Ukrainian Railways Research Articles

Oновлення парку рухомого складу українських залізниць з орієнтацією на інтеграцію в європейські транспортні мережі

The strategic aim of further development of the Ukrainian railways is rolling stock and infrastructure renewal to meet the demands of the Ukrainian economy, including a rapid integration into the European transport service. The paper presents the results of recent studies conducted at the Department of Statistical Dynamics and Multidimensional Mechanical System Dynamics, the Institute of Technical Mechanics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and the State Space Agency of Ukraine, with the aim to solve important problems in the development of the Ukrainian railway transport. The studies were aimed at developing scientifically substantiated decisions on Ukrainian rolling stock renewal oriented at integration into the European railway networks. To do this, a cycle of theoretical and experimental studies was conducted at the department. Consideration was given to the problem of wheel–rail contact pair improvement by identifying a wheel profile that would offer an acceptable car ride performance and acceptable conditions of car–rail interaction both on the Ukrainian and the European railways and reduce vehicle and rail wear. The car ride performance of an articulated passenger train was simulated mathematically for its motion at different speeds along a track of arbitrary alignment and profile, and the effect of different car and track parameters on the ride performance was estimated. Energy-absorbing devices were developed to increase the passive safety of a speedy locomotive-hauled passenger train and a multiple-unit train in emergency collisions with obstacles according to the Ukrainian Standard DSTU EN 15227. Service loads on the load-bearing components of swap-body freight cars were estimated, and recommendations were developed on fasteners that would provide safe transportation of various freights in swap-body cars. Based on the results of the studies, a number of design solutions were proposed for Ukrainian railway vehicle components. Their implementation will offer a sizeable economic benefit, increase the train speed and safety, improve the vehicle–track interaction, and facilitate the formation of an up-to-date home railway complex and its integration into the European railway networks.

CONSTRUCTION OF THE RAILWAY TRACK OF UKRAINE AND PROSPECTS FOR THEIR IMPROVEMENT

The goal. The process of improving the design of the railway track requires a detailed study of the history of the development of its structural elements, methods of combination, interconnections and limits of mutual influence. Modern track designs are the result of many years of hard work by scientists and long operational tests. Some designs were inventions at the time, some were breakthrough technologies, some remained just ideas, and some have existed for more than a century. The study of the history of the development of railway track structures and modern existing structures in operation made it possible to identify a promising direction for improvement and further development, taking into account the existing problems on the mainline transport tracks and industrial enterprise tracks. Reinforced concrete sleepers and intermediate fasteners that allow for track gauge adjustment are the railroad track structure that should be improved in the coming years. Improving railroad track design is a continuous process in the development of rail transport. Recently, new track designs have been introduced on Ukrainian railways. As a rule, the problems of track facilities are first considered and technical tasks are formulated. Then, a public discussion is held in the scientific and practical environment and an appropriate development strategy is born. Such a strategy is reviewed and approved at scientific and technical meetings and specialized commissions. This article aims to identify promising areas for improving the track design and solving the problems of installing and operating a continuous track by analyzing existing designs and world experience of railways. Methods. Methods of scientific analysis and synthesis of track development design, methods of analytical geometry. Results. Based on the analysis of the history of the development of the railroad track structure and modern designs, a promising direction of improvement is proposed. A promising railroad track structure is defined as a reinforced concrete sleeper and fasteners capable of forming an adjustable track gauge of up to 1545 mm. At the same time, it is necessary that the new design has sufficient stability of the jointless track plates. Practical significance. The application of the proposed structure within small radius curves, provided that the results of trial operation and testing of the established procedure are positive, will reduce the operating costs associated with the current maintenance of the tracks, expand the scope of laying of the jointless track and use reinforced concrete sleepers in small radius curves at industrial enterprises.

PROBLEMS OF FREIGHT CAR FLOWS DISTRIBUTION ON RAILWAY NETWORKS

Purpose. The purpose of the article is a critical analysis of the existing methods of freight car flows distribution on the railway network and the determination of the directions of these methods adaptation to the operating conditions of the Ukrainian railway transport. Methodology. The research was carried out on the basis of the processing of literary sources in the scientometric databases Scopus and Google Scholar. Results. The distribution of car flows on the railway network is one of the stages of developing a plan for the trains formation. The methods of solving this problem, which are currently used in the practical work of railway transport, were developed during the time of the planned state economy. They are based on the solution of a single-criterion optimization problem aimed at finding such a distribution of car flows on the network that minimizes the cost of transportation for the railway. Reforming the railway transport market with the aim of introducing competition requires the complication of methods of solving the problem of distribution of car flows to take into account the conflicting goals of independent participants in the transport process. The conducted studies showed that the main method of modeling the structure of the railway transport network and the volumes of car flows in it is the theory of graphs; determination of the carrying capacity of elements of the railway network is carried out by the methods of the theory of railway operation, simulation modeling and correlation analysis; determination of the optimal distribution of bandwidth is carried out by comparing competing options, as well as by linear and non-linear programming methods, adaptive control methods using neural networks; the behavior of participants in the transportation process during the allocation of bandwidth is investigated by game theory methods. It has been established that in modern conditions, the task of determining the criterion of equal access to congested sections on the branched railway network and the task of distributing car flows on the network in conditions of fluctuating car flows during transportation by regular trains and trains to order require additional research. Originality. The scientific novelty of the work consists in the critical analysis and generalization of modern methods used to solve the problem of distribution freight car flows distribution on railway networks. Practical value. The practical significance of the results lies in determining the inconsistency of the methods that are practically used on the railways of Ukraine for the distribution of car flows, with the modern conditions of operation of railway transport. Scientific methods have been established that allow to improve approaches to solving the problem of rational distribution of car flows, taking into account the interests of various participants in the transportation process.

RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF SWITCH’S CONTROL SCHEMES

Purpose. The purpose of this article is to conduct an analysis of the reliability of the control schemes of the electric arrow drive with the aim of optimizing and modernizing them to increase the reliability indicators. To show an approach to optimizing the control circuits of an electric turnout that is advantageous from an operational point of view, the implementation of fewer control circuits will minimize the number of failures. To demonstrate a principled circuit solution for optimizing the control circuit of an electric turner with the use of separate redundancy with always-on redundancy and integer multiplicity. Methods. During the research, methods of comparative analysis, synthesis, probability theory, and reliability theory were used. Findings. The paper analyzes the types of re-reservation as a way to increase the reliability of the arrow control scheme. A comparative study of the reliability of various options for reserving the turnout control scheme was carried out in comparison with the classic situation on the railways of Ukraine - the absence of a reserve. It has been proven that the use of separate redundancy with always-on reserve and integer multiplicity provides the maximum increase in reliability, but the significant amount of necessary equipment significantly reduces the economic attractiveness of this method. On the other hand, the use of separate redundancy with substitution and fractional multiplicity (sliding redundancy) gives a positive result only if one redundancy unit serves no more than 15 turnout electric drives, otherwise the overall reliability of the subsystem may decrease. The optimization of the arrow control subsystem at the station is proposed, which requires the use of only six arrow control schemes, one of which is a sliding reserve. The influence of different types of redundancy on the reliability indicators of the arrow control scheme is considered. The most effective option for optimizing the arrow control subsystem has been determined. Scientific novelty. The scientific novelty of the work consists in the well-founded sufficiency of using only six arrow control schemes in combination with the use of sliding redundancy of the arrow control scheme for the control of arrows when disbanding warehouses on the sorting slide. The proposed method makes it possible to increase the reliability of the arrow control subsystem while maintaining the operational parameters of the station. Practical significance. The practical significance of the results lies in the fact that when using the proposed optimization, the resource use of hill automation devices is improved, the maintenance process is simplified, and the total cost of equipment and maintenance costs are reduced.

RESEARCH ON LOGISTIC COSTS IN TRANSPORTATION OF AGRICULTURAL CARGO BY ROAD AND RAIL TRANSPORT MODES

Goal. Starting with the full-scale invasion on February 24, 2022, the aggressor country began to make it difficult to access major ports in southern Ukraine, limiting the importation, transportation, and export of grain. This forced shippers to look for alternative routes for transporting grain to foreign seaports. A large share of the transportation of grain cargo fell on railway transport and on western terminals, which caused long queues at crossing points. Restrictions also affected the capacity of internal railway lines. To restore the transportation of agricultural goods and increase the efficiency of the organization of grain transportation, it is necessary to conduct a study of the logistics costs of road and rail transportation, considering such factors as the type of shipment, the volume of cargo, time costs, the cost of transportation, and the capacity of border crossings and terminals. Method. The research was carried out based on statistical analysis, methods of operational work for calculating the norms of mass and length of route trains, a comprehensive analysis of logistics costs when transporting various types of shipments by rail and road modes of transport, considering the technical equipment of terminals and the capacity of crossing points, the train formation plan (TFP). The results. Based on calculations, the conditional lengths of route trains are determined, with their further bringing them to the current PFP on the railways of Ukraine; the cost of delivery of grain cargoes when transported by rail was calculated for various types of shipments, and a comparison was made with road transport; terms of cargo delivery, main advantages and disadvantages of each type of transportation are determined; analysed and selected the best method of transportation of agricultural cargo, taking into account the weight of the cargo being transported, the time spent on transportation along the tracking routes; a comparison of financial costs per ton of cargo was made; proposed options for increasing the throughput of border railway stations. The work also identifies the busiest terminals that carry out a significant share of cargo processing at border railway stations with a relatively large capacity and technical support for the transhipment of grain depending on the types of shipments, namely: railway stations and their transitions - Chop - Chierna-nad-Tysoy, Mostyska II-Medyka and Izov - Hrebushiv. Practical significance. The obtained results can be applied in decision-making systems for shippers, which will help in choosing the optimal route and type of rolling stock for cargo transportation. The rational choice of types of shipments and transfer stations makes it possible to use technical means for cargo transhipment as effectively as possible, to reduce the waiting time of wagons at border stations while waiting for technological operations and to reduce the time for these operations, to reduce the total costs of transporting agricultural goods. Options for increasing the throughput capacity of border stations will make it possible to speed up the delivery of cargo by speeding up the execution of mandatory operations performed at transhipment points or by removing part of such operations altogether.

RESEARCH OF CHANGES IN THE POWER OF CAR FLOW AT THE SHUTTING STATION DURING THE PERIOD OF MILITARY ACTIONS

It is impossible to solve the problem of improving the system of organizing car flows in trains at the current level of information support without creating an information and management system that will integrate into a single information and computing space the most important optimization tasks covering all levels of managing the process of freight transportation on railway transport, such as such as the calculation of the routing of car flows from loaded and empty cars, the calculation of the plan for the formation of freight trains at the training ground of the main technical stations, the calculation of the plan for the formation of local trains in the areas of local work, and the construction of adjusted operational plans for the operation of stations. The aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine fundamentally changed the system of railway transport of Ukraine. The volume of cargo transportation by rail transport during military operations in the east of Ukraine decreased by 37% in 2022, but already in 2023, an increase in the transportation of some types of cargo began, in particular, grain cargo, mineral construction materials, dangerous bulk cargoes, military equipment. Transportation of goods by railways of Ukraine, especially during military operations, is not carried out evenly over a long period of time and has fluctuations in the capacity of car flows. The updated directions of their tracking, which depend on the technical condition of the railway infrastructure for the current period, lead to a change in the direction of tracking of car flows and, as a consequence, their organization into trains according to the formation plan at technical stations. The conducted studies established that the capacities of car flows are random values, therefore it is advisable to use mathematical statistics methods for their description, and modeling methods for forecasting work with them. Those car flows that arrive at the sorting station most of all fall under the geometric law of distribution of a random variable depending on the power of the direction of arrival, which has a significant impact on the accumulation parameter at the station. Fluctuations in the capacity of car flows are quite significant and depend on a sufficiently large number of factors. For the operational planning of the work of sorting stations, it is necessary to take the characteristics of the current state or a sample of data for short periods (a decade, a week), that is, it is necessary to constantly analyze the data from the ASK of the VP UZ - there is, therefore, a study of the capacity of car flows in the technical station during the period of changing their directions is an actual task and can be used to adjust the dispatcher routing and the plan for the formation of single-group and group freight trains.

The usage of genetic algorithms when planning railway transportation in international connection

The railway transport system in Ukraine stands as a pivotal sector within the nation's transportation infrastructure, accounting for a substantial portion of freight and passenger movement compared to domestic alternative modes of transportation. With direct border connections and collaboration with railways in Moldova, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Hungary, Ukrzaliznytsia JSC facilitate operations through forty international railway crossings. The political climate in Ukraine, particularly the focus on export to EU countries, has sparked increased interest in transportation towards western border regions [1, 2]. This article delves into the challenges and opportunities surrounding the enhanced cooperation of Ukrainian border terminals with EU countries during wartime and post-war periods. It analyzes the current state of freight transportation to Europe, addressing existing challenges and outlining short- and long-term development prospects for railways. Emphasis is made on the vital role of railway transport in Ukraine's integration into the European transport network, presenting avenues for implementing plans connected with railway reconstruction and development. Container transportation commands a significant market share, with a growing trend towards its adoption. Container transport facilitates a substantial reduction in loading operations, a notable increase in labor productivity, and enables comprehensive mechanization and automation of cross-docking operations. As a transit country—four out of ten existing pan-European transport corridors traverse Ukraine— the nation possesses considerable potential for developing its railway transport system. With the third-largest railway network in Europe (19,787 km, including 9,319 km of electrified tracks), railway transport assumes a leading role in Ukraine's transportation landscape. However, despite its advantages, Ukraine's transportation and logistics system lags behind those of other countries worldwide. Modernization of tracks and rolling stock necessitates significant capital investment and time, underscoring the immediate need to enhance the quality of logistics services [3]. Therefore, this article explores optimization methods for container traffic from Ukraine to EU countries with the use of mathematical methods and algorithms. The genetic algorithm among the discussed methods is recognized as one of the premier mathematical algorithms for the specified task. This approach could play a pivotal role in establishing a robust technical system for railways along Ukraine's western border, optimizing border crossing operations, and enhancing Ukrainian railway transportation capabilities. It not only aids in identifying the fastest or most economical routes but reveals weaknesses in Ukrainian border terminals. Additional strategies can be devised for modernizing and expanding border terminals and stations by leveraging this insight, facilitating the integration of Ukrainian railways into the European transport system.

Regularities of the strain state of the embankment when varying the vertical element length of strengthening

The crisis that arose during the war in the transport system of Ukraine provided an opportunity to review the concept of integrating the Ukrainian railway into the European network. Corresponding changes, which require reconstruction of the railway, including track and embankment, have been analyzed. The railway embankment needs strengthening for its normal operation. The embankment reinforced with vertical elements, namely piles, has been studied. A finite-element model of the embankment, its soil base, and the rail-sleeper grid has been created. This model shows a vertical element of strengthening with lengths of 2.0, 4.0, and 6.0 m. The results of the numerical analysis are obtained, which makes it possible to analyze the values of horizontal and vertical displacements. The values of both components of the strain state are analyzed. The results of the analysis prove that strengthening with such elements has a maximally positive effect on both components of deformation. The regularities of changes in embankment displacements, when varying the vertical element length of strengthening, are linear. They prove that the presence of piles reduces the horizontal component by 1.1 … 1.32 times, and the vertical one by 1.1 … 1.24 times.

IS THE DEPENDENCE OF PASSENGER STRESS ON THE PERCEIVED QUALITY OF TRANSPORTATION IS MORE COMPLEX THAN WE INTENDED? EXPANDING THE METHODOLOGICAL BASIS OF RESEARCH AND DECISION MAKING

Purpose. Development of a methodological basis for measuring the dependence of passenger’ stress on the perceived quality of public transport service. Its achievement will contribute to certainty in management situations, when the task of the transport operator's management is to reduce the stress level of passengers. Research methodology: Research methodology: First survey was conducted by the Joint Stock Company "Ukrainian Railway". We found the most important attributes of the quality of transport service for passengers by types of wagons, the advantages and disadvantages of trip, the desired vectors of the customer value of the transport service. The second survey was conducted in the Luxembourg on the travel behavior of residents and commuters from neighboring countries. The results showed that the quality of the transport service perceived by the passenger is the main factor of stress. The dependence of passengers' stress level on attributes and aggregated perceived quality is complex. Therefore, when studying it, it is necessary to apply measurements along many dimensions. Scientific novelty. An important interest of transport operator is the dependence of passenger stress on the perceived quality of transport service. Point-oriented approaches to its study do not provide complete information that the management of the transport operator needs when developing measures to reduce passenger stress. The literature on passenger stress is analyzed from the point of view of the completeness of management information, which is necessary for transport operator to reduce passenger stress. The results of the literature review are checked in the authors' own research, which they conducted in Ukraine and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. New approaches to measurement of the dependence between passenger stress and the perceived quality of transport service are proposed. They form a broader methodological basis for research and management in this area. Practical significance. The application of the proposed approaches by the management of the transport operator will allow it to make decisions on regulating the quality of the transport service in order to reduce the stress of passengers on the basis of more complete management information.

INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS OF UKRAINE IN THE FIELD OF RAIL TRANSPORT

The purpose of this article is to determine the competitive position of Ukraine in the field of railway transportation in comparison with Poland (a neighbouring country), Switzerland (a benchmark in the field of railway transportation) and Canada (which professes a completely different “American” principle of operating railway networks, where freight transportation is a priority). Methods. In the process of working on the article, the following research methods were used: analysis and synthesis in the selection of indicators and their grouping (production and financial, scientific and technical development, personnel characteristics) depending on the direction they characterise; methods of economic analysis – multidimensional comparative analysis, index analysis, Delphi method in determining the weight of indicators selected for analysis, rating to determine the final positions of each of the countries selected for analysis. Results. Among the main results of the study is the determination of Ukraine’s competitive position, primarily in comparison with Poland as a neighbouring country. The next most important is the group of indicators that put Ukraine behind the Swiss railways’ benchmarks, in particular, the quality of infrastructure and electrification. The scientific novelty of the results obtained is an attempt to assess the competitive positions of railway transport, which seemingly cannot compete with each other, since each of them operates in a separate territory (in most cases within the same country) and their interests hardly overlap. Currently, this is not entirely true, since, after the large-scale invasion, due to the blockade of Ukrainian seaports, a significant part of export and import commodity flows has moved to rail transport, and by analysing the situation in each individual transit country, it is possible to choose the direction that will be most acceptable for the long-distance transportation of goods to “third” countries. The practical significance of the results obtained can be viewed from at least two perspectives. The first is the indicators that have caused the Ukrainian railway to lag behind the benchmark state (Switzerland) and the work to improve the situation in each of the areas. The second side is the possibility of conducting a similar assessment of the situation in rail transport among all of Ukraine’s neighbouring countries and identifying the highest priority areas for sending most of the export and import cargo to “third” countries.

TRANSFORMATION OF PASSENGER TRANSPORT MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE IN RAILWAY TRANSPORT: WORLD EXPERIENCE AND ITS ADAPTATION TO MODERN CONDITIONS IN UKRAINE

Objective. To enhance the competitiveness of railway passenger transportation in Ukraine, it is necessary to explore the experience of structural transformations in passenger enterprises of foreign railways, analyze the current state of the domestic railway passenger transportation management system, and propose an effective organizational structure for the passenger complex of Ukrainian Railways PJSC in modern conditions. Methodology. To achieve the stated objective, methods of analogy, modeling, comparative, and retrospective analysis were applied. Results. The world experience of interaction between organizational units of railway passenger complexes has been considered. An analysis has been conducted, and problems in the interaction of departments in the existing railway passenger transportation management system have been identified. A management structure for the passenger complex of Ukrainian Railways PJSC has been proposed, which will help optimize its operation and contribute to the increased efficiency of railway passenger transportation in Ukraine. Scientific novelty. The stages of transformation of the management structure of the passenger complex after the formation of Ukrainian Railways PJSC have been generalized. The passenger complex is considered as a single system: based on the visualization of the distribution of work with trains of different categories, problems of delineation of responsibility zones between the departments of the passenger complex have been identified. A model of an improved organizational structure for managing the passenger complex of railway transport has been developed in accordance with modern conditions. Practical significance. The proposed measures can be applied by Ukrainian Railways PJSC to improve the organizational structure of the passenger complex in the process of transitioning to a vertically integrated management model.

Research of the modern state of railway transportation of freight

Railway transport in the overall transport potential plays a decisive role, ensuring logistics processes in the country. In the conditions of extraordinary events such as military actions, social upheavals, natural disasters, man-made disasters, railway transport provides the economic and social needs of the country, thanks to its reliability. The current state of railway freight transportation in Ukraine, the structure of transportation, and its adaptation to modern conditions have been studied. The advantages of railway transportation include: - the possibility of sending a large volume of cargo; - saving time when passing dimensional and weight control; - independence from weather conditions; - cost of transportation. With the beginning of the russian aggression, logistical connections were lost. all Ukrainian farmers faced the problem of grain transportation and export. The grain cargo was concentrated on the borders with European countries. The main technical reasons for the limited ability to transport export goods through the western crossings: - different width of the railway track - in Europe it is 1435 mm, while in Ukraine - 1520 mm.; - shortage of transshipment capacities at the border; - lack of rolling stock; - limited capacity of certain sections of foreign railways; - presence of weight restrictions; - insufficient number of carriages for repositioning. In August 2023, there were positive changes to overcome the decrease in cargo exports that occurred due to port blockades. Polish and Ukrainian railways agreed on joint work on the development of passenger and freight rail transport between the countries in order to increase the export-import potential. The formation of a long-term strategy regarding the possibility of expanding railway corridors to Baltic ports has begun. During 2022, the railway suffered losses; - the acquisition of their own parks by farmers led to a surplus of railway containers; - the increase in tariffs for freight transportation did not compensate for the losses of the railway; - changes in the tariffs for railway transportation led to an increase in transportation by road transport.

Improving the safety indicators of Ukrainian railways: A study of the longitudinal stability of the railway track

The article considers the problem of improving safety indicators on the railways of Ukraine, in particular, with regard to the temperature-stressed jointless track, which makes up more than 75% of the total length of the main tracks. During the operation of this structure, there is a risk of dangerous failures, such as “track ejection” and “rail and sleeper grid displacement”, which can lead to a rolling stock derailment. The article considers various aspects of this problem and analyses the stress state of the jointless track in the context of loss of longitudinal stability, investigating the factors that affect this risk. The purpose of the article is to propose comprehensive solutions to reduce the risk of loss of longitudinal stability of the continuous track and improve safety on Ukrainian railways. The study is based on the analysis of actual cases of rolling stock derailments due to loss of rail and sleeper grid stability. The article also examines the regulatory approach to determining the conditions of longitudinal stability of continuous track in Ukraine and the European Union and compares their approaches. Finally, the authors of the article offer proposals for improving the safety performance of railways, including the introduction of: the European approach to authorization of the subsystem “infrastructure”; modern systems for diagnostics and monitoring of the state of infrastructure; and an approach to work planning based on the assessment of the probability of the risk of loss of rail and sleeper stability. The general context of the article is to improve traffic safety on Ukrainian railways and to avoid transportation accidents associated with the loss of longitudinal stability of the rail and sleeper grid of a jointless track.

Determining the energy efficiency indicators of the diesel train DPKr-2 and the rail bus 620M based on traction calculations using the numerical method of solving the equation of train movement

The purpose of the article is to compare the technical and energy parameters of the diesel train DPKr-2 and the railbus 620M based on traction calculations using mathematical modeling when solving the train movement equation. The mathematical model of the train is adapted to determine the movement parameters of the specified rolling stock units according to different variable phase coordinates for different movement modes. To achieve this purpose, the authors used methods of system analysis, nonlinear programming, and numerical methods for solving differential equations. The accuracy of the calculations was verified using simulation modeling methods and compared with experimental data. To analyze the results, the obtained indicators of traction calculations – technical speed and specific consumption of diesel fuel – were compared. As a result of the comparison, the specific fuel consumption per ton-kilometer meter, a significant saving of energy resources is observed. Comparative specific fuel consumption per passenger-kilometer meter, on the contrary, indicates an increase in the consumption of energy resources. The mathematical model of the train is adapted to determine the movement parameters of diesel trains and rail buses according to different variable phase coordinates for different drive modes. The practical significance lies in determining the efficiency indicators of the use of different types of rolling stock on the railways of Ukraine, taking into account economic, social and migration factors.

Standard design solutions of the KM-160 catenary for Ukrainian railways

Standard design solutions of the KM-160 catenary for Ukrainian railways

Formation of alternative routes for passenger trains in the event of non-standard situations

Railway passenger transportation has always had a significant place in the economic, material and technical development of Ukraine. The current conditions are no exception, when in connection with the beginning of a full-scale military invasion of our country, passenger transport assumed responsibility for the timely evacuation of people and their safe relocation to other regions of the country or abroad. Due to the fact that railway transport is of strategic importance for Ukraine, its infrastructure has increased risks of destruction. Each destruction of the railway infrastructure has serious consequences for the organization of the movement of passenger trains, in particular high-speed trains. Therefore, with the aim of reducing the possible costs of organizing the movement of high-speed passenger trains in the event of the destruction of the railway infrastructure and increasing the reliability of the functioning of the high-speed railway passenger transport system in Ukraine, an automated technology for providing an alternative route for the trains of the branch “Ukrainian Railway High-Speed Company” (UZShK) is proposed. The formation of this technology is considered on the example of the most popular passenger direction, namely - Kyiv-Lviv, the topology of which is represented by a weighted graph, where the vertices are railway stations, and the edges are railway sections with a weight in the form of a tuple (time to overcome each section, presence of electrification, bandwidth). The proposed technology also provides for the possibility of attracting additional “shuttle” trains or road transport, in cases where it is necessary to significantly reduce the travel time by an alternative route or the possibility of the arrival of railway transport to the station where it is necessary to board/disembark passengers is excluded. The formalization of this process was carried out by forming an optimization mathematical model according to the criterion of minimum operating costs. The formation of a set of alternative routes was carried out using the adjacency matrix of the graph representing the Kyiv-Lviv transportation direction. The developed technology is proposed to be integrated in the form of a software product for automated workplaces (AWP) of operative personnel in the form of a decision support system (DSP), the algorithm of which is also given in this publication.

ФОРМУВАННЯ ВАНТАЖНИХ ПЕРЕВЕЗЕНЬ ЗАЛІЗНИЧНИМ ТРАНСПОРТОМ УКРАЇНИ В УМОВАХ ВОЄННОГО СТАНУ

The article analyzes trends in freight traffic within 2022-2023 years. The data on the number of dispatched freight cars and volumes of cargo transportation have been processed. Changes in the logistical component since the beginning of the invasion of the aggressor country are considered. An important logistical component should include the change of routes due to the destruction of railway tracks and fixed track structures, blockouts of ports. Since the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine railway logistics has undergone drastic changes, i.e., a large number of cargoes went to western cross-overs instead of ports. As reported by the State Customs Service, the export of goods from Ukraine in 2022 decreased by 35% to 44.2 billion dollars. As usual, the agro-industrial and mining and metallurgical complexes, which provided more than ⅔ of goods and more than half of total exports, became the leaders in terms of export volumes under the martial law period. The leaders in export value among goods are grain crops, sunflower oil and ferrous metals. Based on the results of 2022, the export of metal collapsed more than three times, to 4.5 billion dollars. The mining and metallurgical complex of Ukraine suffered from the war much more than other sectors of the economy. About 40% of metallurgical capacities were captured or destroyed in Mariupol, namely, metallurgical plants of the MMK named after Ilich and PrJSC «Azovstal», the average loading of other capacities in 2022 was at the level of 30%. Plus, unlike the grain market, which has the opportunity to export its products through large ports even despite the unstable operation of the «grain corridor», the main routes for the mining and metallurgical complex still remain the western cross-overs and the Danube. It was determined that, against the background of the above-mentioned factors, the railcar-building industry in Ukraine underwent changes in the production of freight wagons in 2022-2023, that is, fewer orders for open-top wagons, and the active construction of platforms and other special-purpose wagons, as well as the production of bogies for the European track. Despite the difficulties, some of the domestic enterprises quickly found their way in today's realities and even managed to increase production. It has been established that the main domestic manufacturers of freight cars during the war were PrJSC «Dniprovagonmash», PJSC «Kryukiv Carriage Building Plant», LLC «DMZ «Karpaty», JSC «Ukrzaliznytsia», the Aurum Group company, and concerning repairsб the company «Lemtrans» should be singled out.

FORMATION OF A SYSTEM APPROACH TO ORGANIZING CARGO DELIVERY BY RAILWAY COMPANIES-CARRIER REGIONAL TYPE

Purpose. The introduction of private freight railway carrier companies in Ukraine corresponds to the European trend of demonopolization of railway transport and has a number of consequences, including the creation of a market pricing mechanism and the formation of prerequisites for improving the quality of services in railway transport. In order to ensure the economic development of the railway industry, an integrated approach is required, which includes reviewing and improving the tariff policy regarding the access of private regional railway carrier companies to the railway infrastructure of joint-stock company (JSC) «Ukrzaliznytsia» and providing non-discriminatory access to the railway infrastructure for other transportation participants. This will ensure equal conditions for competition and will contribute to the development of railway transport in Ukraine. Based on this, the purpose of this study is to achieve the effective functioning of a cargo delivery system for regional railway carrier companies when it is implemented on the Ukrainian railway network. To achieve this goal, a functional description of the specified system is used and its parameters are optimized. Methods. To formalize the system of cargo delivery by a regional railway carrier company, used methods of systems theory. The results. The research carried out made it possible to formalize the system of cargo delivery through a regional railway carrier company. In the process of formulating the functional description of the system, various factors affecting the carrier company's costs were taken into account. When analyzing these factors, it was found that the key parameters of the system that have a significant impact on the costs and cost of transporting goods are the serial number of the cargo delivery route, the number of stops on the route, the duration of train downtime at the railway stations of the carrier company's branches while waiting for shunting operations to be performed (attaching groups of wagons). The goal of optimizing these parameters is to increase the efficiency of the system and reduce the cost of transporting goods for individual clients. Practical significance. Subject to the adoption in Ukraine of an appropriate legislative framework that will regulate access to the railway infrastructure of JSC «Ukrzaliznytsia» for private carriers, the implementation of the proposed system will have such positive consequences as increasing the level of competition in the transport market in Ukraine, improving the quality and reliability of transportation and growth Country's GDP. Setting the optimal balance between route numbers, the number of stops and the duration of train downtime will ensure optimal use of the carrier company's resources and reduce the cost of transporting goods. This will help improve the quality of service and meet customer needs.

ІСТОРИЧНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ФОРМУВАННЯ ОДЕСЬКИХ ВОКЗАЛІВ

The historical features of the formation of Odessa railway stations are considered. It was discovered that the history of railway construction in Ukraine began in 1854 with the construction of a railway branch from Odessa to Parkan, which was the beginning of the rich history of the Odessa railway and railway stations. There were 5 stations in total: "Freight" – a warehouse station and a large station (1865); "Odessa-Main" railway station (first – 1884, existing – 1944 – 1952); "Odessa-Port" railway station (1907 – 1910); Kuyalnytsky station (1873); "Odessa- Passenger" railway station (1914). And a few more temporary and auxiliary ones: "Narkhoz" Station (1944); Station "Odessa-Mala" (1903); Station "Odessa-East" (1970). One of the main achievements of the research is the discovery and study of the formation of the "Bread Town" – on the outskirts of the city of Odessa at the beginning of the 20th century, which was a large warehouse complex, where a dense building of warehouses, warehouses and shopping areas was formed between the railway tracks. The remnants of the Bread Town quarter setting are now city blocks, retaining working rail tracks only at the edges. In the realities of the present time, the importance of the Ukrainian railway and its role in the development of the economy and the process of restoration of the affected cities and territories were revealed. And also the question of the need to reform the structure of the railways arose acutely: the cargo and passenger flow, connected with military realities, increased many times and forced to change the main modes of transportation. It turned out that the new reality requires greater adaptability from the transport infrastructure.

Robotization of Diagnostics of Railway Automation and Communication Systems

Purpose. The study is aimed at: gaining new knowledge about the use of electric motors in robotics; evaluation and selection of motors that are appropriate for use in robots that will move along the railway line and accurately determine the location of damage; development of a method for diagnosing railway automation and communication devices based on robotization of their maintenance and fault finding; evaluation of the use of robotics on the railways of Ukraine and the world. Methodology. The authors analyzed information on the use of electric motors in robotics, as well as the use of robots in production, which they obtained from a review of world literature, monographs, abstract, full-text and lecture databases, and scientific cooperation with leading departments of the University of Twente, the Netherlands. Findings. In the course of the study: 1) the importance of robotics, which makes it possible to replace a person in heavy and long work, was clarified; 2) a functional diagram of the robot, the manipulator drive, its components and the principle of operation was drawn up; 3) various types of drives in robots were substantiated: electric, pneumatic and hydraulic; the use of different types of motors in electric drives, their principle of operation, value and availability; 4) the prospects for the introduction of electroactive polymers and elastic nanotubes that will improve robots in the future are determined; 5) the use of robots in methods of diagnosing and detecting damage to automation and communication systems is proposed, which will facilitate and reduce maintenance time; 6) further development of scientific research and subject area in railway transport is predicted. Originality. For the first time, it is proposed to use robots to find faults in railway automation and communication lines, to introduce the latest drives that allow to improve the work of robots, reduce the number of errors in identifying line defects, and increase the accuracy and efficiency of determining the location of line damage. Practical value. Based on the research results, we can predict the further development of scientific research on robotization of diagnostics of railway automation and communication systems, the subject area of railway transport, and training in the new specialty 174 "Automation, Robotics and Computer-Integrated Technologies".This research can also be useful in organizing scientific and practical seminars, conferences, lectures, advanced training courses, etc.