Ukrainian Labor Market Research Articles

Features of the functioning of labor market of ukraine in crisis and post-crisis period: national and regional aspects

The article is devoted to the study of state and key trends of the functioning of labor market of Ukraine in crisis and post-crisis period (2014–2022). It has been established that many factors negatively impact on development of modern Ukrainian labor market. These factors are the following: remarkable decrease in number of economically active population as a result of the acceleration of «aging» rate of the nation and intensification of emigration; long-term lockdowns (from 12.03.2020 to 31.05.2020 and from 08.01.2021 to 25.01.2021) and other restrictions (from June 2020 to April 2021) explained by spread of the coronavirus disease covid-19; effect of the state of emergency and martial law (from February 24, 2022 to the present); drop in GDP and corresponding decrease in demand for economic and technical specialists; imperfect territorial structure of the national economy of Ukraine that leads to the serious disparities in the level of employment in different regions of the country; imperfection of Ukrainian legislation on employment and unemployment problems that is not corresponded to current political, economic, social and military challenges; inefficient tax system that does not stimulate self-employment and employment of young people in the country. It was revealed that key features of the functioning of labor market of Ukraine in crisis and post-crisis period (2014–2022) are an increase in unemployed, especially in youth unemployed; strengthening of the processes of labor and business migration to the EU countries, especially Poland, Germany, Italy and the Czech Republic; rapid development of types of flexible employment such as outsourcing, outstaffing, leasing, freelance, etc. The regional features of the functioning of labor market of Ukraine have been also investigated and it has been found that Kharkiv, Kyiv, Lviv and Odesa regions are characterized by the lowest level of actual unemployment rate. At the same time, Volyn, Donetsk, Kirovohrad and Luhansk regions are characterized by the highest level of unemployment rate that is most likely due to the fact that young people usually go to study (or look for work) in more developed regions or even abroad. In order to solve negative phenomena on the modern labor market of Ukraine, the author has proposed the following measures: increase in government expenditure on training students in priority specialties; increase in government expenditure on education, including retraining of managerial and technical personnel; improvement of the national tax system that will stimulate self-employment and provide jobs, first of all, young people aged between 25 and 35; increase in number and quality of social infrastructure facilities.

Competitiveness of the Ukrainian labor market in the context of modern global challenges

The relevance of the article is due to the need to determine the conceptual directions for strengthening the competitiveness of the national labor market in the context of intensifying international processes in the area of competition for highly qualified workers and investments in the creation of new modern workplaces. The purpose of the article is to develop the theoretical and conceptual foundations of ensuring the competitiveness of the national labor market. This problem is considered from the position of strategic importance for Ukraine, as it reflects the key societal socio-economic processes and forms the prerequisites for achieving the goals of sustainable development. As a result of the analysis of the state policy of Ukraine to overcome the negative consequences of the pandemic for the employment sector and the labor market, its ineffective practices were noted – the coronavirus restrictions were implemented against the background of the complete withdrawal of the state from real financial assistance and effective measures to support the employment sector. The main reasons that hold back the attraction of foreign investments for the creation of new jobs are indicated such as the disproportion of demand and supply; destructiveness of social dialogue processes in the labor market; low quality of labor legislation, low employment rates and a huge volume of the shadow segment. Recommendations have been developed on the use of practical tools for the development of the competitive advantages of Ukraine’s labor market, namely, strengthening the professional and qualification qualities of the workforce, modernizing the state policy of attracting capital investments, overcoming the shadow segment of the labor market, improving the legal and regulatory regulation of remote work, developing digital employment platforms, introducing progressive foreign practices of regulating the labor market in conditions of pandemic restrictions.

Analysis of the impact of digitalization on demand and supply on the Ukrainian labor market

The article indicates the impact of digitalization and automation of manufacturing processes on demand and supply on the Ukrainian labor market. The analysis showed the positive effects of digitization, which stabilize the situation in the domestic labor market. In particular, in the extreme conditions of the pandemic and war, these are the emergence of new digital professions, the possibility of remote work, the individualization of forms of employment and conditions of cooperation for the personal needs of labor market entities. The concept of digital professions has been introduced as a creative labor activity, since it is associated with the promotion, security of functioning and the expanded practice of digital technologies in manufacturing processes in any sphere of economic activity. The trend of increasing the number of digital practitioners in the wake of the worldwide trend of inducing a global information society has been grounded. The consequences of digitalization are shown that hinder the effective functioning of the labor market and manifest themselves in the increase in unemployment due to the emergence of unnecessary workers whose skills are impractical in digitized reality, the outflow of personnel to foreign labor markets, and the increase in inequality of the population in labor opportunities. The necessity of interaction between educational institutions, business and the state in achieving a balance of supply and demand in the labor market of Ukraine in the context of digitalization is emphasized.

Comprehensive Psychological Analysis of The Features of Emotional Burnout Among IT Specialists: The Ukrainian Labor Market

The article includes an analysis of the symptoms (occurred at the stages of formation) of emotional burnout of IT workers in the labor market of Ukraine in accordance with experience in the profession, type of programming - BackEnd, FrontEnd and kind of work organization involving absence and presence of communication with the client within the project. The use of the method of Victor Boyko determined the symptoms of emotional burnout. The study involved 75 programmers, divided into three groups based on the duration of professional experience including up to 5 and 10 years, and more than 10 years. The study revealed the opposite trend between work experience and the main symptoms of emotional burnout occurring at the already formed stage and the phases of “resistance” and “exhaustion” marked by the decrease in the percentage of formed symptoms and increase in the percentage of symptoms at the stage of formation. The FrontEnd group demonstrated the most pronounced symptoms of emotional burnout as a manifestation of the simplification of emotional emphasis in the profession. The BackEnd showed the symptoms of emotional burnout as a manifestation of the simplification of professional responsibilities. The severity of symptoms of psychosomatic and psych vegetative disorders and self-dissatisfaction occurred in the FrontEnd group at the stage of symptoms formation of emotional burnout. The research did not show the already formed symptoms in this group. The project revealed a higher percentage of symptoms of emotional burnout in the phases of "resistance «and "exhaustion" in the group having no communication with the client, than in the group with communication with the client.

Transferable competencies of HR manager under global socio-economic changes

Accelerated digitalization, uncertainty, rapidly changing work environment, and the spread of remote employment due to quarantine restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have led to differentiated requirements for HR managers in different sectors of the economy and the need to get quickly adjusted to new working conditions. This implies an increased importance of transferable competencies for HR managers, especially in advancing their flexibility and expanding employment opportunities. That is why the study aims to develop a universal model of transferable competencies of HR managers based on the analysis of global and local trends in demand on the labor market. Furthermore, a methodological approach is used to assess these trends based on behavioral indicators in rapidly changing conditions. The paper used a comparative analysis of the international experience in forming HR competencies and trends in demand on the Ukrainian labor market. The findings highlight the current transferable competencies of HR managers. They included the abilities to communicate effectively, use digital technologies confidently, work in multitasking mode, manage people and projects, effective self-management, and work in a team. The developed model of transferable competencies of HR managers and methodical approach to their assessment based on behavioral indicators provide an opportunity to diagnose the level of their development for effective work of HR managers in a distant mode, opportunities for trans-professionalism, and career growth.

CONCEPTUAL IMPERATIVES FOR OPTIMIZING LABOR MIGRATION FLOWS FROM UKRAINE

The purpose of the article is to substantiate the impact of labor migration of citizens abroad on the international competitiveness of the country, as well as to outline the conceptual imperatives of optimizing the flows of labor migration from Ukraine to preserve the human capital of the country. Methodology. During the study, the dialectical method of scientific knowledge was used, as well as methods of scientific abstraction, generalization of analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction, the method of statistical and comparative analysis, the graphical method. Results. To identify the reasons for the threatening scale of Ukrainian labor emigration, the country's ranking positions in international rankings of economic freedom, ease of doing business, safest countries to live in, global competitiveness, investment attractiveness index and the Global Innovation Index were studied. Competitive advantages and threats to the Ukrainian labor market are described. Practical implications. It is proposed to reduce the excessive volume of labor migration from the country through the use of innovation potential (given the obvious competitive advantages of Ukraine in the innovation sphere, according to the authors, they have the potential for optimal adjustment of labor migration from Ukraine). A conceptual scheme for the optimization of labor migration flows from Ukraine has been developed. It is based on the assertion that human capacity building in the field of innovation is possible through international innovative cooperation in the system of higher education; one of the main opportunities for rapid innovative development of Ukraine is the participation in international innovation clusters (the application of cluster policy will contribute to the competitiveness of economic entities due to the potential of effective interaction between its participants due to their close geographical location, provides increased access to innovation, technology and highly skilled personnel, as well as reduced transaction costs; clustering is an effective mechanism for attracting foreign direct investment; the integration of national clusters into global value chains can significantly increase the level of the national technological base, increase the speed and quality of economic growth by increasing the international competitiveness of enterprises in the cluster. Value/originality. The scientific novelty of the results obtained consists in deepening the theoretical and methodological foundations and developing practical approaches to the optimization of labor migration flows from Ukraine to ensure an adequate level of international competitiveness of the country. In particular, a conceptual scheme for the optimization of Ukraine's participation in migration processes has been substantiated and the steps of Ukraine's innovation policy for the preservation of the country's human capital have been outlined.

Labor market in Ukraine: current challenges and risks

The article analyzes the situation on the labor market in Ukraine, starting before COVID-19 pandemic and up to present. It is noted that in recent years Ukrainian labor market is characterized by transformation stage, accompanied by specific negative consequences, including reduced productivity, deteriorated employment conditions, non-standard employment segment expansion and more. Professional occupation imbalance of supply and demand is significant on the national labor market. It increasingly loads regional labor markets, rasing the level of unemployment and social tension in the country. All these negative consequences rised up with COVID-19 pandemic and invasion of Ukraine by Russian Federation troops. It is noted that the main domestic labor market changes caused by COVID-19 pandemic during 2019–2021 are: decreasing employment; increasing unemployment rate; decreasing number of labor migrants; decreasing population incomes in labor force sale and self-employment because of job loss, decreasing salaries and entrepreneurs’ income. New trends in labor market caused by war in Ukraine are analyzed. As a result of war, the salaries of Ukrainians decreased, some specialists lost their jobs, and some professions lost their demand on the market. Companies were forced to relocate their businesses to safer regions, so the labor market structure changed depending on the region. Demand for work exceeds its supply, unemployment is high. It is defined that after having overcome the crisis caused by COVID-19 pandemic and war, there will be a need to attract more labor and expand employment opportunities on the Ukrainian labor market. Therefore, one of the important tasks of the state now is to create a clear system of priorities for employment. Among them: saving and developing human capital, creating incentives for employment and service export, deregulation and transparency of rules.

Differentiation of Personnel Motivation in the Context of Generational Theory

Since each generation has a value to offer organizations, the emergence of new ones is thoroughly scrutinized in order to have better understanding who to be dealing with as younger employees, representatives of new generation, exit university and enter the workforce. Building a team from different generations can be a distinctive valuable human resource sand benefit from over six decades of perspectives, experience and insights. However, in order to use this potential in a proper manner managers need to know some features that distinguish members of different generations. Members of each generation possess a particular set of values, attitudes and behaviors to the workplace. It is worth noting that the multigenerational workforce requires flexible leadership, policies and approaches of motivation. The main task in our days is the selection and motivation of personnel, determining the main directions of its improvement, which allows managers to attract, manage personnel, as well as achieve the goals of the organization and a positive economic result. Meanwhile, generational gap often causes conflicts between employees. Managers should be aware of and take into account the differences between generations when performing their functions. Hence, recommendations for the transformation of HR processes need to be systematized, taking into account the values, interests and needs of three generations that currently prevail in the Ukrainian labor market and a completely new generation of Alpha, which is just beginning to form. Motivated employees whose personal goals coincide with the goals of the enterprise supposed to work more effectively, which will lead to increasing of the profitability of the enterprise. As a result of the analysis of the main values and characteristics of four generations, recommendations for improving the socio-economic efficiency of personnel activities were formulated with the allocation of groups of employees according to the criterion of belonging to a certain generation, their features and main approaches to personnel management and motivation were highlighted. The theory of generations allows us to form an effective strategy for managing the human capital of an organization, which will take into account the mindset and behavior of representatives of different age groups. The high demand for talent forces modern companies to actively fight for human capital. To win it, it is necessary to offer the best conditions for representatives of each generation. Effective use of the aspects of generational theory allows managers to ensure a high level of communication between employees and more effectively predict their behavior. Keywords theory of generations; HR; Generation X; generation Y; generation Z; Alpha generation; values; motivation; management methods; management.

СОЦІАЛЬНІ РИЗИКИ РИНКУ ПРАЦІ ПІД ЧАС ВІЙНИ В УКРАЇНІ

The war in Ukraine sustained a significant impact on the labor market. A third of Ukrainian enterprises suspended their activities in the first month of martial law. The situation forced a loss of income for most of the country's population and a growth in salary arrears. The number of vacancies decreased rapidly, which significantly complicated the job search. Despite the gradual recovery of the labor market, rising unemployment, social exclusion, gender inequality, workplace discrimination, and widespread poverty are among the negative social consequences of the war. The social risks of war affect the subjects of the labor market, which makes it necessary to study the specifics of their impact. The research purpose was analysis and determination the risk impact on the labor market of Ukraine during the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia’s unprovoked invasion. The article is devoted to studying regional disproportions in the manifestation of social risk in the Ukrainian labor market and identifying regions with the lowest risk level. For this purpose, the migration volumes were analyzed, and the distribution of internally displaced persons by regions of Ukraine and the predominant migration directions to European countries were determined. Demand and supply in the labor market were studied by analyzing a load of job seekers for one open vacancy in a regional section to characterize the risks of unemployment by region. Comparing wages in the pre-war period and during martial law in Ukraine is also feasible. Challenges and potential social risks of the labor market in Ukraine are identified. In the regions most affected by the armed aggression of the Russian Federation, the number of jobs decreased, and competition increased, the imbalance between the demand and supply of the labor force became significant, and a decrease in wages was observed. The study of migration, the level of unemployment, and wages in Ukraine made it possible to assess the challenges and potential risks of the labor market and to rank the regions of Ukraine in terms of regional advantages of the labor market, in which the most elementary level of social risks is observed. These are Lviv, Zakarpattia, Volyn, Khmelnytskyi, and Ternopil regions. The direction of further research should represent the development of recommendations for minimizing social risks throughout the country.

Державне регулювання оплати праці: світовий досвід, порівняння та можливості реалізації

The purpose of writing the article is to analyze the nature of the transformation of governmental regulation of wages both in the world and in Ukraine in epidemiological conditions. In the vast majority of countries, there is currently a profound transformation of governmental regulation of remuneration at the macro level. The Ukrainian labor market is also gradually adapting to changes, innovations and modern socioeconomic realities. For example, the Law of Ukraine «On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine Aimed at Providing Additional Social and Economic Guarantees in Connection with the Spread of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)» was adopted as a kind of reaction of the State to the need for changes in the field of remuneration. To compare the results of the State’s policy in the field of remuneration, as well as the relationship between social partners in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, the average monthly wage in 2019-2021 can be used. It should be noted that not always the growth of average monthly wages indicates the economic growth of the country. The main indicator of the country’s economic development is gross domestic product (GDP). The coronavirus pandemic, quite naturally, had a negative impact on the economies of countries – in most countries there is a decrease in GDP. Ensuring growth of wages in these conditions is an indicator of strong social policy and/or social and labor relations in the field of labor remuneration. By means of social policy in the country, the State regulates the minimum wage. Most countries have increased the minimum wage to stabilize labor incomes during the pandemic. The main instrument of the State’s influence on wages in Ireland, Germany, Norway, Finland and the United States during this period is the provision of temporary subsidies for wages, which are introduced to save jobs and support the income of employees. Also, the experience of governmental regulation of wages in developed countries during the pandemic includes payment of subsidies to employers, tax crediting, and reduction of the tax rate. At the same time, the implementing of foreign practices in the field of remuneration requires taking into account Ukrainian realities.

Достатність освітнього потенціалу для забезпечення кадрових потреб розвитку ІТ-сфери та відновлення на цьому підґрунті економіки України

The main reasons that determine the relevance of the development of the IT sector in Ukraine in recent years are reflected. The state of staffing for the development of the IT sector in the country is analyzed, the main reasons for the shortage of personnel are listed. The job search services and their involvement in covering the staffing needs in the IT field in Ukraine are characterized. The structure of candidates' applications for vacant positions by job categories was analyzed according to the work.ua service. The structure of employers' applications for vacant positions by job categories was analyzed according to the work.ua service. A comparison was made of the level of remuneration of specialists offered by employers in the context of professions within the category of IT, computers, the Internet according to the work.ua service. The distribution of applicants for higher education in Ukraine in 12 branches of knowledge "Information Technology" within the framework of specialties by educational levels and the number of educational institutions in which IT specialists are trained is analyzed. The distribution of the number of higher educational institutions that train IT specialists in Ukraine in the context of the cities of Ukraine is estimated. The potential opportunities are analyzed and effective tools are identified to increase the volume of labor supply of competent IT specialists in the Ukrainian labor market.

ПРОБЛЕМИ ПРАЦЕВЛАШТУВАННЯ ВИПУСКНИКІВ ЕКОНОМІЧНИХ ЗАКЛАДІВ ВИЩОЇ ОСВІТИ

The article examines the employment of graduates of higher education economic institutions. The aim of the article is to define the factors determining the competitiveness of economic higher education institutions’ graduates in the domestic labor market, their impact on employment, as well as to substantiate the directions of overcoming the existing problems in this area. It has been established that three groups of factors have a significant impact on the process of employment of economic higher education institutions’ graduates: the main trends of the domestic educational market; imbalances characteristic of the Ukrainian labor market; finally, the level of professional training of the graduate who is looking for a job. Over a long period of time, public consciousness has formed an idea about the «universal» nature of economic education. As a consequence, domestic HEIs (regardless of their main profile) actively offered various educational programs of economic orientation on the market. Under such conditions only in recent years, the reputation and prestige of HEIs have become a weighty factor influencing the choice of employers. Under the conditions of open armed aggression, the participants of the educational market faced complex tasks, connected both with the relocation of a number of institutions and with the change of priorities in the labor market, and with the significant migration of potential applicants and students outside Ukraine. Solving them largely depends on an effective public policy in the field of education (including optimization of the number of HEIs), as well as the ability of economic universities to transform their own strategy on the educational market in Ukraine.

Трудоресурсна волатильність у реалізації стратегії післявоєнного відтворення національного ринку праці України

The article is devoted to the study of manifestations of labor resource volatility in the labor market of Ukraine, determination of post-war approaches to regulation in the conditions of labor resource volatility. The paper outlines the trend of output (demographic) labor resource volatility of the modern labor market, and proposes approaches to implementing the strategy of post-war recovery of the national labor market of Ukraine in the context of labor resource volatility through a set of institutions. It is concluded that in the context of labor resource volatility of the Ukrainian labor market, effective post-war regulation of supply and demand is possible with the use of a territorial-spatial approach to regulation, built on the basis of predicted geodemographic processes and a vertically integrated system of institutions united by a common national strategy for overcoming labor resource volatility.

РИНОК ПРАЦІ УКРАЇНИ В УМОВАХ ВІЙНИ

Basic aspects of functioning of labour-market in the conditions of war are reflected in the article. Basic factors that always influenced on forming of labour-market are examined, namely: amount of population, level of GDP, unemployment and employment rate, the level of wages and incomes of the population, as well as indicators of population poverty, the index of business activity, the number of jobs, etc. A lot of attention is paid to the analysis of the demographic factor, as it affects the formation and functioning of the labor market. After all, as a result of the war with Russia, Ukrainians will already be reduced by millions, since the war entails an increase in the death rate, a decrease in the birth rate, a deterioration in health, in particular due to stress, untimely treatment and the unavailability of quality medical care, and of course population migration. In addition, the demographic impact of the war is significant not only during the war, but also during the following decades. The history of the development of the Ukrainian labor market is analyzed separately, because even before the start of hostilities and the pandemic, a high supply of labor was formed in Ukraine with low payment for its services, which was also accompanied by the actual degradation of the workforce. A detailed analysis of supply and demand in the labor market was also carried out. Thus, the analysis showed that the offer on the labor market in Ukraine already in April 2022 entered the stage of adaptation, and therefore the market began to resume its activity. The article also examines various studies of the level of unemployment in Ukraine, which made it possible to form the main trends in the labor market of Ukraine during the war. The payment of labor services, namely the wages of employees, as an integral component of the labor market, is also analyzed. It was determined that in some regions the drop in wages reaches more than 50%, therefore a detailed analysis of wages by month and by region was carried out. The question of the state's reaction to a shock on the labor market is also considered. That is, help for the unemployed, jobs and affairs during the war.

UNEMPLOYMENT IN UKRAINE'S ECONOMY: COVID-19, WAR AND DIGITALIZATION

The article examines unemployment trends in Ukraine in the long and medium term, taking into account the impact of pandemic COVID-19 in 2020-2021, the Ukrainian-Russian war in 2022, the factors of the domestic labor market in 2002-2019, as well as the prospects for post-war reconstruction and digitalization of the country's economy. Using methods of correlation and regression analysis, the authors identified factors of long-term influence on unemployment in the pre-pandemic period. These include the inflation index, the number of university graduates, the number of arrivals and departures, the average annual minimum wage, and the number of economically active population. The resulting model substantiates that an increase in the inflation index, the number of arrivals to Ukraine, and the minimum wage reduces the level of unemployment in the country. On the other hand, an increase in the number of graduates and departures increases unemployment. The influence of the number of economically active population on this indicator is controversial and requires further research. Based on the identified factors, measures to reduce unemployment in Ukraine are proposed. Having assessed the impact of lockouts caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on employment, the dynamics of the unemployment rate in 2020-2021 was analyzed. It was substantiated that mass vaccination of Ukrainians against coronavirus disease and further reduction of COVID-19 incidence would help stabilize the labor market situation. However, in 2022 the invasion of the Russian Federation radically changed the government's priorities in the fight against unemployment. Therefore, this article analyzes current economic policies to stimulate employment and business recovery in Ukraine, as well as the potential macroeconomic consequences of military action. The COVID-19 pandemic and the war are identified as black swans that led to unpredictable changes in the labor market and accelerated the digitalization of the domestic economy. It is argued that the latter (in the sense of the development of artificial intelligence and quantum computers) will become another black swan in the long-term postwar period. On this basis, the main trends that will influence the Ukrainian labor market in the future (technological transformations, changes in economic and social models, increasing globalization, environmental changes) and the corresponding directions of digital transformations are analyzed.

ВПЛИВ ПАНДЕМІЇ COVID-19 НА РИНОК ПРАЦІ УКРАЇНИ

The article is devoted to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the state of the Ukrainian labor market. As the virus came as a complete surprise, the world economy was not ready for such a shock, so we need to analyze its impact directly on the labor market, as one of the most important mechanisms in the work of any economy and state. First of all, the direct impact of quarantine measures on the unemployment rate was analyzed. The level of adaptation of the population of Ukraine to quarantine measures and the degree of their financial protection is determined. The situation with delayed wages due to extreme conditions was also considered. The areas in which wage arrears most often arose are indicated. The main trends of the labor market are named, among which are the optimization of costs, a sharp increase in competition in the labor market and changing priorities. For understanding the general picture of what is happening in the labor market, the situation with vacancies was considered, which helped to understand how quarantine and lockdown could affect the vacancy market, which specialists were needed more and which less. The labor market is not standing still and is rapidly recovering after the removal of strict quarantine restrictions, as evidenced by the increase in the number of vacancies and activity of applicants. The issue of organizing labor market statistics is becoming acute, which can allow us to see the real state of affairs. To do this, it is necessary to modify the data collection system, for example, to collect data not for a month or quarter, but weekly, because data during the first coronavirus wave, the situation in the labor market changed very quickly. Emphasis is placed on hidden unemployment. There are actually a lot of such people. They were not officially fired, but could be sent on leave at their own expense or transferred to part-time work, which, of course, reduces the amount of salary received. People who find themselves in such conditions are in a dangerous situation because on the one hand they may return to work and on the other hand they may lose it. Conclusions are made and prospects of further researches are defined.

МІЖНАРОДНА ТРУДОВА МІГРАЦІЯ В ПЕРІОД РОСІЙСЬКОЇ ВІЙНИ ПРОТИ УКРАЇНИ

The article is devoted to the development of international labor migration during the Russian war against Ukraine. The purpose of the study is to determine the essence and features of international labor migration on the basis of the analysis of Ukrainian and foreign literary sources, and its tasks are to identify internal and external factors in the formation of Ukraine's migration potential; conducting of the classification of international labor migration; characteristics of changes that occur in international labor migration during the war. The study found that international labor migration occupies a prominent place in the system of international economic relations as a barometer that characterizes the level of international division of labor, trends in demographic development, socio-economic and political situation of donor countries and recipient countries of labor. It has been shown that during the war, both the number of external labor migrants and forced migrants increased significantly, and a large part of the civilian population became refugees who were forced to seek asylum in European countries. There have been some changes in the geography of external migration processes, namely their reorientation from the Russian vector to the European one. The number of migrant workers and refugees from regions affected by active hostilities has increased. However, the war does not significantly affect the cyclical nature of Ukrainian labor migration. As before, the predominant type of external labor migration are short-term departures outside Ukraine. At the same time, one should expect an increase in the irreversibility of the movement of educational migrants, which poses certain threats to national security, as it significantly complicates the demographic situation in the country and destroys the Ukrainian labor market. Given the difficult socio-economic and demographic situation in Ukraine, which worsened during the war, solving existing problems in the field of external labor migration requires intensification of state migration policy in its main areas in particular the creation of decent living conditions in the postwar period, restoration of the national economy and infrastructure of the country. The most relevant areas of further research on this issue are the deepening of the theoretical foundations of the study of migration as a phenomenon and process, as well as the development of modern mechanisms for its regulation.

STATUS AND PROSPECTS OF LABOR MARKET DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONDITIONS OF TRANSFORMATION OF SOCIETY AND ECONOMY OF UKRAINE

The article identifies current problems of the globalized labor market of Ukraine, the main of which are a significant decline in the economically active population, reduced employment in all regions of the country, rising unemployment and labor migration, aging society, economic restructuring, falling economic growth, informatization of society. The defining approach to solving these problems is the integration of workers into the digitalized labor market, which is developing dynamically in recent years compared to the traditional market. The article presents the results of research on the current state of the labor market in Ukraine and personnel management processes in it in terms of comprehensive digitalization, taking into account the output of the new “digital generation”. in 2014-2021 and especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, the level of unemployment and migration, transformational processes in society and the economy and their impact on the formation and development of the labor market are analyzed. The main characteristics of the new “digital generation” are studied. Due to the fact that the labor market is significantly transformed and there is a need to restructure all components of the personnel management system of economic entities, the article considers the latest trends in labor and which they must have to meet the modern requirements of employers. Scientific and practical recommendations for the effective integration of the Ukrainian labor market into the process of digitalization of the global economy have been developed. The main tendencies that will form the sphere of future labor relations in the new digital labor market are systematized.

ЦИФРОВА ЕКОНОМІКА: МОДЕРНІЗАЦІЯ РИНКУ ПРАЦІ УКРАЇНИ

The article is devoted to the definition of modern characteristics of the labor market of Ukraine, which have become widespread in the conditions of the development of digitalization of the economy. Approaches to defining the content of the “digital economy” category in scientific literature are analyzed. The author's interpretation of the digital economy is offered. It was concluded that transformational changes in the labor market are conditioned by the influence of the digital economy. The main global trends in the labor market, which were caused by the rapid development of the digital economy, are considered. The conditions for the formation of the digital economy in Ukraine have been studied. The main goals of the digital development of the state and the main tasks of the development of digital competences approved in regulatory documents were considered. The existing forecasts regarding the ratio of labor supply and demand in Ukraine have been studied and evaluated. It was concluded that it is impossible to make reliable forecasts regarding the indicators of the development of the Ukrainian labor market in the near future. It is substantiated that it is extremely important for Ukraine to take into account the two-vector impact of digitalization on the labor market (reduction in the need for labor due to the automation of production processes and the probability of creating new jobs as a result of digitalization). Also of great importance are the leading global macro trends in the economy in terms of employee empowerment. The achievements of the Ministry of Digital Transformation of Ukraine regarding the improvement of digital literacy and the development of digital skills of citizens (in particular, those services related to the regulation of relations on the labor market) are emphasized. It was concluded that Ukraine should already today form a scientifically based plan for the development of the national labor market, taking into account the introduction of information and communication technologies. This plan will be of great importance during the recovery of the state's economy in the future. Keywords: digital economy, digitalization, digital technologies, modernization, labor market, employment.

European integration as an opportunity to solve socio-economic problems in Ukraine by reforming the education sector

The article deals with the reasons and expediency of educational reforms in Ukraine. The authors state that any reorganization is aconsequence of changes in socio-economic relations in society. The example of some European Union countries that have implemented educational reforms in different periods of their history shows and proves their effectiveness. The article considers the state of the Ukrainian labor market and the discrepancy between educational services and market needs, the global gap between the real sector of the economy and education . In addition,the directions of reforming the educational sector are outlined, which include: affordable and high-quality preschool education; new Ukrainian School; modern professional education; high-quality higher school and the development of adult education; promotion of Science and promotion of innovations. The authors state that today’s Ukrainian education does not meet modern demands of the individual and society, or the needs of the economy, or global trends. For this purpose the systematic transformation of this sphere is being carried out to ensure a new quality of education at all levels from pre-school education to high and adult one. As an example of educational reforms, which are a reaction to socio-economic conditions and changes in public relations, the article fragmentally mentions the reforms that took place in Europe in the late XIX - early XX century. It was during this period when rapid changes took place associated with the emergence of new equipment and new technologies. New approaches to the theory and practice of education and upbringing were needed, which would correspond to the rapid development of production due to the progress of Science and culture. The next dynamic social- economic changes characterize the period of the 50th- the 80th of the 20th century. The following steps of educational reorganization in the countries of the European Union concerning mostly the system of general secondary education became the reaction to these changes. The state of the Ukrainian labor market confirms a disappointing fact: thequalifications of graduates, the number of trained specialists in certain industries, and the quality of their knowledge and skills do not meet the needs of employers. Outdated standards of Ukrainian higher education do not keep pace with technological progress, innovation and demand from relevant professionals in an ever-increasing industry. In order to improve the quality of higher education in modern conditions and, most importantly, to help students in their preparation for their professional life outside the university classrooms, it is necessary to actively implement a more practical, applied approach to education. Thus, the integration of higher education in Ukraine into the European space is a necessity and one of the possibilities to overcome the social and economic crisis as soon as possible. In order to accelerate and increase the effectiveness of such integration, the authors of the article propose to use the following model of partnership: a higher educational institution – business – the state.