medicine groups were from mineral and plant derived medicines. Techniques like HRTEM, FESEM, EDS, SAED, ICP-AES, DLS, and PDI etc. were used in identifying nanoparticles in ultrahigh diluted attenuations. Conclusion: The data of average size of nanoparticles could be tabulated into a reference range for the development of a standardized range of nanoparticle for any particular remedy and concerned potency hence need to define new parameter in differentiating of each potency in quantitative method and upgrading the pharmacopeia on quality testing parameters of these ultrahigh diluted medicines.

Water proton NMR relaxation revisited: Ultrahighly diluted aqueous solutions beyond Avogadro’s limit prepared by iterative centesimal dilution under shaking cannot be considered as pure solvent

• Ultramolecular dilutions prepared according to homeopathic pharmacopoeia differ from solvent and from simply diluted samples. • Evidence for an unexpected gradual increase of correlation times of water with dilution in ultrahighly diluted solutions. • Evidence for solute-induced nanostructures in aqueous high dilutions growing with dilution. • Nanostructures result from nucleation between the solute, nanobubbles and elements coming from the medium during preparation. • Nanostructures in ultrahigh dilutions, even ultramolecular, enhance leaching processes in glass containers. The biological activity of ultrahigh dilutions (HDs) as used in homeopathy, especially those beyond Avogadro's limit, is still controversial and an intriguing problem for scientists. Homeopathic remedies are mostly prepared by iterative centesimal dilution under vigorous shaking, called dynamization. Cn corresponds to a dilution factor of 10 -2n , and C12 (10 -24 ) to the theoretical limit of molecular presence. Since the 1990 s, NMR relaxation of water protons has emerged as a potent tool for investigating HDs. This article reviews studies of high methodological quality by five independent teams over more than two decades. They demonstrate an increase in T1 and T1/T2, with a decrease in T2, although less constant, in dynamized aqueous HDs. No variation was observed in the similarly treated solvent controls. The phenomenon seems to be common, regardless of solute, dissolved oxygen, material used (glass or plastic), method of shaking, frequency from 0.02 to 600 MHz. Strikingly, the changes in relaxation times increased gradually with dilution, even in the C12-C30 ultramolecular range and they totally vanished after a heating–cooling cycle directly applied on the sealed NMR tubes. The results were interpreted in terms of increasing correlation times of water, greater than 10 −8 s, resulting from the formation of growing solute-induced nanostructures involving nanobubbles and various elements coming from the medium, the atmosphere and the container. Another unexpected result was that HDs were able to enhance some leaching processes in glass containers.

Theory of Byuon and Pharmaceuticals of the Future

The article considers the quantum information channel (QIC) described by the byuon theory (BT)—the theory of the appearance of the world around us: physical space, the world of ultimate particles, living matter etc., based on the interaction of non-observable objects (the byuons) nature. The information transporter in the QIC is object 4b (four contact interaction of the four vacuum states of the byuon), carrying information about the information image of the object in physical space—a quantum medium formed by objects 4b. The article proposes a hypothetical model explaining the effects of ultra-high dilutions of chemical and biological substances (UHDS), the search for the physical nature of the action of which is currently underway. UHDS could be the base of the pharmaceutical industry of the future.

Comparative studies of ultra-high dilutions of LiCl: impedance spectroscopy in the frequency range of 1kHz to 13MHz

Comparative studies of ultra-high dilutions of LiCl: impedance spectroscopy in the frequency range of 1kHz to 13MHz

Quality certificates for homeopathic matrices

Background: To produce homeopathic medicines, pharmacies need raw materials (mother tinctures and diluted-agitated solutions, named “matrices”), provided by insumes suppliers. The “matrices” are ultra high dilutions and can not be tested against Analysis Reports.
 
 Aims: to propose alternatives to the matrices Analysis Report; to contribute to the quality of homeopathic medicines and treatment.
 
 Method: search of information present in the documentation provided from 2 national and 3 European suppliers in order to develop criteria.
 
 Discussion: the needed concepts for compliance with the orders throughout their production process were presented. The control of information involved in the process allows to trace the production of matrices, providing an indication of the quality with which they were obtained. Each supplier gives different approach to issuing a document, calling it Certificate of Conformity Protocol Preparation, Manufacturing Certificate or Quality Certificate. Summarizing, it is a supplier's declaration, which involves the quality control of raw materials, packaging materials and of the process used, but not a report that enables customers to repeat the analysis. A model was proposed for a Certificate of Quality, with the minimum information needed to indicate to the pharmacies that there is a control of the process. This certificate shall contain statements about the process.
 
 Conclusion: Quality Certificate seems to be the best document to ensure the pharmacy that the matrix obtained presents characteristics compatible with the preparation of a quality homeopathic medicine.

On Ultra-High Dilutions: Global Effects Caused by Minimal Quantities

On Ultra-High Dilutions: Global Effects Caused by Minimal Quantities

Plants: a unique model for research on high diluted substances

Introduction: High efficiency and low cost of homeopathic drugs, lack of side effects and accumulation of toxins in animal farming products made homeopathy one of the priority developments in veterinary medicine. However, opponents of homeopathy have intensified their activity in the recent years. The attacks of the opponents of homeopathy, with their unfounded claims that it is totally explained by the placebo effect, can largely be explained by complexity of understanding the mechanism of action of these remedies which does not fit into the established concepts the effect of drugs on the body. That is why further study of homeopathic phenomenon is especially important in these days. In order to disproof the opinion that homeopathic phenomenon is explained by placebo effect, we have been studying the effect homeopathic remedies on vegetable growth and ripening. This choice was based on the hope that the opponents of homeopathy would not be able to accuse plants of self-suggestion under the effect of potentiated remedies. There are many publications about application of homeopathic remedies on plants. For example, in this direction such researchers as Stephan Baumgartner, Carneiro SMTPG, Rossi F, Carvalho LM, Bonato CM, Betti L, Lazzarato L V. Majewsky, and other researchers worked.
 Methods: Our first experiments that we performed during two years demonstrated a significant improvement of growth and ripening variables when homeopathic remedies were added to fertilizing mixtures, as compared with conventional plant care. Tomatoes of Typhoon F1 and Titan breeds were sued to study the effect of homeopathic remedies on plant growth and ripening. The studies were performed in greenhouse conditions in summer 2009 and 2010, on fertile soils of an experimental farm in the Krasnoselskiy district of the Leningrad region. Every study group of a certain tomato breed contained 20 plants. When the young plants were planted in the soil they were watered with adding Coca 1000 СН remedy, and then in one month the upper part of the plant was sprayed with Echinacea 30 СН. The same amounts of similar plants of the same breeds treated according to conventional agricultural technology were used as a control group. 
 Results: As a result earlier ripening was found in the Typhoon F1 tomato breed: it occurred by 19 days earlier: that is by 18.3% than in the control group. The Titan tomatoes group ripened by 14.3% faster than in the control one. Every plant of the Typhoon breed produced an average of 45 tomato fruits, while in the control group the average number amounted to 14 (i.e. there was an increase of 221.4% in the test group). An average of 78 tomato fruits were produced by the Titan breed plants, while in the control group this number was only 20 (increase by 290%). Mean weight of the Typhoon tomato fruit increased by 59.5 g from the control values, i.e. by 180.8%. Mean weight of the Titan tomato fruit increased by 128.5 i.e. by 208.9%. A notable difference was found by all observers in the taste of experimental and control vegetables. The experimental plants had significantly better taste characteristics and they were also more resistant to buck eye rot. 
 Conclusion: In such a way, the studies performed confirm the existence of homeopathic phenomenon in live organisms in the absence of the placebo effect. It has been demonstrated that the use of homeopathic remedies is effective in improvement of agricultural productivity. Plants are unique model for research of ultrahigh dilutions of substances.