Typology Of Errors Research Articles

JOURNAL CLUB: Radiology Report Addenda: A Self-Report Approach to Error Identification, Quantification, and Classification

The purpose of this study was to analyze report addenda to assess the self-reported error rate in radiologic study interpretation, the types of errors that occur, and the distribution of error by image modality. Addenda to all diagnostic radiology reports were compiled over a 1-year period (n = 5568). The overall error rate was based on addenda frequency relative to the total number of studies performed. Addenda written over the most recent 2-month interval (n = 851) were classified into five major categories of predominant error type: underreading, overreading, poor communication, insufficient history, and poor technique. Each category was further divided into multiple subtypes. Diagnostic studies at our hospital had an error rate of 0.8%. Errors of poor communication occurred most frequently (44%), followed by underreading (7%), insufficient history (21%), overreading (8%), and poor technique (1%). Analyzed by imaging modality, most errors occurred in PET (19.45 per 1000 studies), followed by MRI (13.86 per 1000 studies) and CT (12.45 per 1000 studies). Through the use of report addenda to calculate error, discrepancy between individual radiologists is removed in a reproducible and widely applicable way. This approach to error typology eliminates sample bias and in a departure from previous analyses of difficult cases shows that errors of communication are most frequent, representing a clear area for targeted improvement.

Utracone w tłumaczeniu – o problemach z tłumaczeniem nazw potraw z języka polskiego na język niemiecki

In this paper a typology of translation errors from Polish into German is presented. The basis for the analysis are Polish names of dishes translated into German; examples of such translations can be found on the menus of Wroclaw restaurants. The point of departure for our considerations is Hejwowski’s approach (2006). It was possible to distinguish additional types of errors due to their diversity. In our article we indicated types of errors occurring in the translation of culinary names and areas which must be taken into account in such translations.

Linguistic Quality Review: A Case Study

This article describes the approach to quality measurement of human translation and measuring translator performance at VMware, a virtualization software company. The article focuses on the creation of a browser-based review environment using error typology combined with sampling and performance trends.

The development of an error typology to assess translation from English into Korean in class

One of the urgent issues in translation studies is how to identify a good translation, which is inevitably related to its assessment. Various approaches have been introduced to deal with these issues, and while all of them should be considered as important variables, it would be impossible to use all of them in developing an assessment method, which can be applied to all types of translation.<p>Under these circumstances, this paper is designed to show the procedure of the development of an error typology to assess translations from English into Korean for students in translation programs. To do this, studies done in translation assessment and error typologies until now have been presented, and an error typology consisting of four categories: (a) causes of errors, (b) types of errors; (c) results of errors; (d) significance of errors has been developed. Since it is an on-going project, the next step will be to apply it to data to verify its effectiveness.<p>

A Spanish learner oral corpus for computer-aided error analysis

This paper describes the collection of a semi-spontaneous spoken corpus of learners of Spanish from more than nine different mother tongues. The corpus was tagged to conduct a computer-aided error analysis. In addition, the corpus was used to develop a computer-based tool that has practical pedagogical applications (e.g., to train teachers of Spanish). The interface is available online to allow teachers and linguists to consult the data. This paper explains the methodology I followed to gather the data. First, I consider the data collection method and the corpus design. Secondly, the transcription conventions and the XML tags used to code learners' metadata and their errors. Thirdly, the article explains the criteria used to mark oral production errors and the error typology. I then consider the design, development and evaluation of the corpus search tool. Lastly, some pedagogical applications are put forward. The conclusions and limitations of the project are outlined in the final section.

Convegno Congiunto Sezione di Etica e RadiologiaForense – Gruppo Regionale Puglia

On September 26–27, 2013, two sub-committees of the Italian Society of Radiology – the Committee of Ethics and the Committee of Forensic Radiology – organized a joint conference for their members in the region of Puglia in the South of Italy (Fig. 1). The congress was held in the picturesque town of Lucera, just a few kilometers south of the provincial capital Foggia. The meeting itself took place in a beautiful historic theater the Teatro Garibaldi, complete with red velvet seats, elegant loges, and a heavy curtain framing the stage from where the speakers were lecturing. There were approximately 150 attendees at this meeting. The congress was divided in three principal sessions: postmortem forensic imaging, aspects of medical liability insurance, and aspects of the radiologist’s responsibilities and risks in litigation. Although aspects of ethics and forensics are important elements of the daily work of clinical radiologists, post-mortem imaging is rarely performed in Italy. Therefore, the congress committee had invited a number of speakers from Switzerland, Germany, and France to lecture on post-mortem imaging. These lectures covered various topics, including the role of crosssectional imaging in forensic death investigations, post-mortem computed-tomography angiography, post-mortem magnetic resonance imaging, and the role of the radiographer in forensic imaging. The reception of these invited lectures revealed that there radiologic community is very interested in this emerging subspecialty. The second and third sessions reflected how the growing risk of civil or criminal prosecution affects the work of clinical radiologist in Italy. During the second sessions, there were lectures on the typology of radiologic errors, challenges related to mammography screening, and difficulties regarding malpractice insurance. The last session of the congress was focused on practical aspects of legal challenges in clinical radiology. There were lectures on how to and what to communicate in a radiology report, risks and responsibilities related to imaging, professional responsibilities and risks of both radiologists in training and board certified radiologists, and how to learn from errors. In addition, the final session also included an unusual lecture on violence against radiologists. Overall, the congress was interesting and provided a comprehensive overview over diverse aspects of ethics and forensics in radiology. In addition, the social program of the meeting included an excellent dinner and provided ample opportunity for discussion. The activities of the ISFRI are currently focused on postmortem forensic imaging but it is important not to forget that other forensic aspects of radiology, such as professional risks and responsibilities related to liability do affect all radiologists and might also prove to be an interesting topic for ISFRI in the future.

Análise dos erros apresentados por adultos iletrados ao longo de um programa informatizado de ensino de leitura e escrita

The typology of errors presented by children in the acquisition of reading and writing has been widely explored. Error analyses allow inferring sources of behavior control throughout the learning process and are an important tool for improving programs that teach reading and writing. Nevertheless, few studies have explored the types of errors made by illiterate adults. This is a descriptive study aiming to identify and analyze the errors made by adults participating in the process of learning to read and write using a computerized teaching program. The purpose was to evaluate the adequacy of the program and to point out whether there is a need to develop specific procedures for this population. Fifteen adults were individually submitted to the program, which comprises a sequence of teaching steps and assessments (pre and post-tests and intermediate tests). Errors made by the students were categorized and analyzed according to categories described in the literature as well as new ones created specifically for this study. The data show a high concentration of errors in some categories, particularly for the first teaching module, with partial indication of error type specificity for the population in focus. This study also shows the participants' difficulties in writing (construction spelling task), requiring improvement of the computerized program when applied to adult literacy.

Application of human error theories for the process improvement of Requirements Engineering

Problems with the structuring and execution of the Requirements Engineering (RE) process can lead to project failure. As the involved activities are essentially human and subjective, the importance of the human factor must be considered. The possible correlation between human errors and the problems that may occur in the RE process is explored in this paper in order to propose a process improvement approach, which applies the theories of human error to build an expert system for automated diagnosis of problems. This approach starts by assessing the importance of individual types of human errors in different contexts using questionnaires to extract knowledge from RE practitioners. A method for managing the priorities of solutions to improve a given process is then proposed and a prototype application is implemented for evaluation with practitioners. The activities with RE practitioners also provide data that are used to construct and evaluate estimators of the presence of human errors and the affected phases of the RE process. Most of the volunteering participants agree that knowledge of error typologies may help to improve their processes to avoid problems.

Analysis of the typology of errors in French's pronunciation by Arabs and proposition for the phonetic correction: Based on the Younes's research paper

Analysis of the typology of errors in French's pronunciation by Arabs and proposition for the phonetic correction: Based on the Younes's research paper

A corpus-based error typology: towards a more objective approach to measuring quality in localization

This paper examines current localization quality assessment through a product-based analysis of error typologies and the role they play in producing reliable and valid measurements. In order to provide a more objective foundation for localization quality, the methodology used is based on a monolingual comparable corpus of original and localized Spanish corporate websites. The contrastive analysis of this corpus highlighted recurrent inadequacies that are difficult to control with current evaluation metrics and, as a result, a comprehensive error categorization for localization is presented. It incorporates certain aspects, such as pragmatic errors, that are absent in current testing instruments used in the industry. In order to observe whether this typology can provide a more holistic and valid approach, it is applied to a case study that measures the errors in a localized Spanish website from one of the largest US companies. The results shed some light onto the shortcomings of current Quality Analysis practices and illustrate the benefits of adopting a bottom-up corpus approach in quality assessment. The wider implications for testing practices in localization are also described.

Education and Language: Errors in English Language and their Remedies

Problem Statement: The current study tries to investigate the nature and typology of errors that primary school pupils in Nembure Division, Embu County, Kenya make in the acquisition of English as a second language. Primary school learners of English as a second language are prone to making numerous errors. This is worrying because good performance in English in Kenya and the world enhances a learner’s choice of prestigious careers especially those that strictly consider English as a special requirement. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate the nature and typology of errors made by second language learners of English in Nembure Division and to suggest remedies to these errors. Methods: A written task in the form of a composition was administered to collect data from 182 class seven pupils. Findings and Results: The results revealed that learners make many errors in the area of spelling and phonetics. Conclusion and Recommendations: Learners make many errors in the process of acquiring English as a second language. The study recommends that English language teachers isolate errors from the learners’ work and give individualized attention to those learners’ with unique problems; that English language teachers categorize the errors that learners make and address them from that perspective; that teachers give spelling exercises to the learners frequently, and that the Kenya National Examination Council (KNEC) should consider starting an oral examination for pupils in primary schools. This will encourage the pupils to improve their spoken and consequently their written language.

Analysis of errors in the automatic translation of questions for translingual QA systems

Purpose – This study aims to focus on the evaluation of systems for the automatic translation of questions destined to translingual question‐answer (QA) systems. The efficacy of online translators when performing as tools in QA systems is analysed using a collection of documents in the Spanish language.Design/methodology/approach – Automatic translation is evaluated in terms of the functionality of actual translations produced by three online translators (Google Translator, Promt Translator, and Worldlingo) by means of objective and subjective evaluation measures, and the typology of errors produced was identified. For this purpose, a comparative study of the quality of the translation of factual questions of the CLEF collection of queries was carried out, from German and French to Spanish.Findings – It was observed that the rates of error for the three systems evaluated here are greater in the translations pertaining to the language pair German‐Spanish. Promt was identified as the most reliable translato...

Toward understanding errors in inpatient psychiatry: a qualitative inquiry.

While prior research has identified the impact, nature, and causes of medical error in general medical settings, little is known about errors in inpatient psychiatry. Understanding the broad range of errors that occur in inpatient psychiatry is a critical step toward improving systems of care for a vulnerable patient population. An explorative qualitative analysis of key informant interviews identified a preliminary typology of errors and the contextual factors that precipitate them in inpatient psychiatry. The types of errors and their contextual factors fall broadly within the rubric of categories identified in medicine and surgery. However, many of the specific errors and contextual factors manifest themselves differently and are shaped by the uniqueness of the inpatient psychiatric setting and patient population. Interventions geared toward improving systems of care for psychiatric patients should draw on best practices for safety in medicine and surgery, but also be complemented with new strategies specifically tailored to the inpatient psychiatric setting.

How significant is human error as a cause of privacy breaches? An empirical study and a framework for error management

Privacy breaches and their regulatory implications have attracted corporate attention in recent times. An often overlooked cause of privacy breaches is human error. In this study, we first apply a model based on the widely accepted GEMS error typology to analyze publicly reported privacy breach incidents within the U.S. Then, based on an examination of the causes of the reported privacy breach incidents, we propose a defense-in-depth solution strategy founded on error avoidance, error interception, and error correction. Finally, we illustrate the application of the proposed strategy to managing human error in the case of the two leading causes of privacy breach incidents. This study finds that mistakes in the information processing stage constitute the most cases of human error-related privacy breach incidents, clearly highlighting the need for effective policies and their enforcement in organizations.

Is There a Distinct Form of Developmental Dyslexia in Children With Specific Language Impairment?

The aim of this study was to identify quantitative and qualitative differences between the reading and writing skills of children with developmental dyslexia and those of dyslexic children with a specific language impairment (SLI). It is suggested that although the etiology of developmental dyslexia and SLI may be diverse, dyslexic children with SLI and their language-intact peers are comparable on a behavioral level. Three groups of second-grade children were compared on reading and writing tests with single words and nonwords: 15 dyslexic children with a history of SLI (SLI group), 15 dyslexic children with a typical pattern of language development (non-SLI group), and a control group of 30 children with no clinical history of learning disabilities or communication disorders. Analysis of the results revealed the performances of both SLI and non-SLI dyslexic groups to be comparable in terms of speed, accuracy, and error typology. This study confirms that there are parallels between dyslexic children with language disorders and their dyslexic peers with intact language skills, at least in terms of their performance on reading and writing tests.

SNOMED CT - advances in concept mapping, retrieval, and ontological foundations. Selected contributions to the Semantic Mining Conference on SNOMED CT (SMCS 2006).

SNOMED CT - advances in concept mapping, retrieval, and ontological foundations. Selected contributions to the Semantic Mining Conference on SNOMED CT (SMCS 2006).

Évaluation de la qualité de la traduction automatique franco-polonaise—Typologie des erreurs

This paper evaluates the performance of Translator jêzyka francuskiego , a French-Polish translator program, edited by Kompas in 2001. Articles from French papers were selected for translation by the program according to the domain they represented, i.e., computer science, biology and law. The quality of their translation was evaluated on the basis of predefined criteria of comprehensibility and faithfulness. This study establishes an error typology reflecting three levels of the analysis made by the program during the translation process of each lexical unit present in the French articles. In order to perform a correct translation, the program has to first recognize a unit as either simple or complex, and next assign to it a grammatical function and meaning. Since errors can appear at each level, our typology reflects all these stages and we can classify all the incorrectly translated lexical units according to their semantic value and the grammatical functions they assume. Our investigation has allowed us to distinguish the following groups of the incorrectly translated lexical units: complex lexical units recognised by the program as simple ones, simple polysemous lexical units, and idiomatic expressions. Each of these groups consists of a few subgroups that correspond to the grammatical categories such as pronouns, articles or prepositions.

FipsOrtho: A spell checker for learners of French

This paper presents FipsOrtho, a spell checker targeted at learners of French, and a corpus of learners’ errors which has been gathered to test the system and to get a sample of specific language learners’ errors. Spell checkers are a standard feature of many software products, however they are not designed for specific language learners’ errors. After a brief review of the state of the art, we describe the system’s architecture and interfaces. Then we describe our error typology and detail the techniques used to retrieve words and to order proposals appropriately: alphacode, phoneticization, ad-hoc, capitalization, apostrophe, and word separation error methods. Proposals are sorted by a score depending on the method(s) used to retrieve them, on the expected lexical category, gender, number and person, and on the string proximity with the unknown word. Then the test results are presented: a list of individual words containing errors was submitted to the alphacode and phoneticization methods; a corpus of authentic learners’ errors was gathered and analyzed. Finally we conclude the paper with some limitations of the system and ideas for future research.

Decreasing errors in pediatric continuous intravenous infusions*

To evaluate the effect of a Web-based calculator and decision-support system on infusion ordering errors and to estimate error frequency in pharmacy infusion preparation. Data on ordering error frequency and typology were collected before and after implementation of an online infusion ordering system. Data on pharmacy preparation errors of infusions were collected. A children's hospital at an academic medical center. None. Data were abstracted from infusion orders. Introduction of a voluntary-use Web-based calculator into infusion ordering workflow. Observation only. Number and type of errors in handwritten and calculator-generated orders. Number and type of errors in pharmacy infusion preparation. Before calculator deployment, 129 sequential handwritten infusion orders were collected over 5 weeks. After deployment, of 162 sequential infusion orders, 88% (142) were calculator-generated. Calculator-generated infusion orders contained 83% fewer (p < .001) orders containing one or more errors than handwritten orders. Calculator-generated orders contained no high-risk errors (incorrect decimal, dose, or unit of measure) when compared with handwritten orders and were associated with fewer pharmacy interventions. In 118 sequential pharmacy infusion preparations over 4 wks, there were no errors observed. A Web-based calculator reduced significantly the total number of errors and eliminated all high-risk errors in the prescribing process for continuous pediatric infusions. With no observed errors in pharmacy preparation, this study provides data to support the use of computerized ordering as an independent safe and viable method for ordering continuous pediatric infusions.

A Critical Review of the Terminology and Taxonomies Used in the Literature on Lexical Errors

This paper is a critical review of the terminology and the different taxonomies in the field of lexical errors. We intend to bring some order to the terminological and classificatory chaos in the field of lexical errors by analyzing, comparing, and systematizing the different terms and classifications. We will begin with a discussion of the role of vocabulary in communication, as an academic predictor, and of the severity of lexical errors as communication distractors. Then, we turn to the inconsistencies in terminology and typology of lexical errors in the literature on vocabulary acquisition and lexical errors. These inconsistencies in terminology and taxonomies are due to the lack of a common definition for the term “lexical error”. And furthermore, they are a cause of disorder and chaos in the field of vocabulary acquisition research and they have important academic and pedagogic consequences.