Typological Model Research Articles

GRAMMATICALIZATION PATHS AND CHAOS: DETERMINISM AND UNPREDICTABILITY OF THE SEMANTIC DEVELOPMENT OF VERBAL CONSTRUCTIONS (PART 3 – CHAOS IN GRAMMATICALIZATION)

This paper demonstrates that by applying Chaos Theory to the modelling of the evolution of verbal forms and verbal systems, it is possible to view classical grammaticalization paths as universal, and align this deterministic assumption with the unpredictability of concrete grammatical developments. The author argues that such an explanation is possible because traditional grammaticalization paths do not represent realistic cases of grammatical evolutions, but rather correspond to abstract and non-realistic deterministic laws which codify the order of the incorporation of new meanings to the semantic potential of a gram. Therefore, from a synchronic perspective, they can be used to represent the semantic potential of a form as a map or a state. In contrast, a realistic development emerges as a trajectory connecting such maps or states. Consequently, the cross-linguistic typological model of realistic evolutionary processes of a certain type corresponds to a state-space – it is a cluster of all possible trajectories the grams of a certain class can travel. This article – the second of series of three papers – will deal with a principled application of Chaos Theory to linguistics and with a new alternative interpretation of paths postulated by Path Theory.

Журнал «Товарищ» (1911/12 г.): опыт разработки типологической модели издания для учащейся молодежи в журналистике Томска начала XX в.

Журнал «Товарищ» (1911/12 г.): опыт разработки типологической модели издания для учащейся молодежи в журналистике Томска начала XX в.

Typological and constructive transformations of spatial structures in Mexico: The Sports Palace for the XIX Olympics

The spatial structures have shown a great development through the years, mainly in the middle of the twentieth century in the post-war world, to become a constructive solution which gives lightness and stiffness, achieving longer spans and reducing energy and material consumptions. In Mexico City, the Sports Palace was completed in 1968 to become a landmark of Mexican architecture and an example of a low-cost lightweight dome. This paper shows the influences and geometric foundations of its design, development and typological transformations of the crossed arches, the final constructive solution of structural elements and the materials used in its construction, turning the material, the geometry as a structural typological solution, and the use of constructive and structural elements of previously used typologies into solutions to form new types, where Felix Candela uses the hyperbolic paraboloid employing new materials and applying geometry for the structural typological development of the shape of the Sports Palace achieving a dome which would become a typological model of international architecture.

DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS OF SUPRACRUSTAL METASEDIMENTARY SEQUENCE AND POSSIBLE MODEL FOR ZINC MINERALIZATION OF RIO CLARO AREA, RIO DE JANEIRO STATE (BRAZIL)

This work focuses on Neoproterozoic supracrustal rocks related to Andrelandia megasequence, which are superimposed on the basis represented by neoarchean granulites and palaeoproterozoic ortogneiss, in order to define palaeoenvironments of deposition of metasedimentary rocks and typological model of zinc mineralization of Rio Claro, Rio de Janeiro State, SE of Brazil. Three stratigraphic units in the area were considered for the studies: Valadao, Sao Roque and Lidice. Valadao unit was divided into three subunits: psamitic, psamitic / pelitic and pelitic. On the whole, it represents a turbiditic sequence influenced by underwater hydrothermal exhalations that led to the formation of quartzite with magnetite, considered as banded iron formations. Sao Roque Unit is composed of four subunits (Sao Roque I, II, III and IV) and presents a typical pattern of deposition of low energy environments, in marine deep basins. Gondite, coticules levels and (Mn)-almandine present in the local gneiss mark the manganese exalative contribution in that unit. Lidice unit has different sedimentation palaeoenvironments and is subdivided into Lidice I, II and III. Lidice subunits I and II exhibit quartzite interleaved with pelitic rocks and graphite gneiss, suggesting deposition in deeper environments of the basin, probably related to turbidity currents. In Lidice III subunit, more carbonated and with more quartz, limestone quartzite stand out, which enclose mineralized zones, reflecting depositional environment in shallow platform, possibly involving evaporitic environment, sabkha type. Sulfite mineralization of Rio Claro, associated with platformal rocks intensely metamorphosed and deformed, as well as its local geological context, features similarities with sedimentary exhalative deposits (SEDEX) Zn-Pb-Ag model, Shuswap and Monashee type, present in Monashee and Shuswap Complexes of British Columbia in Canada.

Locating gendered work practices: a typology

PurposeUnequal workplace gender outcomes continue to motivate research. Using the prism of work-life-(im)balance, the purpose of this paper is to show how identity salience and motivation contribute to a subject position that for many reproduces socially gendered practices of workplaces.Design/methodology/approachAfter initial inductive computer-assisted text analysis, the authors innovatively move to deductively analyse data from focus group and semi-structured interviews of 18 female and 19 male Australian managers in the financial and government sectors.FindingsThe authors find that a gendered sense of reflexivity is virtually non-existent among the female Australian managers and professionals interviewed in this research. The inductive stage of critical discourse analysis revealed a substantial difference between men and women in two concepts, responsibility, and choice. These form the axes of the typological model to better explain how non-reflexive gendered workplace practices are “performed”.Practical implicationsThis empirical research provides a foundation for understanding the role of choice and responsibility in work-home patterns for women.Social implicationsThe absence of a reflexive gender-based understanding of women’s work-home choice is explained in Bourdieusian terms.Originality/valueBy not specifically using a gender lens, the authors have avoided the stereotypical understanding of gendered workplaces.

Topos sprawcy i ofiary w utworze Christy Wolf Wzorce dzieciństwa i Tadeusza Borowskiego Muzyka w Herzenburgu. Wokół rozliczeń z II wojną światową w literaturze niemieckiej i polskiej

The paper presents a comparative study of Polish and German literature concerning the Second Word War. Christa Wolf’s Patterns of Childhood and Tadeusz Borowski’s Music in Herzenburg were analysed. The author chose the typological model of comparative literature. The article highlights the differences in war experiences present in Polish and German memories. A lot of attention is given to the topoi of the offenders and victims, which have changed over the last few decades. The plots of both texts are briefly outlined. The issue in question was discussed by Wolf and Borowski in difficult political conditions. Both writers attempted at confronting themselves and their generations with the Nazi era and raising the issue of Polish and German collective memory. In some way, Borowski and Wolf were precursors of the discussion of the attitudes towards the responsibility for the War crimes. Christa Wolf does not lie about the times of National Socialism and does not remain silent about the responsibility of the so-called Mitlaufer . She also aims at fighting the myth of “good” East Germans and “bad” West Germans. Borowski, in turn, tries to improve German-Polish relations undermined by the difficult experiences of the 20th century.

Fashion Consumers’ Purchase Decision-Making Styles Related to the Enneagram Core Values and Self-Construal Levels

This study investigated a conceptual framework of fashion consumers` purchase decision-making styles related to behavioral typology of personality. In response to critiques on fragmented and varied use of personality measurements, this study selectively tested and verified an alternative typological model of Enneagram value systems and self-construal levels that could explain the fashion consumers` typological propensities in purchase decision-making. One hundred-item measurement scale for the fashion consumers` purchase decision-making styles was developed based on the extensive literature. Three groups of fashion major students, a total of 107 participants, who respectively participated in 2-hour-long Enneagrams seminars from spring 2013 to fall 2014, were asked to re-sentence the question items to clearly reflect their Enneagram personality to make purchase decisions. Participants described their propensities in their own words about the most comfortable state during the 5-step processes of the purchase decision making process. The revised scale was distributed to 423 participants in January 2016, and the results verified the group differences in various styles in the process of purchase decision-making corresponding to the typological variables discussed in Enneagram. The correlation between Enneagram core values embodied by fashion consumers during the stages of purchase decision-making in extensive levels of self-construal were verified in the context of their fashion decision making. This study found the possibility of the typological approach toward Enneagram types of personality to be applicable to explain and predict peculiar facets of fashion consumers` purchase decision-making styles.

Los criptopórticos en los foros hispanorromanos: ¿Una arquitectura necesaria?

We analyse here the presence of criptoportica in the Hispano‐Roman forum architecture, considering the different sites where it is possible to see these structures. Through these cases, we are going to try to establish if they fit the typological models proposed by E. M. Luschin. We are also going to study how the topography has an impact on the construction of these ensembles, and to establish if it was a necessary architecture for the development of the Hispano‐ Roman fora. In addition, we are going to analyse which sort of buildings were situated in the upper stage of the substructure, in order to establish parallelisms between the different ensembles.

Caracterización tipológica del espacio edificado de las casas de corredor. El caso de las ciudadelas del casco histórico de La Habana y las corralas madrileñas

In this article, some of the results obtained from an investigation aiming to characterize the different models that in Spain and Spanish America developed from original “corridor houses” are presented. This research aims to design valid solutions allowing the adaptation of these houses to habitability current criteria. Specifically, results obtained from the characterization resulting from: date of building, dimensions and shape, and type of the yard and its relationship with corridors in 286 “corridor houses” in Embajadores neighborhood, in Madrid, and 213 so called “ciudadelas” inside the Historic Centre in Havana, are presented. As a conclusion, great coincidences have been found in both of the models. So that, it can be said that this is about a typological model, characteristic of ancient and popular neighborhoods, with such a high presence that it turns out impossible to explain the urban weave without considering their fundamental role in “filling” blocks.

The Role of Embedded Individual Values, Belief and Attitudes and Spiritual Capital in Shaping Everyday Postsecular Organizational Culture

This paper investigates the values, beliefs and attitudes (VBA) held by individual employees within business environments which motivate and shape behavior in the workplace, and the extent to which VBA reveal roots and drivers linked to spiritual capital (and associated capitals). Building on early authorial work (Baker, Stokes, Lichy, Atherton, 2011), and referring to literature from theology and religion, as well as business organization and management, the paper discusses the critical and dialectical relationship between different forms of capital (for example, social, human, economic), modernistic, ‘hard’ cultures and issues of managerialism and alternative critical, ‘soft’ frameworks and sources of ethics and values – and their impact on the business setting. It will do this primarily by proposing a new typological model showing the dynamic and potentially progressive interplay between spiritual, human, bridging and linking forms of social capital within corporate and public settings and explores their implications for management. This typological model is derived from original research using in‐depth semi‐structured interviews from three different organizations in North West England and North Wales, to determine the extent to which notions of the postsecular and spiritual capital may operate in workplaces.

Connecting Demand Estimation and Spatial Category Models for Urban Freight: First Attempt and Research Implications

This paper proposes a combination of models to estimate in a mesoscopic and microscopic way different patterns of urban goods demand according to the area within the city. The two proposed models are a category classification model for demand estimation and a spatial-based typology model defining different elementary zone within a city based on urban forms characteristics. Both models are applied to the same dataset for the city of Angers (France). In case of the identification of general rules, this new approach will help the transferability of goods practices in urban freight from a zone of a city to the same zone of another city.

“Unnatural” or “Fictional”?: A Partial Critique of Unnatural Narrative Theory and Its Discontents

Acknowledging that there no unifying conception of what may constitute an fictional text, element, or technique, Brian Richardson does not present an exhaustive discussion of all the developments in the field of narratology but rather exemplifies his own understanding of the category of the unnatural, refined by a typological model of mimetic, non-mimetic, and anti-mimetic and supplemented by an extensive list of narratives. Although narratology provides a welcome corrective to classical narratological models and corpora, challenging the applicability of existing models and expanding the horizons of postclassical narratologies, it remains a contested approach that arguably suffers from a lack of terminological precision, conceptual clarity, and theoretical rigor. Since limitations of space preclude the possibility of revisiting all debates and issues here, we would like to direct readers to the detailed critique by Klauk and Koppe, which the unnaturalists' response, What Really Is Unnatural Narratology? in Alber et al., does not actually refute, as well as to the stimulating exchange between Fludernik (How Natural), whose sophisticated arguments we endorse, and Alber et al. (What Is Unnatural?). Our response offers a partial critique of narrative theory as outlined in the Target Essay both in the sense that it anything but comprehensive and in the sense that we have a general liking for any attempt to enrich narrative theory but are not fully convinced that narratology achieves this aim. We shall concentrate on three problematic points: the definition of the term itself; the term anti-mimetic, employed as an alternative to unnatural; and the relationship between narratology and classical narratology. The term used to cover so much ground that it arguably fails to function as an analytical concept. In his attempt to delimit unnatural, Richardson pits it against nonfictional narratives, realist fictional narratives, and what he calls narratives, but the distinction between the three unclear and often seems to collapse: mimetic comes to mean realist, which in turn means modeled on nonfictional (401). Let us consider the various definitions in the Target Essay: narrative theory, according to Richardson, is the theory of fictional that defy the conventions of nonfictional narrative and that closely resembles nonfiction as well as fiction that displays its own fictionality (385). Moreover, so-called texts are said to play with the very conventions of mimesis (386) and to transcend the conventions of existing, established genres (389). These definitions rely on two key qualities: experimentation with form and fictionality. This begs the question of whether the umbrella term meant to designate all avant-garde, or experimental, fiction, or even literary innovation in general, or a more clearly delimited corpus of narratives. Furthermore, neither the wide range of adjectives that are more or less used synonymously with the central term unnatural, such as unnatural or postmodern (392), highly imaginative, experimental, anti-realistic, impossible, or parodic (386), and innovative, impossible, parodic, or contradictory (387), nor the equally wide range of fictional that are adduced as typical examples of unnatural narratives (cf. e.g., 1-2, 15-16) serves to enhance the unbiased reader's confidence in the terminological precision or conceptual clarity of the approach. The inflationary use of the term also leads to unfortunate formulations such as unnatural narratologists (393) and unnatural authors (396). A way of streamlining as a term could lie in limiting it to one type of narrative text or technique, separating discussions of innovative forms from content and positioning it against the notion of natural narratives. …

МОДЕЛІ МИТЦЯ Й ОРІЄНТИРИ ТВОРЧОЇ САМОІДЕНТИФІКАЦІЇ У ДРАМІ Я. СТЕЛЬМАХА «СИНІЙ АВТОМОБІЛЬ»

The typological models of artist’s image are developed in the article. The author’s attitude to the problem of art is defined with the help of the material of Yaroslav Stelmakh’s drama “Blue Car”. Yaroslav Stelmakh tries out traditional models of artistic self-identification and provocatively suggests some new models; and he also creates his own concept of art and contemporary artist, who seeks his own existential back-ups in transitional period.

Some Terminological and Typological Features of Unrealized Architecture

The article analyzes the topic of unrealized architecture in both linguistic and typological perspective. The author raises hitherto rarely discussed terminological issues, analyzes the most commonly used notions and terms in conjuction with their suitability in architectural discourse. The article suggests the general typological model of unrealized architecture. Furthermore, the paper reveals the change of the concept of some unrealized architectural projects’ types (specifically “utopian” and “visionary”) throughout history.

Reducing thermal discomfort and energy consumption of Indian residential buildings: Model validation by in-field measurements and simulation of low-cost interventions

The study proposes and compares low-cost strategies to improve the quality of existing building stocks, with special regard to a widespread Indian residential typology. A dynamic energy model of this particular local building typology was simulated with Energy Plus software and validated by comparing it with some original in situ measures, recorded by hourly step. The validated model was used to simulate a selection of low-cost and technically simple interventions, whose effects on the energy performance and indoor comfort were compared to the baseline case study. Comfort performances have been evaluated using comfort indoor degree hours (CIDH) and the TSI index. A combination of the most effective solutions was proposed and simulated. The results were used to assess possible improvements of comfort (reduction of CIDH) and savings of energy consumption (referred to an A/C scenario). Finally, the role of occupants’ behaviour was further investigated.

Класифікаційна модель внутрішньозональної різноманітності лісів

Обґрунтовано розуміння едафічної сітки Крюденера-Погребняка як сполученої класифікації лісів і грунтів у межах однорідних за кліматом регіонів. Вихідним пунктом є виділення зон, у горах – висотних поясів. Подібні за складом типи лісу в різних зонах, наприклад соснові бори, рекомендовано відносити не до однакових, а до аналогічних типів, характеризуючи їх специфіку в різних зонах.
 Вивчення грунтів як середовища існування потрібно проводити з наголосом не тільки на їхню генетичну приналежність, оцінювану за будовою верхніх горизонтів, але, насамперед, на їхній мінеральний склад, що проявляється через гранулометричний склад, який визначає рівень забезпеченості грунтів елементами живлення рослин і водно-фізичні властивості.
 Більшість високопродуктивних насаджень у різних зонах приурочені до ділянок, які знаходяться на шляхах міграції грунтового стоку, що створює на них своєрідні умови природної гідропоніки. Так, зокрема, Брянський масив приурочений до земель, по яких йде міграція багатого мінеральними сполуками стоку зі Середньоросійської височини в низинне Полісся. Більше того, стійке співіснування лучних степів і дібров в Лісостепу зумовлено тим, що діброви формуються на корінних берегах річок, на яких концентрується грунтовий стік різної інтенсивності з вододілів. Звичайні ґрунтові дослідження не дають змоги виявити наявність такого стоку. Про нього можна судити за помітно більшою зволоженістю грунтів у найбільш посушливі періоди вегетації.
 Найбільш важливим є встановлення лісовими типологами факту того, що вся зональна і внутрішньозональна різноманітність природи зумовлена родючістю поверхні Землі, відмінностями в її забезпеченості екологічними ресурсами. Встановлено жорстку зумовленість складу і продуктивності лісових насаджень трьома основними лімітованими екологічними ресурсами клімату і грунтів – теплом, вологою і живленням, які формують в підсумку той чи інший рівень родючості середовища. Взаємно зумовлені лісотипологічні класифікаційні моделі лісів та їх середовища, кліматична – в координатах кількості тепла і атмосферних опадів та едафічна – в координатах вмісту основних елементів живлення рослин і доступної вологи в грунті, дають змогу систематизувати зональну і внутрішньозональну різноманітність не лише лісів, але й природи загалом.

Siddhasena Mahāmati and Akalaṅka Bhaṭṭa: A Revolution in Jaina Epistemology

Two eight-century Jaina contemporaries, a Śvetāmbara philosopher Siddhasena Mahāmati and a Digambara Akalaṅka Bhaṭṭa revolutionised Jaina epistemology, by radically transforming basic epistemological concepts, which had been based on canonical tradition. The paper presents a brief historical outline of the developments of basic epistemological concepts in Jaina philolosophy such as the cognitive criterion (pramāṇa) and logical faculties (upayoga) as well as their fourteen typological models which serve as the backdrop of important innovations in epistemology introduced by Siddhasena, Pātrasvāmin and Akalaṅka. An important contribution of these Jaina thinkers was to economize Indian logic and the rules of inference, first, by devising only one kind of logical reason called ‘inexplicability otherwise’ (anyathânupapatti, anyathânupapannatva), based on the single inseparable connection (avinâbhāva) of the proving property (sādhana) with the inferable property (sādhya), and, second, by limiting the necessary number of the members (avayava) of the proof formula (prayoga) merely to two. These two innovations were related to the thinkers’ intention to devise a logic which would not primarily be based on empirical verification (intensional logic) but its structural patterns would be valid irrespective of external observation (beginnings of extentional logic). Further, the paper focuses on the nature of the epistemological shifts which Siddhasena and Akalaṅka introduced independently of each other and on the question how Siddhasena’s and Akalaṅka’s ideas were partly anchored in Buddhist concepts of the pramāṇa school of Diṅnāga and Dharmakīrti. With the Buddhist background, Siddhasena sought to define the criteria essential to distinguish true from false cognitions and to provide a novel classification of the pramāṇas. He can further be accredited with formulating the first Jaina descriptive definition of the cognitive criterion (pramāṇa). The final section of the paper explains how Akalaṅka applies novel epistemological ideas, first, to construct realistic ontology and objectivity of both the external world and the cognising subject, and, secondly, to combat fundamental Buddhist concepts such as idealism and momentariness.

Correlatos dos comportamentos antissociais limitados a adolescencia e dos comportamentos antissociais persistentes

Os comportamentos antissociais podem ser categorizados como persistentes (quando iniciam na infância e tendem a prosseguir até a fase adulta) e transitórios (quando se encontram restritos a uma fase do desenvolvimento, em geral a adolescência). Nesse sentido, o objetivo principal deste trabalho é revisar estudos que apresentam evidências empíricas da pertinência do modelo tipológico de Moffitt (1993), cuja análise pode oferecer elementos que possibilitem diferenciar os comportamentos antissociais transitórios dos persistentes. A busca foi realizada na base de dados PsycINFO, em que foram recuperados 162 trabalhos, dentre os quais 14 fizeram parte deste estudo. Os achados sugerem que falta de maturidade, especialmente junto aos pares, disparidade entre o crescimento corporal e maturidade psicológica e social são fenômenos que podem impulsionar comportamentos antissociais transitórios na adolescência. Já os comportamentos antissociais persistentes têm sua origem na infância devido a múltiplas variáveis que podem contribuir para a produção desses comportamentos (violência familiar, problemas escolares, neurológicos, etc). Acredita-se que quanto mais cedo os comportamentos antissociais persistentes são identificados, maiores são as chances de sucesso nas ações e intervenções terapêuticas.

Oppose, Support, or Hedge? Distributional Effects, Regulatory Pressure, and Business Strategy in Environmental Politics

What explains the choice of corporate political strategy in environmental politics? Drawing on recent models of actor strategy formation in political economy, this article argues that basic material interests of firms are translated into strategies in the context of institutional environments. I advance a typological model that posits how distributional effects—positive versus negative—and perceived regulatory pressure—low versus high—interact in leading firms to adopt one of four ideal-type strategies: opposition, hedging, support, and non-participation. This article examines the model through the case of corporate strategies in the making of the European Union’s Emission Trading Scheme. The article contributes to theory-building on business strategy in environmental politics by offering a probabilistic explanatory model, and it flags hedging strategies as an increasingly prevalent form of business behavior.

Courtship at the coroner's court

This article examines the nature and conduct of nineteenth-century courtship through the prism of the largest sample of coronial court records ever assembled. These records deal with unexplained or violent deaths and often involved the extensive gathering of testimony from witnesses and other community stakeholders. A surprising number of cases were either directly connected to courtship, or witness statements provide evidence on courtship practice and custom. Focusing particularly on records for the English Midlands, we offer a new model of typologies of courtship experience running across a spectrum from serene and unproblematic through to the obsessive relationship that ended with murder or violence. Dealing in more detail with individual cases, we illustrate the value of the material for understanding the lived experience of courtship and address three broad questions. What range of actors (family, friends, neighbours, employers, lodgers, etc,) was involved in courtships among the labouring classes? What was the emotional context within which the courtships of ‘ordinary people’ were played out? And how did ordinary people experience the human journey of courtship? We suggest that it was possible for men and women to construct completely different versions of courtships, that relationships were fragile, and that the capacity for individual agency in courtship was much more circumscribed than has often been allowed for this period.