Ulcer In Wistar Rats Research Articles

Anti-Inflammatory Activity and Wound Healing Effect of Kaempferia galanga L. Rhizome on the Chemical-Induced Oral Mucosal Ulcer in Wistar Rats.

IntroductionKaempferia galanga L. (K. galanga; local name kencur, Zingiberaceae) is a plant commonly used as a kitchen spice, and empirically it is often used for medicinal purposes. This plant has been shown to have an anti-inflammatory role, but no research has been found on its effect on oral mucosal ulcer. This study aimed to investigate anti-inflammatory activity and wound healing effect of the ethanol extract of K. galanga L. rhizome (EEKG) on the chemical-induced oral mucosal ulcer in Wistar rats.MethodsIn this study, 35 rats were divided into 7 groups (normal, negative, triamcinolone acetonide, and 4 EEKG groups). Acetic acid 70% was used as the oral mucosal ulcer inducer. Parameters observed were macroscopic and microscopic histopathological examinations.ResultsThe results revealed that dose of 0.5% of the EEKG was effective in increasing the percent recovery of ulcer area and inflammation sign scores. Meanwhile, doses of 0.5–2% of EEKG were effective in reducing the histopathological score. Interestingly, topical EEKG in our study was more effective compared with triamcinolone acetonide (the conventional therapy for oral mucosal ulceration).DiscussionThe EEKG has been confirmed its anti-inflammatory activity by accelerating the healing process on the chemical-induced oral mucosal ulcer in Wistar rats, based on the percent recovery of the ulcer area, the percent recovery of the inflammation sign score, and the histopathology score.ConclusionTaken together, K. galanga L. is very potential to be developed as a prospective phytopharmaceutical for the treatment of oral mucosal ulceration in human after clinical trials.

Gastroprotective Effects of Aqueous Extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa Calyx on Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug-Induced Gastric Ulcer in Wistar Rats

Background: Gastric ulcer is the most common gastrointestinal disorder associated with high morbidity and significant mortality and has been described as the plaque of the 19th and 20th centuries. The most conventional antiulcer drugs are largely ineffective and associated with disease recurrence, thus identifying natural products with potential antiulcer properties is essential. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the potential protective effects of aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx (AEHSC) against nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced gastric ulcer. Materials and Methods: Thirty male rats weighing 170–230 g were randomized into five groups as: ulcerated control group (distilled water, n = 6), experimental extract groups 1, 2, and 3 (AEHSC 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg, respectively, n = 6 each), and positive control group (ranitidine 20 mg/kg, n = 6); ulcer was induced using oral indomethacin 40 mg/kg, 30 min after all interventions. Rats were sacrificed 5 h after ulcer induction. Blood samples were taken for serum hydroxyproline determination; gastric tissues were also visualized (ulcer index (UI) and percentage of ulcer protection), and later stained and viewed under a microscope. Results: There was a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in UI in treated rats compared with control. The percentage of ulcer protection was also significantly increased (P < 0.05). Histological slides also indicated increased epithelial mucus secretion in stomach tissues of rat treated with AEHSC. Conclusions: AEHSC may be potentially beneficial in protection against the development of NSAID-induced gastric ulcers.

Gastroprotective Effect of Microencapsulated Myrtus communis Essential Oil against Ethanol/HCl-Induced Acute Gastric Lesions.

Myrtus communis L. essential oil (EO), mainly composed of myrtenyl acetate (30.6%), linalool (14.9%), α-pinene (11.10%) and 1,8-cineole or eucalyptol (9.9%), was microencapsulated with maltodextrin by emulsification and spray-drying, reaching a yield and efficiency of 43.7 and 48.7%, respectively. The microencapsulated myrtle EO (MMEO) was then evaluated regarding its gastroprotective activity in a model of ethanol/HCl-induced acute gastric ulcer in Wistar rats. Pretreatment with MMEO induced a remarkable inhibition of gastric lesions and acidity, correlated to high healing and protection percentages. Moreover, it exerted a potent anti-inflammatory effect on the gastric mucosa, counteracting EtOH-induced gastric lipoperoxidation and preventing the depletion of the antioxidant enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Taken together, the gastroprotective action of encapsulated MMEO may be multi-factorial, and ascribable, at least in parts, to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

GC-MS, FTIR and Antiulcer Screening of Aqueous Seed Extract and Oil of Nigella sativa in Wistar Rats

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenal mucosa. This study was aimed at evaluating the antiulcer activity of the aqueous extract of Nigella sativa (black seed) and its constitutents. The pharmacognostic properties of the dry seeds were determined. The seeds were extracted using two methods digestion and hydro-distillation. The acute toxicity, phytochemical constituents and the antiulcer evaluation were performed on ethanol-induced ulcer in wistar rats using a standard method. FTIR and GC-MS analysis of the aqueous seed extract was also determined using standard methods. Nigella sativa seed shows the presence of starch grains, lignified tissues, tannins, cellulose, protein and oil globules. The aqueous extract has a high safety margin. The phytochemical studies revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, fats and oil. The black seed aqueous and oil extract at 500 mg/kg significantly reduced the acidity, total acidity, and ulcer index, and pH of gastric content when compared with the positive control (Famotidine). The FTIR analysis identified the presence of the following functional groups chloro, ether, amine, carboxylic acid, nitriles, methylene, alcohol, while the GC-MS identified five compounds such as glycerin, n-Hexadecanoic acid, 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid-methyl ester, 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid and 9, 12-octadecadienoyl chloride. The pharmacognostic properties can act as a reliable tool for the standardization of the plant part. This study suggests that aqueous and oil extract possess antiulcer properties. Thus the aqueous and oil extract of black seed can be considered as antiulcer medication traditionally.
 Keywords: Nigella sativa, Black seed, Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical, Acute toxicity (LD50), Antiulcer.

Gastroprotective Activity Of Methanol Extract Of Mesocarp Of Unripe Carica Papaya Linn. Fruit On Experimentally-induced Gastric Ulcer In Wistar Rats

Background: Peptic ulcer affects up to 10 % of the world’s population. There has been renewed interest in identifying natural drug sources with gastroprotective activity. Unripe Carica papaya fruit is used traditionally for the treatment of various gastrointestinal disorders including peptic ulcer which may have not been well explored. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the gastroprotective activity of methanol extract of mesocarp of unripe Carica papaya fruit (MECP) on experimentally-induced gastric ulcer in Wistar rats. Methodology: Forty-six (46) wistar rats (150 g to 170 g) were used for the studies. Six (6) were used for acute toxicity testing using OECD method no.423. Graded doses of MECP (500, 1000 and 1500 mg/kg) were administered as gastroprotective agents, omeprazole and cimetidine were standard drugs used for ethanol-induced and acetic acid-induced ulcer models respectively. Thereafter, 20 rats each were used for ethanol-induced and acetic acid-induced ulcer models to induce gastric ulcers. All drugs and extracts administration were via oral route. Subsequently, animals were euthanized; stomachs excised, cut open and measured to examine the extent of ulceration and level of protection by the MECP. Results: Phytochemical screening showed MECP contains alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, tannins and terpenoids. Anthraquinones were absent. Results of acute toxicity test indicated that MECP is relatively safe with LD50 > 5000 mg/kg. In ethanol-induced ulcer model, rats administered with 1000 mg/kg MECP had the least mean ulcer index (0.917 cm2 ± 0.086) with the highest ulcer protection percentage (76.95 %) of all the extract doses, relative to the standard (omeprazole) with 77.93 % protection. Reduction in mean ulcer index was recorded across the MECP groups for analysis of variance, using Dunnetts post-hoc test for multiple comparison, but showed no statistically significant difference between them. For acetic acid-induced ulcer model, MECP at the lowest dose (500 mg/kg) elicited the least mean ulcer index (0.678 cm2± 0.102) with 87.54 % ulcer protection in a similar manner to cimetidine (20 mg/kg) which had 0.600 cm2 + 0.144 mean ulcer index with 88.97 % ulcer protection. All doses of MECP showed reduction in mean ulcer index when compared to (5.442 cm2 ± 0.511) of the untreated group (normal saline) with no statistically significant difference recorded. Conclusion: MECP has gastroprotective and ulcer healing effects on ethanol-induced ulcer and acetic acid-induced ulcer in Wistar rats. This confirms scientifically, the traditional use of mesocarp of unripe Carica papaya fruit in treatment of peptic ulcer

The differences in the number of fibroblasts and blood vessels after the topical and systemic administration of Lactobacillus casei Shirota probiotics for the treatment of traumatic ulcers in Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus).

Background and Aim:The use of drugs as a therapy for traumatic ulcers may lead to drug resistance and other side effects. Lactobacillus casei Shirota can affect the number of fibroblasts and blood vessels in wound healing. The aim of this study was to investigate the difference in the number of fibroblast cells and blood vessels after the topical and systemic administration of L. casei Shirota probiotics in Wistar rats with traumatic ulcer.Materials and Methods:Overall, 36 healthy male Wistar rats aged 2-3 months old and weighing 175-250 g in body weight were used as a sample. Traumatic ulcer was made on the labial fornix incisive inferior. The subject rats were divided into groups: (1) A control group over 3 days, (2) a group that used distilled water over 7 days, (3) a group that underwent topical treatment over 3 days, (4) a group that used probiotics administered topically over 7 days, (5) a group that underwent systemic treatment over 3 days, and (6) a group that took oral probiotics for the traumatic ulcers over 7 days. The number of fibroblasts and blood vessels was observed through a hematoxylin-eosin examination.Results:Based on the results of the study, a significant difference was observed in the number of fibroblasts (p=0.00) and blood vessels (p=0.018) in the 3-day topical group that underwent a 3-day systemic administration of probiotics compared with the number of fibroblast cells in the 7-day topical group and 7-day systemic group (p=0.00).Conclusion:Overall, significant differences were observed in the number of fibroblasts and blood vessels in Wistar rats with traumatic ulcer after undergoing the topical and systemic administration of L. casei Shirota probiotics.

Antiulcerogenic activity of methanol extract from Ipomoea asarifolia leaves in Wistar rats

The phytochemical constituents and the antiulcerogenic activity of methanolic extract from Ipomoea asarifolia leaf were investigated to ascertain its medicinal potentials. The study revealed that the leaf contained saponins, tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids and eugenols. The methanolic extract was used as a protective agent against gastric ulcer in Wistar rats, using the experimental model of gastric ulcer (lesion) induced by ethanol. The ulcer count for the methanol extract ranged from 0.00 to 2.00, while the ulcer index ranged between 0.33 to 2.00 for all concentrations (100, 200 and 400mg/kg). Percentage inhibition at 100, 200 and 400mg/kg were respectively 25.09%, 12.73% and 87.64%. The extract prevented acute gastric mucosal injury induced by absolute ethanol in a non dose-dependent manner. This is because the protective action was observed at the lowest and highest doses, but not an intermediate dose of the extract. The results obtained indicate that the leaf extract has antiulcerogenic importance and may be utilized for the treatment of gastric ulcers.

Gastro-Protective Effects of Albizia anthelmintica Leaf Extract on Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Ulcer in Wistar Rats: In Silico and In Vivo Studies.

We have previously reported that the leaf extract of Albizia anthelmintica exhibited substantial antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties in vivo. We also comprehensively characterized the active phytoconstituents and found several flavonoids and galloyl glucosides derivatives. In the current work, we explored the gastroprotective effects of the leaf extract in an indomethacin-induced ulcer model and the mechanisms involved. The rats being pretreated with the tested extract (100 and 200 mg kg−1) significantly prevented gastric lesions by 87.4% and 92.3%, respectively, and they had no structural derangements in the gastric mucosa. The extract significantly reduced the elevated levels of IKκB, NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS, and lipid peroxidation; increased the reduced level of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity; and reduced glutathione (GSH) in the indomethacin-induced ulcer model. The protective activities of the extract were similar in most aspects to those exerted by the known anti-ulcer drug famotidine. These activities might be attributed to the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, and the reduction of iNOS levels. In conclusion, Albizia anthelmintica is a potential candidate for management of gastric ulcers with antioxidant properties.

Individual and synergistic protective properties of Salvia officinalis decoction extract and sulfasalazine against ethanol-induced gastric and small bowel injuries

The present study was carried out to determine the phytochemical composition of Salvia officinalis flowers decoction extract (SOFDE) as well as its individual and/or synergistic actions with sulfasalazine against ethanol (EtOH)-induced peptic ulcer in Wistar rats. In this respect, rats were divided into six groups of eight animals each: control, EtOH, EtOH + sulfasalazine (SULF, 100 mg kg−1, b.w., p.o.), mixture: MIX (SOFDE, 50 mg kg−1 b.w., p.o. + SULF, 50 mg kg−1, b.w., p.o.) and EtOH + two doses of SOFDE (100 and 200 mg kg−1 b.w., p.o.). In vitro, the phytochemical and the antioxidant properties were determined using colorimetric analysis. HPLC-PDA/ESI-MS assay was used to identify the distinctive qualitative profile of phenolic compounds. Our results firstly indicated that SOFDE is rich in total tannins, flavonols, anthocyanins and a moderate concentration of total carotenoids. Chromatographic techniques allowed the identification of 13 phenolic compounds and the major ones are quinic acid, protocatechuic acid, gallic acid and salviolinic acid. SOFDE also exhibited an important in vitro antioxidant activity using the β-carotene bleaching method. In vivo, SOFDE and the mixture provide significant protection against ethanol-induced gastric and duodenal macroscopic and histological alterations. Also, SOFDE alone or in combination with SULF, showed a significant protection against the secretory profile disturbances, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme activities and non-enzymatic antioxidant level depletion induced by alcohol administration. Importantly, we showed that EtOH acute intoxication increased gastric and intestinal calcium, free iron, magnesium and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels, while SOFDE/MIX treatment protected against all these intracellular mediators' deregulation. We also showed that alcohol treatment significantly increased the C-reactive protein (CRP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities in plasma. The SOFDE and MIX treatment significantly protected against alcohol-induced inflammation. More importantly, we showed in the present work that the mixture exerted a more important effect than SOFDE and SULF each alone indicating a possible synergism between these two molecules. In conclusion, our data suggests that SOFDE and SULF exerted a potential synergistic protective effect against all the macroscopic, histological and biochemical disturbances induced by EtOH intoxication. This protection might be related in part to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties as well as by negatively regulating Fenton reaction components such as H2O2 and free iron.

The effect of papaya leaf extract (Carica papaya L) on healing process of buccal traumatic ulcer in wistar rats

Indonesians have been using herbal medicines for a long time to cure some illnesses. Carica papaya L is an example of an herb that contains papain enzymes, saponins, lysozymes, lipases, flavonoids, polyphenols and vitamin C. These ingredients are believed to be beneficial for the wound healing process. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of topical application of ethanolic extract of Carica papaya L to the healing process of rat mouth ulcer. Subjects were 32 Wistar rats divided into 2 groups (control group and treatment group), each group containing 16 rats. All subjects were made to suffer from ulcers using glacial acetyl acid applied for 40 seconds in the buccal mucosa. Treatment group was treated with papaya leaf ethanolic extract on ulcers twice a day using microbrush, while the ulcer in the control group was not treated with the extract. The ulcerated tissue was biopsied and stained with H&E. Observations were performed on the day 0, 3rd, 7th and 12th on HE slides. Data were observed by looking at three indicators of wound healing i.e. macrophage, angiogenesis and re-epithelisation. Number of macrophages and angiogenesis were analyzed using two-way ANOVA. Data of epithelial thickness were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test. The post hoc test in the treatment group and the control group on day 0 showed results of p = 1.00. On day 3, day 7 and day 12, the result of p was <0.05. In the treatment group on day 0 compared to the treatment group on the 3rd, 7th, 12th day, the results were p<0.05. In the treatment group on the 3rd day compared to the 7th and 12th days the results were p>0.05. The treatment group on the 7 day compared to the treatment group on the 12 day had p>0.05. In the control group, on day 0 compared to day 3, the results of p>0.05, while the control group day 0 with day 7, 12 had a result of p<0.05. The control group on the 3rd day was compared with the 7th day. The 12th also had a result of p<0.05. The comparison between the 7 day control groups showed p of >0.05. These data suggest that the papaya leaf ethanolic extract could accelerate the healing of oral ulcer on the buccal mucosa of wistar rats.

Effect of Aqueous Extract of Liquorice (G. Glabra L) in Treatment of Stress Induced Gastric Ulcer in Wistar Rats

Effect of Aqueous Extract of Liquorice (G. Glabra L) in Treatment of Stress Induced Gastric Ulcer in Wistar Rats

Effectiveness of gold sea cucumber (Stichopus hermanii) extracts in accelerating the healing process of oral traumatic ulcer in rats

Introduction: Gold sea cucumber (Stichopus hermanii) is a marine organism that contains omega-3 and glycosaminoglycan for enhancing collagen needed in the healing process. This study was aimed to determine the effectiveness of gold sea cucumber extracts in accelerating the healing process of oral traumatic ulcer in Wistar rats, in terms of the correlation between collagen type I expression, ulcer diameter, and body weight loss. Methods: Twenty Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) was divided into four groups and treated with gold sea cucumber extracts with the concentration of 80%, 40%, and 20% in the form of 0.1 ml gel daily. The negative control group received no treatment. Ulceration of the lower lip of labial mucosa was induced by a burnisher. The animals were observed for 7 days, during which they were weighed and the ulcers diameter was measured. The rats were then sacrificed after 7 days of treatment. Histometric analysis of collagen type I expression was also performed. Data obtained were analysed for differences between the group with one-way ANOVA test and the correlation was analysed with the Pearson test. Results: The significant differences (p < 0.05) between treatment groups was found in the ulcer diameters and the collagen type I expression. The most decreased ulcer diameter and the highest collagen type I expression detected in the group of treatment with a concentration of 80% — no significant differences found in the weight loss between-groups (p > 0.05). Strong correlation was also found between the expression of collagen type I and diameter of ulcer (Pearson correlation = 0.599, p = 0.05), however, no correlation found between weight loss with the expression of collagen type I (Pearson correlation = -0.102, p = 0.66), and the ulcer diameter (Pearson correlation = 0.022, p = 0.92). Conclusion: Gold sea cucumber had a potential benefit to be used as a traumatic ulcer healing medicament. Water extract of gold sea cucumber able to accelerate traumatic ulcer healing by enhancing the production of collagen type I and reduce the diameter of ulcer. There is a strong correlation between collagen type 1 expression and diameter of ulcer, and a weak correlation found between body weight loss and collagen type I expression, also with reducing ulcer diameter.Keywords: Gold sea cucumber, Stichopus hermanii, healing process, traumatic ulcer.

GASTROPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF SESAME (SESAMUM INDICUM) SEEDS EXTRACT IN ALENDRONATE-INDUCED GASTRIC ULCER IN RATS

Objectives: Bisphosphonates are known to cause gastritis and only few studies have evaluated the use of plant extracts in the treatment of bisphosphonate induced peptic ulcers. In the present study, we examined the effect of sesame seed extract in the alendronate-induced gastric ulcer in adult Wistar rats.
 Methods: Thirty adult Wistar rats (180–250 g) of both sexes, divided into five groups (n=6) were used: Group 1 (vehicle control) – 0.9% saline, Group 2 (ulcer control) – alendronate 60 mg/kg, Group 3 (standard) – alendronate 60 mg/kg + pantoprazole 30 mg/kg/day, Group 4 (test groups) – alendronate 60 mg/kg + sesame 0.5 mg/kg, and Group 5 (test groups) – alendronate 60 mg/kg + sesame 1 mg/kg. All drugs were given orally once daily for 7 days except for alendronate given only on day 1. On day 8, rats were sacrificed, and stomach tissues were analyzed macroscopically for ulcers. Estimation of gastric pH, acidity, and volume was done along with mucin content measurement. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test was used for statistical analysis with p<0.05 taken as significant.
 Results: Our study found that sesame extract given therapeutically at doses of 0.5 and 1 mg/kg showed comparable results with that of pantoprazole 30 mg/kg. Both the doses of sesame, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg showed similar gastroprotective activity against alendronate-induced gastric ulcers in Wistar rats.
 Conclusion: The findings of this study clearly demonstrated the protective effects of Sesame against alendronate-induced gastric ulceration.

The effects of topical application of red pomegranate (Punica granatum Linn) extract gel on the healing process of traumatic ulcers in Wistar rats

Background: Trauma-induced ulcers constitute one of the painful abnormalities affecting the oral cavity about which numerous individuals complain. The prevalence of traumatic ulcers (15-30% of cases) is relatively high compared to other oral lesions. Unfortunately, the use of anti-inflammatory drugs classified as steroids can lead to contraindications and serious side effects. Hence, the use of natural ingredients represents an alternative treatment. One such ingredient is red pomegranate containing bioactive elements acting as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antimicrobial, and antioxidant agents which accelerate the healing process in traumatic ulcers. Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the topical application of red pomegranate (Punica granatum Linn) extract on the healing process in traumatic ulcers in Wistar rats. Methods: 24 male rats, aged 2-3 months, were divided into six groups, namely; two control groups (PC: triamcinolone acetonide and NC: sterile aquades) and four treatment groups (red pomegranate extract gel at respective concentrations of 12.5%, 25%, 50% and 75%). A traumatic ulcer was subsequently created using a flame-shaped burnisher tip 2mm in diameter and heated for ±15 seconds. The diameter traumatic ulcer of each research subject was measured and observed until it healed within the remedial parameters determined by means of a UNC-15 periodontal probe which had been placed on it. The data obtained was analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. Results: Topically applied red pomegranate extract gel can reduce the width of the ulcerated area, while also accelerating traumatic ulcer healing. There was a significant difference in the healing time between the group using red pomegranate extract gel at a concentration of 75% and the positive control group using 0.1% triamcinolone acetonide with p=0.44 (p<0.05). Conclusion: Red pomegranate extract gel possesses the ability to accelerate the healing process in traumatic ulcers. The most effective concentration of red pomegranate extract gel at accelerating the healing process in traumatic ulcers is 75%.

Effect of Trigonella foenum gracecum (fenugreek) Seed Extract in Experimentally Induced Gastric Ulcer in Wistar Rats

Effect of Trigonella foenum gracecum (fenugreek) Seed Extract in Experimentally Induced Gastric Ulcer in Wistar Rats

Protective roles of Vigna subterranea (Bambara nut) in rats with aspirin-induced gastric mucosal injury

ObjectiveVigna subterranea is widely consumed as a traditional staple food in Nigeria and some West African countries. The ethanolic seed extract of V. subterranea (EEVS) was investigated for its gastroprotective effects on aspirin plus pylorus ligation-induced gastric ulcerated rats using an in vivo assay. MethodsGastric mucosal ulceration was induced experimentally in Groups 2 to 5 using aspirin plus pylorus ligation. Rats in Group 1 were orally pretreated with 3% Tween 80 only as normal control. Groups 2 to 5 were pretreated with 3% Tween 80 (ulcer group), 20 mg/kg of omeprazole (positive group), and 200 and 400 mg/kg of EEVS (experimental groups), respectively, once daily for 21 days before ulcer induction. Parameters including those for gastric secretions, ulcerated areas and gastric wall histology were assessed. Levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the gastric tissue homogenate were also determined. ResultsPretreatment with EEVS significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the ulcer index, gastric volume and total acidity in rats with aspirin plus pylorus ligation-induced ulcer. The pH and mucus of gastric content increased significantly (P < 0.05) while the levels of SOD and GPX were observed to be elevated with a reduced amount of MDA. Significant severe gastric mucosal injury was exhibited in the ulcer group and EEVS or omeprazole offered significant (P < 0.05) protection against mucosal ulceration. Histologically, the gastric submucosal layer showed remarkable decrease in edema and leucocytes infiltration compared with ulcer group. ConclusionThe study suggests that EEVS offered a protective action against aspirin plus pylorus ligation-induced gastric ulcers in Wistar rats. The protective effect might be mediated via antisecretory, cytoprotective and antioxidative mechanisms.

Acute Toxicity, Anti-ulcer and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Methanol Extract of Gladiolus segetum in Rats

Objectives: To evaluate the in vivo anti-ulcer and anti-inflammatory activities of methanol extract of the aerial parts of Gladiolus segetum. Methods: First methanol extract of Gladiolus segetum was subjected to the acute oral toxicity test according to the OECD, guideline no 423.The anti-ulcer activity of Gladiolus segetum was investigated by ethanol induced gastric ulcer in Wistar rats. Methanol extract was administered by gavage one hour before ethanol to the different groups at a dose corresponding of 100,250 and 500 mg/kg body weight. The control group received normal saline in comparable volume (10ml/kg body weight) by the same route. The anti-inflammatory activity of the tested extract was evaluated in adult wistar rats by the egg albumin induced paw edema method. Results: A significant reduction (p <0.001) was observed in the results of the present study, revealed that methanol extract possessed gastroprotective activity and exerts a topical anti-inflammatory effect in vivo. Conclusion: These results suggest that methanol extract of Gladiolus segetum may represent an important clinical alternative in anti-inflammatory and antiulcer genic therapeutics.

Evidence for gastroprotective, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of methanolic extract of Cordia dichotoma leaves on indomethacin and stress induced gastric lesions in Wistar rats

The Cordia dichotoma (CD) is having anticancer and other pharmacological effects as it contains mainly flavonoids. The present study was aimed to demonstrate the gastroprotective effect of methanolic extract of CD leaves (MECD) obtained using Soxhlet extractor. In this study the qualitative phytochemical analysis of MECD revealed the presence of bioflavonoids and determination of quercetin was confirmed by HPLC analysis. The MECD was administered orally at doses 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg against indomethacin induced gastric ulceration and stress-induced gastric ulceration in Wistar rats. Omeprazole at 10 mg/kg orally was used as the reference standard. The various parameters like gastric volume, gastric pH, total acidity, ulcer index, percent protection were estimated for assessment of anti-secretory and gastroprotective effects of MECD. At the same time antioxidant parameters like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in addition to that inflammatory parameters such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 were also estimated according to their respective method of estimation using analyzing kit. The MECD have reduced gastric volume, total acidity and gastric mucosal damage in both the experimental models significantly and dose dependently as compared with control group. Similarly the antioxidant enzymes like SOD and CAT were increased while MDA levels were decreased significantly, at the same time TNF-α and IL-6 levels were decreased and anti-inflammatory IL-10 levels were increased significantly in MECD treated groups. Thus the pretreatment with MECD has shown significant gastroprotective potential probably due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Gastro-protective effects of camel milk on indomethacin-induced peptic ulcer in Wistar rats

Gastric ulcer associated with the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and low-dose aspirin is a major public health problem. The present study was undertaken to determine the camel milk antioxidant activity, tested on DPPH, and its gastro-protective effect, investigated in Wistar rats sub-jected to gastric ulcer induced by a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent, indomethacin. The study was performed on 20 adult male Wistar rats divided into 4 groups of 5 rats each. The negative control group received distilled water, the positive control group received indomethacin, the standard group received ranitidine and the fourth group was pretreated with raw camel milk, for 15 days respectively. On the 16th day, the indomethacin was ad-ministered to all rats except those of the negative control group. The ulcerogenic effect of indomethacin was highly significant, evidenced by a large number of ulcer lesions, a remarkably high ulcer index, and an important decrease in adherent gastric mucus. Camel milk resulted in significant gastro-protection compared to indomethacin ulcerated rats as manifested by significant decrease in ulcerative lesions number, and the ulcer index with a restored gastric mucus wall. The camel milk protection percentage is close to that of ranitidine. Additionally, in indomethacin-injured rats an increase in white blood cells, granulocytes, serum transaminases, and hemoglobin levels with a lowering in red blood cells were reported. These physiological disturbances were recovered by camel milk. Camel milk seemed to have gastro-protective effect, probably through its strong antioxidant activity, and may be recommended to patients with arthritis.

Protective role of Phoenix dactylifera fruit against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in Wistar rats

Background: Peptic ulcers are gastrointestinal lesions that occur in the stomach and duodenum as a result of ethanol consumption, Helicobacter pylori infection and use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Methods: Twenty Wistar rats were divided into four groups and fasted for 18 hours. Rats in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 were pretreated with normal saline, gestid suspension and Phoenix dactylifera ( P. dactylifera ) extract at 250 & 500 mg/kg respectively, they were given 80% ethanol after 30 minutes. They were all sacrificed after an hour and the stomachs were dissected and opened, pH of stomach content was determined. The stomachs were examined using hand lens for macroscopic lesions, they were fixed in 10% formalin and processed for light microscopic study. Results: There was significant decrease in pH of stomach content of rats pre-treated with P. dactylifera extract as compared to those of rats pre-treated with normal saline, the ulcer index (UI) decrease significantly in rats pre-treated with P. dactylifera extract as compared to those of rats pre-treated with normal saline, but a significant increase compare to those of rats pre-treated with gestid suspension. The gastric mucosa of rats pre-treated with normal saline is full of lesions while those of rats pre-treated with gestid suspension and P. dactylifera extract showed few mild and moderate lesions. Photomicrograph of stomach of rats pre-treated with normal saline showed distortion of submucosa, loss of luminal epithelium and weakness of muscularis mucosa, those of rats pre-treated with gestid suspension and P. dactylifera extract at 250 mg/kg showed normal muscularis mucosa and blood vessels while those of rats pre-treated with P. dactylifera extract at 500 mg/kg showed distortion of mucosal layers within the gastric pits. Conclusions: P. dactylifera extract was able to protect the stomach from ethanol-induced gastric ulceration in Wistar rats.