Typical Situations Research Articles

Uncertainty and Intention

Speakers typically use the sentence “I will go to the store” to simultaneously express an intention to go to the store and a belief that they will go to the store. This is consonant with two popular theses about intentions: first, intending to j implies believing that one will j; second, intending to j commits one to j-ing. In this paper, I argue that at least one of these theses is false. I do so by exploring what speakers express when they utter a sentence with a slightly different form, like “I will probably go to the store” in a typical situation. After laying down a framework for thinking about this sort of communication, I explore some different things speakers might express with this sentence in different situations. Most importantly, I argue that in some typical situations speakers express either ordinary intentions but not beliefs or partial intentions that don’t commit them to performing the intended action. Either way, at least one of the popular theses is false.

Обучение сотрудников патрульно-постовой службы полиции преодолению речевых провокаций со стороны граждан

Abstract: Introduction. The article describes one of the typical difficult professional situations associated with checking documents from a citizen. The growing negative psychological impact on the personnel of the internal affairs bodies and the law enforcement system is emphasized. As an example of reflecting such an impact, the results of approbation of the author’s Methodology for creating templates for
 overcoming verbal provocations from citizens are given.
 Research methods – theoretical analysis of scientific literature and regulatory legal acts; questionnaire survey, content and frequency analyses, expert assessments, self-assessment.
 Results. The article presents the results of a formative experiment on the ex-ample of the professional activities of police patrol officers. It is shown that the developed methodology for creating templates to overcome speech provocations by citizens: a) allows you to reflect the negative psychological impact exerted by citizens; b) can be attributed to express training methods for police patrol officers; c) increases the state of psychological security and professional success in difficult service situations. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the introduction of the topic of psychological security of police patrol officers in professional situations containing speech provocations of citizens into the circle of scientific problems; and in the theoretical justification of the organizational and methodological solution to this problem. The practical significance of the study lies in the description and implementation of the method of express training for employees of internal affairs bodies on protection from negative psychological impact by developing a Method for creating templates to overcome speech provocations from citizens.

Dialogic investigations: Motivation in Japanese language learning

Over the past 15 years, the L2 motivational self system (Dörnyei, 2005, 2009) has been a dominant framework in the field of second language (L2) motivation. Yet, since the model’s introduction, there has been a theoretical discordance between the two components associated with future self-images (the ideal L2 self and the ought-to L2 self) and the third component related to the actual process of learning (the L2 learning experience). To remedy this shortcoming, this study draws on Bakhtin’s (1981, 1986) theory of dialog. Bakhtin claims that any use of language is a dialog between self and others and that language is learned through the assimilation of speech genres used by others for similar purposes in typical situations of social communication. The analysis of interview data obtained from three Japanese-as-a-second-language learners shows how situation-specific and future-oriented motivations are related to each other. The learners’ engagement in dialog with imagined Japanese speakers is developed through their engagement in dialog with actual Japanese speakers, and regardless of whether the dialog is actual or imagined, the participants orient themselves to speech genres of the language that correspond to particular social contexts.

Self-reliant shipping to mitigate disruption risk in the direct-delivery channel: will the e-tailer’s bonded-warehouse channel also benefit?

ABSTRACT Cross-border e-commerce, in particular direct-delivery trade, has been severely impacted by turbulent events like the COVID-19 epidemic. E-tailers operating both bonded-warehouse and direct-delivery channels could mitigate disruption risks by self-reliant shipping to maintain control over logistics processes. The question is whether the e-tailer’s bonded-warehouse channel will also benefit from self-reliant shipping. We analyse a typical situation in which an e-tailer imports products from overseas suppliers and resells them through dual-sales channels. Our findings reveal that the demand potential difference between these two channels and the common carrier’s pricing power are critical factors in the e-tailer’s decision-making process. If the bonded-warehouse channel has moderate demand potential, the e-tailer is less likely to choose self-reliant shipping. Therefore, the imbalance in demand potentials between the two channels serves as a significant driver for the e-tailer to favor self-reliant shipping. Interestingly, we find the common carrier’s pricing power can either motivate or deter the e-tailer from self-reliant shipping. If the direct-delivery channel/bonded-warehouse channel has a large demand potential, a higher service price for this channel will be charged by the carrier, thus incentivizing the e-tailer to prefer self-reliant shipping. Our study also demonstrates that both self-reliant shipping and common carrier strategies can achieve a Pareto improvement in the e-tailer profit and the social welfare.

Formula omitted]output feedback fault-tolerant control of industrial processes based on zero-sum games and off-policy Q-learning

Traditional model-based control methods are often not applicable in industrial processes given the typical situation that model parameters are unknown, coefficient matrices are difficult to obtain, and system states are unpredictable. Accordingly, an output feedback fault-tolerant control method based on zero-sum game theory and off-policy Q-learning is presented in this study, with the aim of achieving smooth operation and good tracking performance for industrial processes that often contain sensor faults and disturbances. The specific steps are as follows. First, a system tracking error is introduced into the system to realize a novel extended model. Second, by establishing a performance index function and combining it with minimax theory, the fault-tolerant tracking control problem is converted into a zero-sum game problem. The Bellman and Riccati equations can be established after analyzing the relationship between the performance index and value functions. Then, the Q-function is introduced, and an off-policy Q-learning algorithm is combined with the Kronecker product without knowledge of system model parameters to design an optimal controller unbiased to detection noise. Finally, the effectiveness of the algorithm is verified by considering the injection molding process as an example. The experimental results validate that the designed controller demonstrates good control and extends the range of tolerable faults while maintaining good tracking performance.

Therapists’ prototypes of common mental disorders – An empirical identification

BackgroundAlthough earlier studies concluded that clinicians' prototypes of patients with mental disorders can influence diagnostic decisions, it remains unclear how presumably more or less prototypical features were identified in these studies. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to empirically identify therapists’ prototypes of major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, borderline personality disorder, and bipolar disorder. MethodPsychotherapists (N = 69) filled out an online survey and answered questions on the most common thoughts, feelings, behaviors, appearance, life circumstances, age, and gender of a typical person with each disorder. Additionally, they rated the DSM-5 criteria according to how much they think about each criterion when picturing a typical person with the respective disorder. ResultsThe most frequently mentioned features are reported and associations between features are visualized by means of network analyses. Besides some exceptions, therapists’ responses were mostly in line with the DSM-5 criteria and prevalence rates in patients with each disorder. LimitationsThe main limitation is the fact that categorization of therapists’ responses into features depended on subjective decisions. Despite efforts to make this process as objective as possible, replication could lead to slightly different results. ConclusionTherapists' prototypes might be helpful to make diagnostic decisions in typical situations but could lead to incorrectly diagnosing or overlooking a disorder in less typical situations. The results of the current study should inform further research on the influence of prototypes on diagnostic decisions. Additionally, the current findings should be used to increase therapists’ awareness of prototypes of different mental disorders and the importance of accurate diagnosis.

The Relationship Between the Yield and the Degree of Overlap of Snowball and Its Underlying

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the yield and the degree of overlap of Snowball and its underlying asset, especially under the volatile financial market in recent China. Chinas snowball product market has grown rapidly since 2018 and the outstanding size of such product is around 150 billion yuan in 2022. In this report, structure of Snowball product is divided into four typical situations, which are briefly introduced through a hypothetical case. In addition, this report reviews the historical data of the CSI 500 Index and digs into the trends of the stock market in China, hoping to find supporting evidence for the relationships between the yield and the degree of overlap, followed by the comparison of the yields of direct invest in CSI 500 Index and invest in Snowball products in different market conditions. The discussion of the returns and degree of overlap for different investment choices is limited; therefore, some possible suggestions and solutions are provided for market participants.

SYNERGETIC EFFECTS OF PALLADIUM(II) AND COPPER(II) COMPOUNDS FIXED ON MODIFIED PHLOGOPITE IN THE REACTION WITH SULFUR DIOXIDE

Palladium(II) and cuprum(II) compounds are the basic components of the Wacker-type heterogeneous catalyst for the low-temperature oxidation of carbon monoxide with oxygen. Al2O3, activated carbon and carbon fiber materials are most commonly used as a carrier. In search of new potential natural media, layered aluminosilicate – phlogopite as part of natural phlogopite concentrate was investigated and it was proved that copper-palladium catalysts are formed on acid-modified samples of phlogopite, which provide a high degree of conversion of carbon monoxide, which meets the sanitary and chemical norm of CO in the working area, namely CKCO ≤ 20 mg/m3. Regardless of the nature of the carrier, it was found that the catalytic effect is achieved due to the synergism of palladium(II) and copper(II). A typical situation is when carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide are simultaneously present in the waste gases of industrial enterprises. In this regard, research on the polyfunctionality of the Pd(II)-Cu(II)/S̅ nanocatalyst is relevant. The kinetics of the interaction of sulfur dioxide with mono- and bimetallic compositions based on compounds of palladium(II), copper(II) and acid-modified natural (Phl) and thermally swollen (TS-Phl) phlogopite were studied. It was established that monometallic compositions М(ІІ)-KBr/X̅Н-TC-Phl-1, М(ІІ) = Cu(ІІ), Pd(ІІ) fixed on acid-modified samples of swollen phlogopite, except for 6Н-TS-Phl-1, do not show protective properties against sulfur dioxide. It has been proven that the bimetallic compositions Pd(II)-Cu(II)-KBr/S̅ (S̅ = 6H-Phl-1; X̅H-TS-Phl-1, X̅ = 1, 2, 3, 6 M HNO3) in the reaction with SO2 reveal a synergistic effect with a coefficient of КS >> 1, which leads to an increase in the time of the protective action of the samples and the amount of absorbed sulfur dioxide. The synergism constant depends on the conditions of acid modification of the carrier and has a maximum value in the case of the bimetallic composition fixed on the carrier 2Н-ТS-Phl-1.

Прагмалингвистический подход к описанию речевого поведения ораторов в жанре научно-популярного дискурса «видеолекция»

The aim of the paper is to describe the implementation of the strategic speech behaviour of two groups of speakers, German-language ones and English-language ones, from the perspective of pragmalinguistics in the genre of popular science discourse “video lecture”. The paper describes the pragmalinguistic characteristics of the video lecture genre as a typical communication situation, examines fragments of stereotypical and individual speech behaviour of TED Talks speakers and TED Talks Germany speakers and also conducts their comparative analysis. The scientific novelty of the research lies in applying a pragmalinguistic approach to the study of speakers’ modern discourse practices in the genre of scientific video lectures. It is the first time that a comparative analysis of the discourse practices of the German-language and English-language groups of speakers has been carried out in order to identify the specifics of their speech behaviour aimed at providing the most effective speech impact on the audience and the components of the communicative situation of the video lecture have been described. As a result, fragments of lecturers’ stereotypical and individual speech behaviour actualised by three communicative strategies, the strategy of attraction, the strategy of new knowledge presentation, the strategy of persuasion, as well as and their constituent tactics have been identified and presented.

ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКОЕ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ СИТУАЦИЙ КОММУНИКАЦИИ БУДУЩЕГО ПРОКУРОРСКОГО РАБОТНИКА С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ МАРКЕРОВ ОТНОШЕНИЙ

The aspect of pedagogical modeling of professional communication of a future prosecutor's employee using relationship markers is presented. Model simplifications of professional eventfulness in the practice of educational implementation create certain axiological and behavioral risks. The author suggests using for educational purposes markers of the "prosecutor-addressee" relationship, which algorithmize the semantic tonality of the professional activity of a prosecutor's employee in communication. The experiment shows that presenting students with various relationship markers of typical communication situations creates an indicative basis for the communicative actions of a future prosecutor's employee, helps to assess the diversity of communication events, identify characteristic addressees, determine the strategy and tactics of implementing communicative competencies.

Toward a definition and classification of lost move state: Perceptions of elite trampolining coaches

Several severe performance blocks have been described in the sport psychology literature, in particular the lost move and the yips. Beyond the identification of the traumatic situations associated with these problems, there is a lack of understanding of the process that ultimately culminates in performance blocks. In the present study, a situated and dynamic analysis of a specific type of block in acrobatics was conducted to: (i) identify the propensities of trampolinists to develop lost move, (ii) categorize the types of moves involved, (iii) determine the circumstances of the occurrence of lost moves as typical situations, and (iv) describe the evolution of the loss and its duration. The nine national and international-level French-speaking coaches we interviewed were asked to describe the lost moves they had experienced as coaches. Prior to their interview, each coach had to answer a questionnaire in which they were asked to identify the number of lost moves they experienced. Based on our results, lost moves appeared as evolutive adaptative processes with four steps: disruption, manifestation, contamination, and final adaptation. The phenomenon appeared as observable behavioral manifestations emerging from the interaction between athletes’ dispositions and the situations in which they find themselves throughout their sporting careers. Thus, lost moves might be considered as transitional states in skill development to which an athlete’s performance can branch off. Three main levels of concrete interventions were described, including careful consideration of the athletes’ dispositions and life-course circumstances, avoiding contamination, time off, and engaging in other activities.

Single-photon sources based on incomplete binary-tree multiplexers with optimal structure.

We consider novel types of spatially multiplexed single-photon sources based on output-extended incomplete binary-tree multiplexers containing general asymmetric routers where the construction of the multiplexers takes into account the total transmission efficiencies of the multiplexer arms at which a novel router can be added to the system. After selecting the multiplexer that outperforms the others, we identify the ranges of the loss parameters for which the application of the selected multiplexer leads to single-photon sources with higher single-photon probabilities and lower multiphoton noise than that can be achieved by using asymmetric multiplexers. We show that using the selected multiplexer is especially advantageous in the case of single-mode sources characterized by thermal statistics of the input photon pairs. We also reveal that the application of this multiplexer yields high performance single-photon sources even for suboptimal system sizes that is a typical situation in current experiments.

Creatine Kinase Equilibration and ΔGATP over an Extended Range of Physiological Conditions: Implications for Cellular Energetics, Signaling, and Muscle Performance.

In this report, we establish a straightforward method for estimating the equilibrium constant for the creatine kinase reaction (CK Keq″) over wide but physiologically and experimentally relevant ranges of pH, Mg2+ and temperature. Our empirical formula for CK Keq″ is based on experimental measurements. It can be used to estimate [ADP] when [ADP] is below the resolution of experimental measurements, a typical situation because [ADP] is on the order of micromolar concentrations in living cells and may be much lower in many in vitro experiments. Accurate prediction of [ADP] is essential for in vivo studies of cellular energetics and metabolism and for in vitro studies of ATP-dependent enzyme function under near-physiological conditions. With [ADP], we were able to obtain improved estimates of ΔGATP, necessitating the reinvestigation of previously reported ADP- and ΔGATP-dependent processes. Application to actomyosin force generation in muscle provides support for the hypothesis that, when [Pi] varies and pH is not altered, the maximum Ca2+-activated isometric force depends on ΔGATP in both living and permeabilized muscle preparations. Further analysis of the pH studies introduces a novel hypothesis around the role of submicromolar ADP in force generation.

Non-Local Vectorial Internal Variables and Generalized Guyer-Krumhansl Evolution Equations for the Heat Flux.

In this paper, we ask ourselves how non-local effects affect the description of thermodynamic systems with internal variables. Usually, one assumes that the internal variables are local, but that their evolution equations are non-local, i.e., for instance, that their evolution equations contain non-local differential terms (gradients, Laplacians) or integral terms with memory kernels. In contrast to this typical situation, which has led to substantial progress in several fields, we ask ourselves whether in some cases it would be convenient to start from non-local internal variables with non-local evolution equations. We examine this point by considering three main lengths: the observation scale R defining the elementary volumes used in the description of the system, the mean free path l of the microscopic elements of the fluid (particles, phonons, photons, and molecules), and the overall characteristic size L of the global system. We illustrate these ideas by considering three-dimensional rigid heat conductors within the regime of phonon hydrodynamics in the presence of thermal vortices. In particular, we obtain a generalization of the Guyer-Krumhansl equation, which may be of interest for heat transport in nanosystems or in systems with small-scale inhomogeneities.

Limestone-Calcined Clay (LC2) as a supplementary cementitious material for concrete

In this work, limestone-calcined clay (LC2) is studied as an alternative supplementary cementitious material (SCM), combining two widely available resources – calcinated kaolinitic clay and limestone, to partially substitute portland clinker. The primary goal is to assess the potential of LC2 to produce moderate to high strength concretes with design compressive strengths of 20 to 50 MPa. For this purpose, 27 mixes with LC2 were prepared with a range of binder contents and water-binder ratios, and the performance was benchmarked against those of mixes having fly ash (PFA). In addition to the quantification of strength and concrete resistivity, life cycle assessment was performed for the concretes considering a typical situation in India. The efficiency of concretes made with LC2, PFA and ordinary portland cement (OPC) was analyzed using the energy intensity index (eics) and apathy index (A-index) as sustainability indicators. This framework establishes the sustainability potential of the LC2 with insights on the influence of strength on the indicators. It is concluded that the LC2 concretes with 45% replacement level, w/b≤0.45 and binder content lower than 400 kg/m3 possess the highest sustainability potential, among the concretes studied here.

First Detection and Tunneling Time of a Quantum Walk.

We consider the first detection problem for a one-dimensional quantum walk with repeated local measurements. Employing the stroboscopic projective measurement protocol and the renewal equation, we study the effect of tunneling on the detection time. Specifically, we study the continuous-time quantum walk on an infinite tight-binding lattice for two typical situations with physical reality. The first is the case of a quantum walk in the absence of tunneling with a Gaussian initial state. The second is the case where a barrier is added to the system. It is shown that the transition of the decay behavior of the first detection probability can be observed by modifying the initial condition, and in the presence of a tunneling barrier, the particle can be detected earlier than the impurity-free lattice. This suggests that the evolution of the walker is expedited when it tunnels through the barrier under repeated measurement. The first detection tunneling time is introduced to investigate the tunneling time of the quantum walk. In addition, we analyze the critical transitive point by deriving an asymptotic formula.

Beam wander prediction with recurrent neural networks.

Among the problems that prevent free-space optical communication systems from becoming a truly mainstream technology is beam wander, which is especially important for structured light beams since beam misalignment introduces additional crosstalk at the receiver. The paper suggests a recurrent neural network-based (RNN) solution to predict beam wander in free space optics (FSO). The approach uses past beam center of mass positions to predict future movement, significantly outperforming various prediction types. The proposed approach is demonstrated using under-sampled experimental data over a 260 m link as a worst-case and over-sampled simulated data as a best-case scenario. In addition to conventional Gaussian beams, Hermite- and Laguerre-Gaussian beam wander is also investigated. With a 20 to 40% improvement in error over naive and linear predictions, while predicting multiple samples ahead in typical situations and overall matching or outperforming considered predictions across all studied scenarios, this method could help mitigate turbulence-induced fading and has potential applications in intelligent re-transmits, quality of service, optimized error correction, maximum likelihood-type algorithms, and predictive adaptive optics.

Situational analysis of scenarios of the development of fishing and processing for under exploited freshwater fish resources of Russia

Current problem situation for purpose of business developing for small fishery companies is studying in presented article. The main features of this study relating with taking into account those kinds of fish resources which catching and processing of raw fish is problematic. Differ­ence between potential income value indicators in case of optimal development business sce­nario and possible current problem situations indicators has been analyzed. Situation analysis methods, sensitivity and stability of the business parameters were applied for studying of typical problem situation key factors. Catch volumes and market prices for selling products have the greatest impact on the small fishing companies business performance.

Biases in Estimating Long‐Term Recurrence Intervals of Extreme Events Due To Regionalized Sampling

AbstractPreparing for environmental risks requires estimating the frequencies of extreme events, often from data records that are too short to confirm them directly. This requires fitting a statistical distribution to the data. To improve precision, investigators often pool data from neighboring sites into single samples, referred to as “superstations,” before fitting. We demonstrate that this technique can introduce unexpected biases in typical situations, using wind and rainfall extremes as case studies. When the combined locations have even small differences in the underlying statistics, the regionalization approach gives a fit that may tend toward the highest levels suggested by any of the individual sites. This bias may be large or small compared to the sampling error, for realistic record lengths, depending on the distribution of the quantity analyzed. The results of this analysis indicate that previous analyses could potentially have overestimated the likelihood of extreme events arising from natural weather variability.

Research on game strategy of underwater attack and defense process in typical situation

Aiming at the problem of underwater attack and defense in typical situations, a mathematical model of three-party attack and defense problem composed of torpedo, submarines and anti-torpedo torpedo is established. Under the condition of considering three-party game confrontation, the three-party game problem is transformed into the pursuit and escape game problem between the submarine and torpedo, and the interception and evasion game problem between the submarine launched ATT and the torpedo. Based on the optimal control theory and differential game theory, the three-party optimal game problem is studied, and the three-party game performance evaluation function is designed based on the optimal performance of the two parties of pursuit and escape and the two parties of interception and evasion. According to the optimal necessary condition of the bilateral extremum, the strategy of pursuing, escaping, blocking and avoiding in the three-party game is deduced. The effectiveness of the game strategy designed in the underwater attack and defense process is verified by simulations. The results show that the game strategy can improve the effects of submarine escape, anti-torpedo torpedo interception and torpedo attack.