Typical Situations Research Articles

Модель процесса формирования каталога сценариев для анализа и оценки функциональной безопасности автоматизированных систем вождения автомобилей

In the development of highly automated and unmanned vehicles, the auto industry is faced with a new set of problems associated with the need to standardize elements of automated driving systems and determine the rules for their testing and certification. Due to the acceleration of scientific and technological progress and the development of new technologies, previously used standards began to become obsolete as the practice of their application accumulated, and sometimes even before the approval of a particular technical regulation. In these conditions, a promising technical and legal solution may be the use of fuzzy logic in tools for aggregation and management of expert knowledge in the processes of certification and testing of highly automated vehicles and elements of their automated control systems. Fuzzy decision-making models use typical fuzzy situations that form catalogs of scenarios for testing vehicles and their systems. In this way, an expert system knowledge base can be formed in which knowledge engineers apply a set of test scenario or experiment parameters for testing and simulation. Determining the parameters of a new scenario, their similarity with previously formalized scenarios and the decision to include a particular scenario in the scenario catalog remains with the experts. The approaches used at the present stage to the formalization of expert knowledge are not acceptable for creating knowledge bases controlled by big data management systems or artificial neural networks, which are in the near future in the development of expert systems. The article proposes a method by which a knowledge engineer administering an expert system can automate the creation of a catalog of “fuzzy” test scenarios and simulation modeling of systems, by automatically searching for the maximum value of the states of these systems belonging to maps and catalogs of scenarios, with a probability specified by the expert, with using machine learning methods.

Automatic Perception of Typical Abnormal Situations in Cage-Reared Ducks Using Computer Vision.

Overturning and death are common abnormalities in cage-reared ducks. To achieve timely and accurate detection, this study focused on 10-day-old cage-reared ducks, which are prone to these conditions, and established prior data on such situations. Using the original YOLOv8 as the base network, multiple GAM attention mechanisms were embedded into the feature fusion part (neck) to enhance the network's focus on the abnormal regions in images of cage-reared ducks. Additionally, the Wise-IoU loss function replaced the CIoU loss function by employing a dynamic non-monotonic focusing mechanism to balance the data samples and mitigate excessive penalties from geometric parameters in the model. The image brightness was adjusted by factors of 0.85 and 1.25, and mainstream object-detection algorithms were adopted to test and compare the generalization and performance of the proposed method. Based on six key points around the head, beak, chest, tail, left foot, and right foot of cage-reared ducks, the body structure of the abnormal ducks was refined. Accurate estimation of the overturning and dead postures was achieved using the HRNet-48. The results demonstrated that the proposed method accurately recognized these states, achieving a mean Average Precision (mAP) value of 0.924, which was 1.65% higher than that of the original YOLOv8. The method effectively addressed the recognition interference caused by lighting differences, and exhibited an excellent generalization ability and comprehensive detection performance. Furthermore, the proposed abnormal cage-reared duck pose-estimation model achieved an Object Key point Similarity (OKS) value of 0.921, with a single-frame processing time of 0.528 s, accurately detecting multiple key points of the abnormal cage-reared duck bodies and generating correct posture expressions.

Trial of Converting Nursing Records into Simplified and Structured Information Utilizing ChatGPT-3.5.

In Japan, the excessive length of time required for nursing records has become a social problem. A shift to concise "bulleted" records is needed to apply speech recognition and to work with foreign caregivers. Therefore, using 96,000 descriptively described anonymized nursing records, we identified typical situations for each information source and attempted to convert them to "bulleted" records using ChatGPT-3.5(For return from the operating room, Status on return, Temperature control, Blood drainage, Stoma care, Monitoring, Respiration and Oxygen, Sensation and pain, etc.). The results showed that ChatGPT-3.5 has some usable functionality as a tool for extracting keywords in "bulleted" records. Furthermore, through the process of converting to a "bulleted" record, it became clear that the transition to a standardized nursing record utilizing the "Standard Terminology for Nursing Observation and Action (STerNOA)" would be facilitated.

Relaxation effects in transition metal dichalcogenide bilayer heterostructures

While moiré structures in twisted bilayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have been studied for over a decade, the importance of lattice relaxation effects was pointed out only in 2021 by DiAngelo and MacDonald1, who reported the emergence of a Dirac cone upon relaxation. TMDCs of group 6 transition metals MX2 (M = Mo, W, X = S, Se) share layered structures with pronounced interlayer interactions, exhibiting a direct band gap when exfoliated to a two-dimensional (2D) monolayer. As their heterolayers are incommensurable, moiré structures are present in the bilayers even if stacked without a twist angle. This study addresses the challenge of accurately modeling and understanding the structural relaxation in twisted TMDC heterobilayers. We show that the typical experimental situation of finite-size flakes stacked upon larger flakes can reliably be modeled by fully periodic commensurate models. Our findings reveal significant lattice reconstruction in TMDC heterobilayers, which strongly depend on the twist angle. We can categorize the results in two principal cases: at or near the untwisted configurations of 0° and 60°, domains with matching lattice constants form and the two constituting layers exhibit significant in-phase corrugation—their out-of-plane displacements are oriented towards the same direction in all local stackings—while at large twist angles—deviating from the 0° and 60°—the two layers show an out-of-phase corrugation. In particular, we reveal that the lattice reconstruction results from the competition between the strain energy cost and the van der Waals energy gain. Additionally, our systematical study highlights structural disparities between heterostructures composed of different or identical chalcogen atoms. Our research not only confirms the reliability of using periodic commensurate models to predict heterostructure behavior but also enriches the understanding of TMDC bilayer heterostructures.

Способы совершения и особенности квалификации преступлений, совершаемых с использованием отдельных видов криптовалют (на примере криптовалюты Monero)

The article discusses the problem of identifying and qualifying crimes committed with certain types of cryptocurrencies. Using the example of the Monero cryptocurrency, typical investigative situations that arise during the investigation of relevant criminal cases are considered. In accordance with the current legislation and the recommendations set out in the Resolutions of the Plenums of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation by the author, an attempt is being made to analyze crimes committed using cryptocurrency.

Drivers of innovation in infrastructure development projects: A configurational analysis of boundary spanning roles

Innovation can provide new opportunities to improve project efficiency. However, enabling innovation is challenging, especially in public infrastructure development projects. Several impeding factors, such as limited contractual incentives and complexity, are prevalent in contract-based collaborative environments. Literature suggests that boundary spanners play an important role in driving innovation by seizing opportunities. This study aims to identify configurations of boundary spanning roles in typical project situations— varying in contract type and complexity— to facilitate innovation. The empirical data is from 58 projects and analyzed using fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA). Results show that depending on the project conditions in terms of contract type and complexity, different combinations of boundary spanning roles can be taken up by project managers or other team members to facilitate innovation. This study highlights that in high-complexity situations, boundary spanning roles play a critical role in maintaining good relationships with collaborators, which is instrumental in developing innovation.

Искусство (юридической) науки

Within the framework of the social division of labor and the place of state jurisprudence among other regulatory systems designed to regulate social life, parliamentarians create rules of conduct designed only for typical situations and average citizens, and law enforcement officers are forced to apply such templates to individual cases and specific people. Thus, the reaction of the authorities turns out to be deliberately inaccurate and therefore unfair. It is corrected by various means, but the most delicate and effective – the ennobling of insensitive state law with the help of technology and extreme orientations of art as the highest layer of culture – is almost not cultivated. It is scientists who can and should correct the situation, who are engaged in free mental work every day and are not involved in law-making and the settlement of legal conflicts. The article argues for the need for legal scholars to perform this spiritual duty. It shows the connection of the attractiveness of jurisprudence with modern trends in culture and art, defines their content, differences and channels of communication with each other, on the basis of which assumptions are made about the fundamental compatibility of science and art, about the predominant need of science in art, but not vice versa, and also presents arguments for and against" the movement of law towards the beautiful. The central fragment of the article is the question of what ideals, tools and practice of art can influence the spiritualization of legal thought. The author classifies universal attitudes, private technologies, motives for striving for elegance and ways of hygiene of art into 3 categories – personal urges to creativ-ity, the ultimate socio-cultural orientations of the servants of the muses and the mechanisms of man-made maintenance of spirituality by them, shows the ways of penetration of aesthetics into jurisprudence, and also gives the names and works of representatives of criminal law science analyzing cultural fundamentals of the industry and those engaged in its spiritualization. Measures to increase the aesthetic appeal of legal science are presented to the readers and deductive knowledge is presented, the quintessence of which is the idea that a meaningful way beyond the platitudes and practicality is not contrary to the logic of legal science and its location in the social system of division of labor, assumes the individuality of a thinking scientist, strives for the ideal, is distinguished by elegance, is of particular value to cognitive activity for professionals and society.

The effects of informational and energetic/modulation masking on the efficiency and ease of speech communication across the lifespan

Children and older adults have greater difficulty understanding speech when there are other voices in the background (informational masking, IM) than when the interference is a steady-state noise with a similar spectral profile but is not speech (due to modulation and energetic masking; EM/MM). We evaluated whether this IM vs. EM/MM difference for certain age ranges was found for broader measures of communication efficiency and ease in 114 participants aged between 8 and 80. Participants carried out interactive diapix problem-solving tasks in age-band- and sex-matched pairs, in quiet and with different maskers in the background affecting both participants. Three measures were taken: (a) task transaction time (communication efficiency), (b) performance on a secondary auditory task simultaneously carried out during diapix, and (c) post-test subjective ratings of effort, concentration, difficulty and noisiness (communication ease). Although participants did not take longer to complete the task when in challenging conditions, effects of IM vs. EM/MM were clearly seen on the other measures. Relative to the EM/MM and quiet conditions, participants in IM conditions were less able to attend to the secondary task and reported greater effects of the masker type on their perceived degree of effort, concentration, difficulty and noisiness. However, we found no evidence of decreased communication efficiency and ease in IM relative to EM/MM for children and older adults in any of our measures. The clearest effects of age were observed in transaction time and secondary task measures. Overall, communication efficiency gradually improved between the ages 8–18 years and performance on the secondary task improved over younger ages (until 30 years) and gradually decreased after 50 years of age. Finally, we also found an impact of communicative role on performance. In adults, the participant asked to take the lead in the task and who spoke the most, performed worse on the secondary task than the person who was mainly in a ‘listening’ role and responding to queries. These results suggest that when a broader evaluation of speech communication is carried out that more closely resembles typical communicative situations, the more acute effects of IM typically seen in populations at the extremes of the lifespan are minimised potentially due to the presence of multiple information sources, which allow the use of varying communication strategies. Such a finding is relevant for clinical evaluations of speech communication.

Handling protracted crises: Communication challenges, constraints and opportunities

AbstractRecent research on crisis communication has focused on the challenges of complex and protracted crises. In this essay, it is argued that such crises must be handled communicatively by putting the communication challenges, constraints and opportunities at the centre. To this end, the combination of the notions of the rhetorical situation and kairos is suggested as a keystone that provides a bottom‐up, context‐sensitive approach needed to cope with the fluid and changing situations of such crisis. Importantly, the life cycle of a protracted crisis can not only be understood in terms of physical factors (e.g., infection rates in a pandemic) but is also formed through the public's perceptions and the communicative choices of crisis communicators calling for action to mitigate or end a crisis. The rhetorical situation and kairos highlight the importance of spatial temporality, the uniqueness of the situations and the constitutive dimension of communication in a crisis. This implies the identification of the opportune moments to present a response and recognising the important ‘spaces’ between typical crisis situations.

Quantum Cryptography: Mathematical Foundations and Practical Applications for Secure Communication Protocols

Quantum cryptography is a new and exciting area that uses quantum physics to protect communication lines from being spied on or intercepted. Fundamental ideas in this field, like the uncertainty principle and the fact of quantum entanglement, are used to achieve levels of security that have never been seen before. Our in-depth study, "Quantum Cryptography: Mathematical Foundations and Practical Applications for Secure Communication Protocols," looks at both the math behind quantum cryptographic protocols and how they are used in the real world. Our study goes into great detail about the theories behind quantum cryptography. It explains ideas like quantum key distribution (QKD), quantum teleportation, and quantum secure direct communication (QSDC). One of the main ideas behind quantum cryptography is the idea of qubits, which are like regular bits but in quantum mechanics. They can be in more than one state at the same time because of superposition. Quantum cryptographic methods use this property to make sure communication is safe by putting data in quantum states and taking advantage of the fact that quantum measures are inherently unpredictable. The study we're doing looks at how to use quantum cryptography in typical everyday situations. We look at the problems that come up when you try to build infrastructure for quantum transmission, such as noise, decoherence, and scale. We make a plan for making strong and trustworthy quantum cryptographic systems by giving details about how experiments are set up and how technology is improving. Our study looks into how quantum cryptography could be used for things other than just keeping communications safe. We look into what it means for new technologies like quantum networks, quantum computing, and safe multi-party processing. We hope that by explaining the bigger effects of quantum cryptography, we can encourage more study and new ideas in this ground-breaking area.

Проблема формирования стиля специального языка (на материале английского языка радиообмена в авиации)

The aim of the study is to demonstrate that the presence of an independent functional style of Aviation English indicates the existence of prerequisites for the formation of functional styles inherent in other professional languages, taking into account the peculiarities of their architectonics and the conditions in which they are used. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that until now, the specific characteristics of the functional style of a professional language that make it an independent linguistic phenomenon have not been defined. The paper is the first to formulate the mandatory requirements for the architectonics of a professional language as a combination of its lexical, grammatical and phonetic systems used for communication by specialists in various fields and for the characteristic features of speech situations in a domain of professional activity. As a result, it is proven that only a fully formed architectonics of a particular professional language, allowing it to be used effectively in typical speech situations, makes it possible to determine whether this professional language has a full-fledged independent functional style.

Staying self-regulated in the classroom: The role of children's executive functions and situational factors.

Self-regulation is crucial for children's learning and development. Several studies have explored children's inter-individual differences in self-regulation, but little is known about sources of intra-individual variation. This study addressed the variability of children's self-regulation across typical classroom situations and how this might be associated with children's executive functions (EFs). The study included 148 children (54.7% girls; Mage = 56.73 months). Self-regulation was assessed with an observational measure in teacher-led and child-led activities within naturalistic classroom settings. Children's EFs were assessed with direct assessments at the start and end of the school year. Linear mixed-effect models showed that children demonstrated higher levels of self-regulation in child-led in comparison with teacher-led activities. Children with higher levels of EFs at the start of the school year showed less variation across teacher-led and child-led activities in comparison with children with lower levels of EFs. Regarding other aspects of the classroom context, neither the group size in which the activity took place nor which school subject it was focused on were associated with children's self-regulation. However, in teacher-led activities the type of interaction involved in the activity and the type of task influenced children's self-regulation. These results suggest that children who start school with higher levels of EFs are more able to adapt to different situations, highlighting the importance of fostering these skills in early childhood. In turn, children with lower levels of EFs may need additional support from teachers to remain self-regulated across different contexts.

Complicity in a Minor Act and Minor Complicity in Crime

The article notes that the criminal legal assessment of complicity in a crime from the point of view of the provisions of Part 2 of Art. 14 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation presupposes the solution of two interrelated tasks: 1) assessment of the social danger of the act itself, which was the result of the joint efforts of co-participants, i.e. actions (act of inaction) of the performer (co-executors); 2) assessment of the public danger of the participation of a particular person in the commission of this act. Thus, the projection of Part 2 of Art. 14 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation for an act committed in complicity, multiplies (at least doubles) the subject of criminal legal assessment.Complicity is traditionally considered a circumstance that increases the degree of public danger of an act. However, the fact of committing a criminal act in complicity does not in itself prevent the application of the provisions of Part 2 of Art. 14 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Firstly, the influence of this circumstance on the degree of social danger of the act is not so clear, since in some cases complicity can even reduce the social danger of the act (an example would be criminal acts committed under the influence of mental coercion or as a result of the involvement of a minor into illegal activities). And secondly, even in a typical situation when complicity increases the social danger of an act, this influence can be completely offset by circumstances that reduce the social danger of the act to an insignificant level. Specifics of application of the provisions of Part 2 of Art. 14 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation to an act committed by the joint efforts of several persons is that the issue of insignificance should be considered in relation to each such person individually, taking into account his role in the unlawful act committed, his personal criminal “contribution”, the amount of guilt, personal motives and goals.

Typical investigative situations that arise during the investigation of the forgery of documents submitted for state registration of a legal entity and individual entrepreneurs

Typical investigative situations that arise during the investigation of the forgery of documents submitted for state registration of a legal entity and individual entrepreneurs

Data Efficiency, Dimensionality Reduction, and the Generalized Symmetric Information Bottleneck.

The symmetric information bottleneck (SIB), an extension of the more familiar information bottleneck, is a dimensionality-reduction technique that simultaneously compresses two random variables to preserve information between their compressed versions. We introduce the generalized symmetric information bottleneck (GSIB), which explores different functional forms of the cost of such simultaneous reduction. We then explore the data set size requirements of such simultaneous compression. We do this by deriving bounds and root-mean-squared estimates of statistical fluctuations of the involved loss functions. We show that in typical situations, the simultaneous GSIB compression requires qualitatively less data to achieve the same errors compared to compressing variables one at a time. We suggest that this is an example of a more general principle that simultaneous compression is more data efficient than independent compression of each of the input variables.

Personalized driving behavior oriented autonomous vehicle control for typical traffic situations

autonomous driving systems not only provide services for human drivers, but also need to consider the personalized driving requirements of human beings. In current road traffic environments, the driving behaviors of drivers differ significantly. This suggests that the various needs of different drivers cannot be met by a single behavior mode in an autonomous driving decision-making system. This paper looks at the personalized characteristics of various drivers and considers the implications of their differences. First, a Proportional Integral Differential (PID) feedback channel is introduced in a traditional Model Predictive Control (MPC) to improve the performance of the controller, and comprehensively considering the collision risk, motion hysteresis and rule constraints, referring to the MPC idea, a collision avoidance method based on Q-ABSAS optimization is proposed. Then based on the Chance Constrained Programming, the control constraint is combined with driver personalization to reflect a variety of driving personality characteristics. Finally, the proposed method is tested using Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) experiments. The experiment results demonstrate that the proposed method can successfully implement vehicle tracking control and make the vehicle's state of movement match the driver's expectations, which can increase driver comfort and driving safety.

Неправосудное правосудие

The article discusses cases related to the continuation of the exercise of powers by a judge when committing a crime. The author analyzes the practice of professional activity of judges convicted of criminal acts, immediately before or after their commission. At the same time, typical situations for intentional and careless criminal acts are systematized, legislative possibilities that impede the judge’s exercise of powers to administer justice after the commission of a crime are analyzed, conclusions are drawn about the need to improve legislation in order to preserve the criterion of justice of judicial acts.

Prevention of Remote Theft Victimization and its Scope of Impact

Both scientists and government officials are actively searching for the most effective measures of victimological prevention and protection of victims of remote theft. At the same time, there is no single terminological approach among Russian scientists to the phenomena under study: cybercrime, digital victimization, and remote theft. Foreign researchers in specialized victimological journals pay considerable attention to the methods of implementation and content of restorative justice. However, there is little research in the field of victimological prevention of remote theft. A significant amount of foreign research in the field of cybersecurity is aimed at implementing general criminological measures to protect both personal and corporate information. Research in recent years has drawn attention to the need for context-oriented microlearning for users of information resources and technologies as a method of teaching cybersecurity. The study conducted by the author and other Russian scientists on the methods of victimization of victims of remote theft allowed us to identify typical victimological situations that are most common in 2023 and predict their development in the future . The victimization scenarios identified are becoming increasingly common and therefore require rapid preventive measures by the state. Most researchers come to the conclusion that victims of remote theft do not have individual victimogenic signs, therefore, it is more necessary to develop measures of general victimological prevention aimed at mass victimization of victims of remote theft. Based on previously conducted Russian and foreign studies, the author proposes to carry out preventive measures in the following areas of general prevention: economic, regulatory, theoretical, practical, technical (technological), informational.

Propagation of dark solitons of DNLS equations along a large-scale background

We study dynamics of dark solitons in the theory of the derivative nonlinear Schrödinger equations by the method based on imposing the condition that this dynamics must be Hamiltonian. Combining this condition with Stokes’ remark that relationships for harmonic linear waves and small-amplitude soliton tails satisfy the same linearized equations, so the corresponding solutions can be converted one into the other by replacement of the packet’s wave number k by iκ, κ being the soliton’s inverse half-width, we find the Hamiltonian and the canonical momentum of the soliton’s motion. The Hamilton equations are reduced to the Newton equation whose solutions for some typical situations are compared with exact numerical solutions of the Kaup-Newell DNLS equation.

Improved clinical data imputation via classical and quantum determinantal point processes

Imputing data is a critical issue for machine learning practitioners, including in the life sciences domain, where missing clinical data is a typical situation and the reliability of the imputation is of great importance. Currently, there is no canonical approach for imputation of clinical data and widely used algorithms introduce variance in the downstream classification. Here we propose novel imputation methods based on determinantal point processes (DPP) that enhance popular techniques such as the multivariate imputation by chained equations and MissForest. Their advantages are twofold: improving the quality of the imputed data demonstrated by increased accuracy of the downstream classification and providing deterministic and reliable imputations that remove the variance from the classification results. We experimentally demonstrate the advantages of our methods by performing extensive imputations on synthetic and real clinical data. We also perform quantum hardware experiments by applying the quantum circuits for DPP sampling since such quantum algorithms provide a computational advantage with respect to classical ones. We demonstrate competitive results with up to 10 qubits for small-scale imputation tasks on a state-of-the-art IBM quantum processor. Our classical and quantum methods improve the effectiveness and robustness of clinical data prediction modeling by providing better and more reliable data imputations. These improvements can add significant value in settings demanding high precision, such as in pharmaceutical drug trials where our approach can provide higher confidence in the predictions made.