Ukrainian Emigration Research Articles

Facing a New Reality: Psychotherapy Against The Background of War

The saying that "in order to leave the comfort zone, you must first enter one" is especially relevant against a background of external turbulence. The search for this zone brings people to psychotherapy, especially when early and current trauma intersect. Patients learn how to live in a new reality, enhance old supports, and discover new ones within themselves and in those relationships they perceive as secure. This article describes clinical work unfolding against the backdrop of the Russian–Ukrainian conflict. I outline the development of the relationship between a Ukrainian emigrant, Maria, and her French partner, Eduard, both traumatised by childhood events and living in their own "illusory" worlds where it was impossible for them to meet their true selves and each other. As a result of keeping the couple in mind in Maria's individual psychotherapeutic work, and under the influence of the events taking place in the world, they go through significant intrapersonal changes that allow them to fill their lives and relationships with new meaning.

PSYCHOLOGICAL AND EMOTIONAL ASPECTS OF REPRESENTATION OF EMIGRATION IN UKRAINIAN FICTION

Ukrainian emigration is an extremely multifaceted phenomenon, therefore approaches to its study and research can be very different. The article deals with the reflection of emigration in Ukrainian literature and journalism as the most psychological and emotional source of information, which always pays attention to the problems of the time and in its own way looks for ways to solve them. Starting from the end of the 19th century, that is, from the first stage of emigration, the beginnings of Ukrainians’ departure abroad were different. Mainly, each stage is characterized as «labor» or «political» (sometimes these two directions were synthesized), but always leaving from the native land caused deep experiences and emotions associated with the unknown, a different way of life, a break with the family, closest people in general. In the scholarly works, the penultimate «worker» stage, or as it is also generally called the «іtalian» stage of emigration, has been insufficiently described. Not studied is the last stage, which is connected with today’s war on the territory of Ukraine, which is still continuing. But the artistic thinking of the people, associated with the emotional perception of events in extreme conditions, manifests itself faster. And we already have new works. Perhaps they cannot yet compete with the works of V. Stefanyk, Y. Sverstyuk, U. Samchuk and other writers who have already become classics, but these works are actual and there is a need for them. There are still not enough scientific works in which the issue of emigration is considered in the literature.

The sense of social security of Ukrainian refugees in Poland

Social security is a relatively new area of research in security sciences. In a life-threatening situation, any of us would try to escape. The example of refugees from Ukraine allows us to indicate a number of threats resulting from forced migration caused by war. What does social security mean to of Ukrainian emigrants in Poland? Since security is defined as a state of peace, a state of certainty and a guarantee of one’s behavior, the sense of security is a state of anxiety and lack of confidence. In order to better understand and assess this threat, it is necessary to explain what social security is. Social security is a concept that is viewed from many directions and there is no adopted definition that describes this social phenomenon. For the purposes of this article, the following definition has been adopted: Social security is associated with the probability of undesirable social phenomena (problems) and the limitation of risks related to survival and quality of life in the economic and cultural spheres. Moreover, the level of social security adjusts to social challenges and risks and such is the increased number of refugees in Poland.

War-driven wave of Ukrainian emigration to Europe: an attempt to evaluate the scale and consequences (the view of Ukrainian researchers)

The article aims to evaluate the scale and consequences of the emigration of Ukrainians triggered by the military aggression of the Russian Federation. The paper also attempts to determine the composition of the refugees. The first weeks of the military aggression saw the most active departure of the population from Ukraine, after that the number of those seeking refuge decreased. According to the estimation of the Ptukha Institute for Demography and Social Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine based on the data from the State Border Guard Service, the number of ‘refugees from the war in Ukraine’ reached 3 million as of the end of June 2022. The emigrants are mainly residents of Kyiv and Kharkiv, which results in a much higher specific weight of people with higher education than the national average. This fact combined with an orientation towards employment rather than social assistance (a mentality that is relatively close to Europeans), suggests a high probability (especially compared to the same emigrants from other countries, including Syria and Afghanistan) for most Ukrainian women to successfully adapt to life across the border. This is especially true for those who came to Poland, due to the minimal linguistic and cultural differences between the countries. The potential amount of irreversible migration losses, depending on the military and economic factors, ranges from 600–700 thousand to 5–5.5 million people. Considering the fact that approximately 3 million Ukrainians had already been staying (working) abroad before 2022, the war is likely to result in a demographic catastrophe for Ukraine, whose demographic potential has been utterly exhausted.

ЦІННІСНО-ЗМІСТОВИЙ ВИМІР “УКРАЇНСЬКОГО ЧАСУ” НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ ГРОМАДИ В РАДІОПРОСТОРІ КАНАДИ

The article examines the historical stages of formation, elaborates the current state and value-content support of radio initiatives of Ukrainian emigration using the example of the radio program "Ukrainian Time" (Montreal, Canada). Unique data from the first person was obtained during direct communication with the producer of the media initiative with more than thirty years of work experience, an active figure in the Ukrainian community S. Kuklevsky. The chronology of the continuous existence of the radio program from its foundation in 1963 by I. Oparyk and V. Gladun is traced; a meaningful contribution to its development by two generations of a creative team of talented authors headed by the current producer S. Kuklevsky. The names of the media activists involved in the creation of the radio program were included in the scientific media discourse: O. Onyshchenko, O. Shak (hosts), L. Gavrylov (information sector), N. Fedoseeva (journalist), priests of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, Fr. I. Oschipko and the Ukrainian Orthodox Church Fr. I. Kutash, producer S. Kuklevsky. The orientation of its authors to the implementation of convergent tools of modern radio broadcasting is characterized, in particular, the broadcast of issues on the channel of the same name on "Youtube" and information support and a page on the social network "Facebook". The high role and importance of the radio program as an integrator of the community around national values and the Ukrainian cause and the belief that only a powerful united community can have a successful, high-quality, long-term representation in the media space are determined. And in order to make the community like this, you need to be included in its life, it is not necessary to organize event attractions, but to join them, listen to programs, speak Ukrainian with children, sing our songs.

УКРАЇНСЬКА ЕМІГРАЦІЯ В НІМЕЧЧИНІ (2014 – 2023 РР.)

The article, based on journalistic materials of the mass media, examines the situation of Ukrainian emigration to Germany in the period from 2014 to September 2023.The relevance refers to the fact that the demographic issue in Ukraine has become acute, and Germany is the second EU country with the largest number of Ukrainian refugees. There has been determined an approximate number of Ukrainians living in German territories in September 2023, whose contribution to the further development of both states is enormous. There are a few interesting aspects for research such as socio-cultural, economic, political etc. They provide insight into further trends of Ukrainian emigration in Germany. The purpose of the article is to represent comprehensive coverage of the key aspects and trends of Ukrainian emigration to Germany in the period from 2014 to September 2023. In result, nowadays Germany is a priority country for Ukrainian citizens seeking asylum because of Russian-Ukrainian war. There are several reasons for this, the most important of which is good social security. It is emphasized that Germany continues to enjoy popularity among the Ukrainian emigration, even despite a number of obstacles, such as language barrier, bureaucratization of many routine processes, housing rent, etc. Given the challenges faced by the author in this research, it was decided to use general scientific (analysis, induction) and special historical (systemic, comparative, retrospective, etc.) methods. Finally, the article analyzes and systematizes materials related to Ukrainian emigration to Germany in the period from 2014 to September 2023. It also identifies the peculiarities of the development of migration processes, represents the conditions offered to the Ukrainian refugees by the German government and clarifies Ukrainian emigrants’ attitudes towards their further stay in Germany.

ОТАМАН ПЕТРО КАЛНИШЕВСЬКИЙ В НАВЧАЛЬНИХ ПЛАНАХ ІСТОРИЧНОГО ПІДВІДДІЛУ УКРАЇНСЬКОГО ВИСОКОГО (ВИЩОГО) ПЕДАГОГІЧНОГО ІНСТИТУТУ ІМ. М. ДРАГОМАНОВА В ПРАЗІ (1923–1933) ТА ЙОГО ДОЧІРНИХ УСТАНОВ

Relevance of the article. The most powerful emigration educational institution that trained specialists in the real history of Ukraine on the territory of interwar Czechoslovaczczyna, Ukrainian High (Higher) Pedagogical Institute named after M. Drahomanov in Prague (1923–1933) with subsidiary institutions (Maturation courses, 1923–1930, and Reformed Gymnasium,1925–1945), could not ignore the figure of the legendary chieftain (otaman) Petro Ivanovych Kalnyshevsky (1691–1803) in their own educational courses. The study of Kalnyshevsky's times lasted 4 hours (2 lectures and 2 seminars) and three lessons per week. Therefore purposes of this article are to show the ways and forms of acquaintance of Ukrainian émigré students and schoolchildren with the legendary koshovyj Kalnyshevsky; substantiation of the number of hours allocated to the study of the history of Cossacks in general and Kalnyshevsky's period in particular; characteristics of the compilers of educational programs (M. S. Hrushevskyi, D. I. Doroshenko, M. A. Terletskyi, P. V. Fedenko). The methodological basis of the study is a historically-chronological approach based on concrete-historical, problem-chronological principles, principles of objectivity and integrity, as soon as on methods of analysis and synthesis. The scientific novelty of the study consists in coverage the g process of studying the figure and time of Otaman Petro Kalnyshevskyi by emigrant youth. Conclusions. Ukrainian High (Higher) Pedagogical Institute named after M. Drahomanov and its subsidiary institutions (Matriculation courses and Reformed gymnasium in Rzhevnytsia Modrzhany), which were founded on the territory of interwar Czechoslovaczczyna, became flagships of "non-dissolution"and "conversion to Ukrainianism", main centers for studying and teaching the true history of Ukraine. Ukrainian emigrants (both teachers and students, maturants, schoolchildren) perfectly understood that knowledge of history would allow them to resist enslavement even more powerfully and defend their right to independence. They realized that history is the key to the interpretation of important events of the past; reinterpreted instructive stories from the lives of ancestors; analyzed the activities of notable historical figures, in particular, the figure of the last otaman and koshovyi Petro Ivanovych Kalnyshevskyi (1691–1803). M.S. Hrushevsky corrected Kalnyshevsky's period in the curricula of historians, but it was popularized among students and graduates by D. I. Doroshenko and M. A. Terletskyi. 4 hours were allocated separately for the study of Kalnyshevsky's times - 2 lecture and 2 practical. High school graduates studied Kalnyshevsky's times in several lessons. But the students of the Reformed Gymnasium in Rzhevnytsy Modrzhany, studying the life and activities of Kalnyshevskyi of Kosh, helped to solve the so-called "regional conflict" in the 1930s. The young generation of Ukrainians, both from the Dnipro region and from Galychyna understood on the example of Kalnyshevskyi and the realities of the activities of the UVO in Galicia in 1930–1934, that they can only rely on their own strength and adhere to a balanced good-neighborly policy.

ESTABLISHMENT OF THE COMMAND CENTER OF THE UKRAINIAN MILITARY ORGANIZATION IN EMIGRATION

After the defeat of the Ukrainian National Revolution of 1917–1921, in fact the only force that was organized to continue the struggle for the revival of statehood on the Ukrainian lands occupied by the RSFSR and Poland became the Ukrainian Military Organization (until approximately 1924, the name Military Organization was used – VO) . This organization began to be formed by the command staff of the Sich Riflemen (Sichovykh strilʹtsiv) of the Army of the Ukrainian People's Republic. It is gradually being joined by veterans of UGA and public and political figures. The organizational center was concentrated in Lviv. The material basis initially became the saved funds of the Sichovykh strilʹtsiv, in parallel, financial support was established from Ukrainian emigration to the USA. The fall of 1920 – the fall of 1922 was the period of formation of the command structure, understanding between the founders, a certain even competition for dominance and promotion of their vision of the development of VO. It was difficult to establish cooperation with public and political organizations of Galicia, state centers of ZUNR and UNR. The challenge was the ideological basis. What are we fighting for in Galicia? For the revival of statehood only in Galicia or on all Ukrainian lands. The command of the VO managed to preserve the Sobornytsky principles of activity. In mid-October 1922, the killing of S. Tverdokhlib, a Ukrainian, by members of the Military Organization, for cooperating with the Polish authorities, caused a wave of arrests. In connection with this, the head of VO Yevhen Konovalets was also forced to emigrate. This became a new challenge for the organization, because it was necessary to start organizing the leadership of the Higher Education Institution on emigration and establishing funding. There was no desire to stop at what had been achieved in 1922, but on the contrary, there was a desire to continue the struggle. Financial aid from Ukrainian emigration to the USA became more and more difficult to obtain. Yevhen Konovalets applied to the leadership of ZUNR to receive emigrant funds for the struggle. He believed that VO has the right to these funds. The leadership of ZUNR agreed to allocate a part of the money received from Ukrainian emigration to the USA for VO. In 1923, Y. Petrushevich, whose activities were subsidized by the Soviet government, began to allocate a part of these funds to VO as well. This information is represented in the documents of the Soviet special services. Keywords Military organization, Yevhen Konovalets, ZUNR (WUPR), Yaroslav Chizh, Yevhen Petrushevich, Ukrainian emigration.

Informal Communication of Representatives of the Ukrainian Emigration of Interwar Czechoslovakia (1921–1939)

Informal communication in the Ukrainian emigration environment of the interwar Czechoslovak Republic is, first of all, rumours and gossips. Rumours and gossips are a special subtype of human communication that develops regardless of attitude toward it. Rumours and gossips are also a substantive phenomenon of the functioning of information. Rumours and gossips affect the self-expression of moods and public opinion. Rumours and gossips are a channel for controlling moods and public opinion. Rumours and gossips in the Ukrainian anti-Bolshevik emigration of the interwar Czechoslovak Republic were considered not only through the prism of different information, but also through different levels of communication, which marked own and others, helped them to adapt. If rumours were the most common channel of informal communication among the Ukrainian interwar Prague emigration, then gossips mainly concerned those who had pronounced hobbies, defects in appearance or behaviour.

THE GENRE OF ARRANGEMENT OF UKRAINIAN FOLK MELODIES IN THE PIANO WORKS OF VASYL BEZKOROVAINYI

The article is devoted to the piano heritage of Vasyl Bezkorovainyi, a composer, conductor, music and public figure, pianist-accompanist, whose work and creativity are forgotten and little known in Ukrainian musical culture. He was an active figure in the musical life of Galicia, founding music schools, choirs, and orchestras. Subsequently, since 1948, he worked fruitfully to popularize Ukrainian music among the postwar Ukrainian emigration to the United States. The article briefly discusses the need to revive the artist’s multi-genre heritage, which has come down to us in manuscript form in more than 360 works. The article describes the way Vasyl Bezkorovainyi’s archive was returned to his homeland, preserved and organized by his daughter Neonila and brought to Ukraine by her husband Yevhen Stetskiv. At the initiative of the composer’s relatives, Natalia and Bohdan Bezkorovainy, 2 volumes of the composer’s piano works were published in 2020. Among the one hundred and sixteen piano opuses, a significant part is occupied by the genre of arrangements of folk songs and samples of the calendar and ritual cycle. The selected exemplary pieces demonstrate a wide range of genre interests of the artist, and the studied musical, expressive, architectonic features reveal the stylistic foundations of Vasyl Bezkorovainyi’s piano heritage. It is noted that the piano compositions have artistic and pedagogical value. On the example of the analysis of a number of arrangements of folk songs and calendar and ritual samples, it is demonstrated how nationally specific expressive means and traditional European harmonic turns of the romantic direction form the linguistic and stylistic phenomenon of the artist. It is noted that for the composer, when working on folk melodies, it is not simplicity or complexity that is important, but compliance with the spirit of the folk song, the need to leave its harmonic, intonational and metrical basis intact. In terms of formation, we note national models and methods of developing thematic material based on the variant principle, improvisation, and the regulatory nature of structural constructions. Most of the compositions are dominated by two- and three-part forms. In the palette of stylistic features and linguistic expressive means, we observe a synthesis of the harmonic, harmonic, metrical principles of European music and the peculiarities of Ukrainian folklore, with the dominance of the latter.

«BETWEEN HISTORY AND POLITICS»: LIVING AND INTELLECTUAL SPACES OF THE UKRAINIAN EMIGRÉ HISTORIAN IVAN LYSIAK-RUDNYTSKYI (1919–1984)

The article informs that Ivan Lysiak-Rudnytskyi was born in the family of famous Ukrainian public and political figures Pavlo Lysiak and Milena Rudnytska. His childhood and youth were spent in Lviv, where he graduated from gymnasium and studied at the university. The outlook of the future historian and teacher was formed under the influence of the traditions of Western European liberalism. It is emphasised that I. Lysiak-Rudnytskiy always took part in public life. He collaborated with the Ukrainian Free Academy of Sciences and Arts in the USA and was an active member of the National Academy of Sciences and the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences in Canada. He also showed himself as a talented journalist. Throughout his life, he contributed to Ukrainian emigration periodical publications, in particular, the newspaper «Ukrainska Pravda» and the magazine «Zustrichi, he was also an employee of «Suchasnosti». Ivan Lysiak-Rudnytskiy is the author of about 200 scientific works on the new and modern history of Ukraine, the formation of the modern Ukrainian nation and Ukrainian political thought of the 19th and 20th centuries. The article analyzes such of his works as «Intellectual beginnings of new Ukraine» (1958), «The Fourth Universal and its ideological predecessors» (1968, 1977), «Notes on the problem of “historical” and “non-historical” nations» (1981), «The political opinion of Ukrainian sub-Soviet dissidents» (1981) and others. It was found that the historian expressed original opinions about the ancient and new history of Ukraine and put forward an original analytical scheme for Ukrainian nation-building. He substantiated the thesis about the «breaks», «dying and reviving» of the Ukrainian nation. At the same time, the researcher proposed to distinguish between the concept of the people as an ethnic unit and the nation as a political entity. The people are the basis for the formation of the nation. The scientist understood the content and essence of Ukrainian history as the interaction of the people and the nation. National revival of the 19th century. the scientist considered it as the beginning of the final, modern phase of the formation of the Ukrainian nation, after the princely and Cossack ones. It is noted that in his works, the professor demonstrated exceptional erudition in various humanitarian fields and examined the problems of the Ukrainian people’s past against the backdrop of world history, taking into account the methodological arsenal of Western historical science, which he masterfully possessed. It is stated that the philosophical depth and relevance of the topics, which balance «between history and politics», have assigned an important role to the works of I. Lysiak-Rudnytsky in historical science. Keywords Ivan Lysiak-Rudnytsky, historian-emigrant, publicist, educator.

ЛІТЕРАТУРНІ ВИДАННЯ МУРу: ІСТОРІЯ, ЗМІСТ, НАПРЯМ

The article analyzes the important literary publications of the Ukrainian Artistic Movement (MUR), devoted to artistic, literary-critical, art history issues (in particular, the collections "MUR", MUR's аlmanac, "Arсh"). The issues of history, content, and direction of these publications are investigated, each of which is considered as a kind of integrity and is considered in the context of the literary activity of the MUR. The historical, cultural and socio-political prerequisites of MUR's publications, their ideological and aesthetic foundations, and functions are clarified. It is argued that the MUR's literary projects reflect general culture and social moods and trends, ideological and aesthetic changes in the Ukrainian emigration literary process of the late 1940s, that these publications present the most important ideas and works of that time. It is noted that the priority of the three Collections of Literary and Artistic Issues "MUR" was programmatic, and the MUR аlmanac aimed to reflect artistic diversity of literary life, in particular stylistic. The main attention is devoted to the "Arch" as an outstanding and unique phenomenon in the history of Ukrainian literary and literary-critical thought, in particular, the history of its creation, changes in editorial policy are revealed, its assessments are recorder in the views of contemporaries. Periodicals published under the auspices of the MUR had a great influence on the cultural and literary process of the late 1940s, contributing, in particular, to the consolidation of creative efforts, the duration and continuity of Ukrainian modernists and Europeanists literary trends. Memoirs, letters, papers of the creators and members of the MUR, in particular, Yuri Sherekh (Shevelov), Ulas Samchuk, Gregory Kostyuk, Yuri Lavrinenko and other became the source base for the study.

ЗУСТРІЧ ІЗ ДВІЙНИКОМ: ФЕНОМЕН ДВІЙНИЦТВА У ПРОЗІ ЮРІЯ КОСАЧА, ІГОРЯ КОСТЕЦЬКОГО, ВІКТОРА ДОМОНТОВИЧА

The paper is devoted to the study of the artistic interpretation of the phenomenon of duality in Ukrainian emigration prose, in particular in the works of Yuri Kosach ("The Voice from afar"), Ihor Kostetsky ("The price of a human name"), and Viktor Domontovych ("The tamed haydamak"). The peculiarities of interpretation by Ukrainian émigré writers of the concepts of duality and double, their ideological content and autobiographical overtones are analyzed. Attention is focused on the creation of a system of double characters, the main artistic techniques used by the authors to depict the duality of man and the world as well as inter-textual parallels of the studied texts. Duality is considered in these texts both as a certain motive realized through understanding the phenomenon of duality of a person and the world, and as an artistic device that affects the organization of the work system (figurative, plot, composition). It is noted that in the texts under study, the phenomenon of duality, although it has distinctly romantic features, demonstrates new changes based on modernist artistic means and associated with the problem of identity. It is artistically expressed by such means as the principle of "polar mirroring", the interweaving of "external" and "internal" plots, the sleep as an artistic technique, the motif of the "mechanic man", etc. In the content of the works, it is realized thought an appeal to the theme of taboo, isolated and repressed memory (by Yuri Kosach), the question of name and biography (by Ihor Kostetsky), the problem of the integrity of the human personality (by Viktor Domontovych). It is argued that the phenomenon of duality turned out to be a fairly productive artistic model, which made it possible to identity significant contradictions in the human character and thinking, to realize the complexity and ambiguity of the world and the person in it, their interconnectedness and interdependence.

Початок Другої світової війни на шпальтах українського еміграційного тижневика «Тризуб»

The article presents the preconditions, causes, and outbreak of the Second World War through the eyes of correspondents of the Ukrainian emigration weekly “Тризуб” [Tryzub], which was published in Paris by the State Centre of the Ukrainian People’s Republic (the UPR Government in exile) in 1925–1940 and reflected its position, albeit unofficially. The article recreates a retrospective of the events leading up to the outbreak of the new world war from the perspective of the part of the emigration that recognised the UPR as the only legitimate Ukrainian statehood and shows their vision of how the war would affect Ukraine and the prospects for restoring its independence and potential role on the international stage during these tumultuous events.

Тема «злочинів Кремля» в пресі української еміграції (за матеріалами Юрія Лавріненка в часописі «Українські вісті»: Німеччина, 1945 – США, 1988)

The name of Yuriy Lavrinenko, the author of the anthology ―Shot Renaissance‖, is well known outside of Ukraine. And although he is most often associated with the literary studies, his political journalism as the journalist and the writer is no less important, which is especially visible in the example of his cooperation with the newspaper ―”Ukrainski Visti”/”Ukrainian News”. Therefore, the main research methodology was the analysis of this newspaper‘s publications. The objective of the article is to find out the role and the significance of Yuriy Lavrinenko‘s journalistic heritage on the pages of ―”Ukrainski Visti”/”Ukrainian News” in the social and political life of the Ukrainian emigration, to determine its problematic and thematic directions, the most important of which is the study of Russia‘s crimes against Ukraine, to highlight the truth about which, in particular thanks to his articles, became the mission – the task and the vocation – of the entire post-Soviet emigration after the Second World War. To realize this objective, more than one hundred publications of various genres were processed, their total number (133) was clarified, their bibliographic description was prepared for the first time, the thematic and genre diversity was determined, and finally, Yuriy Lavrinenko‘s contribution to the study of materials about the Kremlin crimes in Ukraine was outlined in the columns of the newspaper.

YEVHEN MALANYUK AND YURIY DARAGAN – FACTOLOGICAL OVERCOME OF THE MYTH ABOUT THE «FIRST» AND «SECOND» POETS OF EMIGRATION

Variants of the interpretation of the genesis of the theme of Ukrainian emigration poetry of 1920s and 1930s are revealed. For the first time, the main works of modern Ukrainian scientists who researched the specified problem are comprehensively analyzed. It has been asserted that the vast majority of literary critics associate the genesis of the topic of Ukrainian emigration poetry of the interwar period with the name of Yu. Daragan. At the same time, E. Malanyuk is considered the most prominent emigration poet. The opinion of one of the modern researchers is singled out, who drew attention to the tendency to somewhat simplistic praise of Yu. Daragan’s work, which is quite small in scope, in particular, his collection «Sagaidak». The comparative method and the method of factual verification proved that the book «Sagaidak» was not actually the first poetry collection printed in exile. It was noted that modern researchers, who called Yu. Daragan the first poet of the «Prague School», did not provide convincing facts for such a statement. Instead, they only used the rather subjective Євген Маланюк і Юрій Дараган – фактологічне подолання міфу ... 248 opinions of their predecessors, expressed in ideologically rather contradictory articles of the pre-war period. It has been established that the publication of the book «Sagaidak» was preceded by the publication of E. Malaniuk’s collection «Stiletto and Stylos». It was also revealed that the publication of the book «Stiletto and Stylus» by E. Malanyuk was met with reviews and articles by individual Ukrainian critics both in Ukraine and abroad. Instead, only M. Shapoval, who belonged to the same party (Socialist-Revolutionaries) as Yu. Daragan, published a review of the «Sagaidak» collection. It has been proven that the statement about Yu. Daragan as the first poet of emigration, who personally influenced the ideological and thematic direction of E. Malanyuk’s work, is just a literary myth. In fact, the facts indicate that it was E. Malanyuk who was the leading writer of Ukrainian emigration literature of the interwar period, even at the beginning of its formation Keywords: the genesis of the theme of Ukrainian emigration poetry of the 1920s –1930s , the collection of E. Malanyuk «Stylet and Stylos», the collection of Y. Daragan «Sagaidak», «Prague School», «visnykivstvo»

КРОНИ ТА ІНОЗЕМНА ВАЛЮТА В ГАМАНЦЯХ УКРАЇНСЬКИХ ЕМІГРАНТІВ МІЖВОЄННОЇ ЧЕХОСЛОВАЧЧИНИ (1918–1939)

The aim of the study. Characteristics of the Czechoslovak and Austrian krones, the German mark, the Polish zloty, the American dollar, and the Soviet ruble (chervinets) as the main currencies in interwar Czechoslovaczczyna; their «presence» in the wallets of Ukrainian emigrants. The research methodology is based on the principles of specifically historical, problematically chronological, objectivity and integrity and on the use of methods of analysis and synthesis. The scientific novelty consists in description the official bank exchange rates of the Czechoslovak, Austrian krone, Polish zloty, German «golden» mark and Reichsmark, and the Soviet Ruble-Chervonets in relation to the American dollar, the acquisition of one or another currency of the gold standard. Conclusions. In 1918 - 1925 and 1923 - 1939 both Austrian and Czechoslovak crones were in circulation on the territory of the First Republic of Czechs and Slovaks. The koruna česká was most desired in the wallets of the «Prague Ukrainians». In the interwar CzSR banknotes in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1,000, and 5,000 krones were in circulation. They were printed in Prague. Among the coins, geler denominations of 5, 10, 20, and 50 were common. The coins were minted in the town of Kremnica (Eastern Slovaczczyna). At first, from 1918 to 1925, Austrian crowns prevailed on the territory of the Czechoslovak Republic. After the collapse of Austro-Hungary Czechoslovaczczyna assumed the role of stabilizer of the Austrian crone. In 1918 - 1921, one Czechslovak crone was worth six Austrian crones (1:6). In 1921 - 1923, one Czechoslovak crone was equal to fourteen Austrian crowns (1:14). In 1924-1925 the correlation crones was 1:60. After 1925 the Austrian krone was completely withdrawn from Czechoslovak monetary circulation. The formation of the Czechoslovak krone took place in 1923. Since the Czechoslovak krone did not have a gold standard until 1929, it was «pegged» to the American dollar. In 1923 - 1935 the ratio of the Czechoslovak crone to the American dollar was 100:2.96 (100:3). The ratio of the «golden» German mark to the American dollar in 1921 was 75:1. In 1924, the Reichsmark was put into circulation in Germany in order to overcome hyperinflation. Until 1936, the Reichsmark did not have a gold standard, so its exchange rate against the American dollar in 1924 was ̶ 4 Reichsmarks 20 pfennigs for 1 American dollar. In 1924 - 1936 one Reichsmark «rose» in price to ten crones (1:10). As for the Polish zloty, there is no reliable information about its correlation to the Czechoslovak crown in the interwar period. We have the bank rate of the Polish zloty on the eve of the Second World War (from January to August 1939): 10.57:100. Until 1922, together with the Soviet ruble, there was a Chervonets in international currency circulation, which had 7.74234 g of pure gold in the gold standard, which corresponded to the pre-revolutionary gold coin with a denomination of 10 ruble. In 1923, the Chervonets strengthened its position and the minting of Chervonets coins of the appropriate weight (the so-called «Seeder») began. This Chervonets was used for settlements with European countries. And this is what changed the international authority of the Soviet currency. Until 1925, Chervonets wos in demand on international exchanges, but in 1927 their minting was stopped. In the same year 1927, it was forbidden to import and export Chervonets outside the USSR. In 1922 - 1924, one Soviet Chervonets equaled two American dollars and twenty cents (1:2.20). From 1925 to 1928, the ratio of the Chervonets to the dollar was slightly lower - 1:1.94. Since 1928, the Chervonets was completely removed from international circulation, and the Soviet ruble remained unconverted. According to the data of the State Bank of the USSR in 1936, 5 Soviet rubles and 6 kopecks were equal to 1 American dollar in calculations through the Swiss franc.

Cultural and Historical Heritage in the Interpretations and Understanding of Ukrainian Humanities Scholars

The article is dedicated to the publication of Diariusz by Pylyp Orlyk. The Warsaw edition of 2021 has updated this historical figure not only as a statesman who has not stop his aspirations in exile and therefore becomes the founder of Ukrainian emigration in Europe. But also as a writer, the author of a literary work, known essentially as his Diariusz, one of the largest in the history of world literature. The edition includes the notes from 1725–1726, when the hetman has been in exile in Thessaloniki. He has found himself finally after the destruction of Zaporozhian Sich by Moscow troops in 1709. Valentyna Sobol, a well-known researcher of ancient Ukrainian literature, has deciphered and read these pages of the Diary by the persecuted hetman from Old Polish for the first time. So, the Warsaw Diariusz has been published in the original language, as well as with inset-letters in the other languages: Latin, Old Ukrainian, Turkish and French. A wide circle of the correspondents, including monarchs and politicians, who have shared the hetman’s desire to create an anti-Russian coalition, shows how actively and from whom he seeks support in his effort to restore Ukrainian statehood. His eldest son Hryhorii, like his father, has been changing cities and states, fleeing from Moscow agents hunting for Mazepa followers around the world. The son has supported his father’s cause. He has become a diplomat. At the same time, the Diary of Pylyp Orlyk is a very emotional document. The Zaporozhian Hetman in exile has entrusted the paper with not only his visions of a restored Cossack state, but also painful thoughts about the fate of his homeland. He has been waiting to meet his son impatiently and anxiously. Hryhorii has come to him incognito. The Hetman has left especially poetic lines about it. This fact makes his work a prominent phenomenon of the late baroque. Reading from the manuscript and publishing the entire text of Diaryusz, containing over 3,000 pages, as well as its translation into Ukrainian is an important task.

ЕМІГРАЦІЯ ЯК ЛІТЕРАТУРНИЙ СЮЖЕТ У НОВІТНІЙ УКРАЇНСЬКІЙ ПРОЗІ: ХУДОЖНІЙ ДОСВІД ТАНІ МАЛЯРЧУК

The article is devoted to the topic of emigration in modern Ukrainian literature. It is noted that its various variants - motives for departure, actions, deeds, psychology of migrants, their achievements and illusions were artistically interpreted in the latest Ukrainian prose, most often in the novel genre (the works of Irene Rozdobudko "Morning cleaner", 2004, "I know, what do you know, what I know", 2011, V. Eshkilieva "Paphos", 2002, Natalka Doliak "Gastarbaiterka", 2012, Natalky Snyadanko "Frau Müller is not ready to pay more", Irena Karpa "Good news from the Aral Sea", 2019, A. Chapaia "We have arrived”, 2015, Olga Slonivska "Lost in Time", 2018, as well as the British writer of Ukrainian origin, Maryna Levytska "Two vans", 2008, "A short history of tractors in Ukrainian", 2013, and others). Similar topics and issues are raised by Tanya Malyarchuk in another genre format - in the story "Frogs in the Sea" (2019), written in German and awarded the Austrian Ingeborg Bachmann Literary Prize. For this, the author chooses a "plot of external displacement" (Olena Romanenko), focusing on the fate of two lonely, abandoned people from different worlds - a Ukrainian emigrant Petro and an aristocratic Viennese Frau. In the development of the plot, the writer combines external (life without a passport in a foreign country, violation of the law, constant desire to be unnoticed, to do the dirtiest work) and internal (reflections on one's own life) conflicts, focuses on the loss of the usual coordinate system by the main character - not only in a foreign country, but also in the homeland, where no one is waiting for him - neither his mother nor his lover. Therefore, with the help of the symbol that was included in the title of the work (frogs in the sea), intertextual elements (allusions to the image of smoke in the poetry of Lesya Ukrainka, the images of Natalka and Peter from I. Kotlyarevsky's drama Natalka Poltavka) the author, starting from the theme of emigration, raises essential, common human problems: about the meaning of human life, about love as the highest measure of humanity, about the inevitability of time, about a person's right to choose and responsibility for it.

The life Zigzags of the Ukrainian revolutionary, lawyer and writer Grigory Pirhavko (1883—1937)

The author refers to the life, struggle and creativity of his grandfather Grigory I. Pirhavko, a figure of the Ukrainian national and political movement of the second and third plan, whose fate was typical of his like-minded people. The author has partially reconstructed his biography based on the identification of both published written sources (including Ukrainian emigrant periodicals) and available archival materials and oral memoirs of relatives.